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The North Korean prison camp facilities can be distinguished into large internment camps for political prisoners ([[Kwalliso|Kwan-li-so]] in Korean) and reeducation prison camps (Kyo-hwa-so in Korean).<ref>{{cite web | title=The Hidden Gulag – Part Three: Kwan-li-so political panel-labor colonies (page 24 - 41), Kyo-hwa-so prison-labor facilities (page 41 - 55)| work=The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea| url= http://hrnk.org/wp-content/uploads/The_Hidden_Gulag.pdf | accessdate=November 11, 2010}}</ref>
The North Korean prison camp facilities can be distinguished into large internment camps for political prisoners ([[Kwalliso|Kwan-li-so]] in Korean) and reeducation prison camps (Kyo-hwa-so in Korean).<ref>{{cite web | title=The Hidden Gulag – Part Three: Kwan-li-so political panel-labor colonies (page 24 - 41), Kyo-hwa-so prison-labor facilities (page 41 - 55)| work=The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea| url= http://hrnk.org/wp-content/uploads/The_Hidden_Gulag.pdf | accessdate=November 11, 2010}}</ref>

===Internment camps for political prisoners===
{{location map+|North Korea|caption = Political prison camps in North Korea| float=right|width=|places=
{{location map~|North Korea|label=[[Bukchang concentration camp|Bukchang]]| position=bottom|lat=39.446164|long=126.163223 <!--exact position is lat=39.546164,long=126.063223, slightly shifted for better visibility --> |region=KP-02}}
{{location map~|North Korea|label=[[Chongjin concentration camp|Chongjin]]| position=left|lat=41.833486|long=129.725597|region=KP-09}}
{{location map~|North Korea|label=[[Camp 22|Haengyong]]| position=left|lat=42.537967|long=129.935517|region=KP-09}}
{{location map~|North Korea|label=[[Hwasong concentration camp|Hwasong]]| position=left|lat=41.268505|long=129.391211|region=KP-09}}
{{location map~|North Korea|label=[[Kaechon internment camp|Kaechon]]| position=left|lat=39.571086|long=126.055466|region=KP-02}}
{{location map~|North Korea|label=[[Yodok concentration camp|Yodok]]|position=right|lat=39.674163|long=126.851406|region=KP-08}}}}
The internment camps for people accused of political offences or denounced as politically unreliable are run by the state security department. Political prisoners are subject to guilt by association punishment. They are deported with parents, children and siblings, sometimes even grandparents or grandchildren without any lawsuit or conviction and are detained for the rest of their lives.<ref>{{cite news|author=Post Store |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/10/AR2008121003855.html |title="Escapee Tells of Horrors in North Korean Prison Camp", Washington Post, December&nbsp;11, 2008 |work=The Washington Post |date= December 11, 2008|accessdate=August 23, 2010}}</ref>

The internment camps are located in central and northeastern North Korea. They comprise many prison labour colonies in secluded mountain valleys, completely isolated from the outside world. The total number of prisoners is estimated to be 150,000 to 200,000.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|last=McDonald|first=Mark|title=North Korean Prison Camps Massive and Growing|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/world/asia/05korea.html|accessdate=May 5, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 4, 2011}}</ref> [[Yodok concentration camp|Yodok camp]] and [[Bukchang concentration camp|Bukchang camp]] are separated into two sections: One section for political prisoners in lifelong detention, another part similar to re-education camps with prisoners sentenced to long-term imprisonment with the vague hope of eventual release.

The prisoners are forced to perform hard and dangerous slave work with primitive means in mining and agriculture. The food rations are very small, so that the prisoners are constantly on the brink of starvation. In combination with the hard work this leads to huge numbers of prisoners dying. An estimated 40% of prisoners die from malnutrition.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/05/04/north.korea.amnesty/| title=Report: Torture, starvation rife in North Korea political prisons| publisher=CNN| date=May 4, 2011}}</ref> Moreover many prisoners are crippled from work accidents, frostbite or torture. There is a rigid punishment in the camp. Prisoners that work too slow or do not obey an order are beaten or tortured.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Hidden Gulag – Part Three: Torture summary (page 70–72)| work=The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea| url= http://hrnk.org/wp-content/uploads/The_Hidden_Gulag.pdf | accessdate=November 11, 2010}}</ref> In case of stealing food or attempting to escape, the prisoners are publicly executed.

Initially there were around twelve political prison camps, but some were merged or closed (e. g. [[Onsong concentration camp|Onsong prison camp]], Kwan-li-so No. 12, following a defeated riot with around 5000 dead people in 1987<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071017123327/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200212/200212110038.html "5000 Prisoners Massacred at Onsong Concentration Camp in 1987", Chosun Ilbo, December 11, 2002]</ref>). Today there are six political prison camps in North Korea (size determined from satellite images,<ref>{{cite news|author=Post Store |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/19/AR2009071902178.html |title="North Koreas Hard Labor Camps" with interactive map, Washington Post, July&nbsp;20, 2009 |work=The Washington Post |date= July 20, 2009|accessdate=August 23, 2010}}</ref> number of prisoners estimated by former prisoners<ref>{{cite web | title=The Hidden Gulag – Part Three: Kwan-li-so political panel-labor colonies (page 24–41)| work=The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea| url= http://hrnk.org/wp-content/uploads/The_Hidden_Gulag.pdf | accessdate=November 11, 2010}}</ref>).
Most of the camps are documented in testimonies of former prisoners and for all of them coordinates and satellite images are available.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Political Prison Camp
| Official Name
| Size
| Prisoners
|-
| [[Kaechon internment camp|Kaechon Political Prison Camp]] || Kwan-li-so No. 14 || align=right | 155&nbsp;km² (60&nbsp;mi²)|| align=right | 15,000
|-
| [[Yodok concentration camp|Yodok Political Prison Camp]] || Kwan-li-so No. 15 || align=right | 378&nbsp;km² (146&nbsp;mi²) || align=right | 46,500
|-
| [[Hwasong concentration camp|Hwasong Political Prison Camp]] || Kwan-li-so No. 16 || align=right | 549&nbsp;km² (212&nbsp;mi²) || align=right | 10,000
|-
| [[Bukchang concentration camp|Bukchang Political Prison Camp]] || Kwan-li-so No. 18 || align=right | 73&nbsp;km² (28&nbsp;mi²) || align=right | 50,000
|-
| [[Camp 22|Haengyong Political Prison Camp]] || Kwan-li-so No. 22 || align=right | 225&nbsp;km² (87&nbsp;mi²) || align=right | 50,000
|-
| [[Chongjin concentration camp|Chongjin Political Prison Camp]] || Kwan-li-so No. 25 || align=right | 0,25&nbsp;km² (0,1&nbsp;mi²) || align=right | 3,000+
|}

The South Korean journalist [[Kang Chol-Hwan|Kang Chol-hwan]] is a former prisoner of [[Yodok concentration camp|Yodok Political Prison Camp]] and has written a book, ''[[The Aquariums of Pyongyang]]'', about his time in the camp.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/07/world/la-fg-north-korea-gulags8-2010apr08 |title="North Korea gulag spurs a mission", Los Angeles Times, April&nbsp;7, 2010 |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date=April 7, 2010 |accessdate=August 23, 2010 | first=John M. | last=Glionna}}</ref> The South Korean human rights activist [[Shin Dong-hyuk (human rights activist)|Shin Dong-hyuk]] is the only person known to have escaped from [[Kaechon internment camp|Kaechon Political Prison Camp]] and gave an account of his time in the camp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FZMwoY7DyM&feature=channel |title="North Korean Camps" by Journeyman Pictures TV |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=August 23, 2010}}</ref>

=== Reeducation camps ===
{{location map+|North Korea|caption = Reeducation camps in North Korea <br />(10 out of around 15 - 20)|float=right|width=|places=
{{location map~|North Korea|label= [[Kaechon concentration camp|Kaechon]]|position=bottom| lat=39.708276 <!--exact position of the camp --> | long=125.923276|region=KP-02}}
{{location map~|North Korea|label= [[Chongori concentration camp|Chongori]]|position=left| lat=42.209925 <!--exact position of the camp --> | long=129.753658|region=KP-09}}
{{location map~|North Korea|label= [[Sinuiju concentration camp|Sinuiju]]| position=right | lat=40.06138 <!-- exact position of the camp --> | long=124.410145|region=KP-03 }}
{{location map~|North Korea|label= [[Kangdong concentration camp|Kangdong]] | position=right | lat=39.0087801 <!-- exact position of the camp --> | long=126.1536884|region=KP-01 }}
{{location map~|North Korea|label= [[Danchon concentration camp|Danchon]]| position=left | lat=40.9 <!-- approximate position of the place --> | long=128.8|region=KP-08 }}
{{location map~|North Korea|label= [[Oro concentration camp|Oro]] | position=top | lat=40.02 <!-- approximate position of the place --> | long=127.46|region=KP-08 }}
{{location map~|North Korea|label= [[Hoeryong reeducation camp|Hoeryong]] | position=left | lat=42.7 <!-- approximate position of the place --> | long=129.8|region=KP-09 }}
{{location map~|North Korea|label= [[Hamhung concentration camp|Hamhung]] | position=right | lat=39.9 <!-- approximate position of the place --> | long=127.53|region=KP-08 }}
{{location map~|North Korea|label= [[Chungsan concentration camp|Chungsan]] | position=bottom | lat=39.1 <!-- approximate position of the place --> | long=125.37|region=KP-02 }}
{{location map~|North Korea|label= [[Yongdam concentration camp|Yongdam]] | position=right | lat=39.36 <!-- approximate position of the place --> | long=127.26|region=KP-07 }}}}
The reeducation camps for criminals are run by the interior ministry. There is a fluent passage between common crimes and political crimes, as people who get on the bad side of influential partisans are often denounced on false accusations. They are then forced into false confessions with brutal torture in detention centers (Lee Soon-ok for example had to kneel down whilst being showered with water at icy temperatures with other prisoners, of which six did not survive<ref>{{cite web|url=http://judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=292&wit_id=665 |title=United States Senate Hearings: Testimony of Ms. Soon Ok Lee, June&nbsp;21, 2002 |publisher=Judiciary.senate.gov |date= |accessdate=August 23, 2010}}</ref>) and are then condemned in a brief show trial to a long-term prison sentence. In North Korea political crimes are greatly varied, from border crossing to any disturbance of the political order, and are rigorously punished.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9648.html |title=North Korea – The Judiciary |publisher=Country-data.com |date= |accessdate=August 23, 2010}}</ref> Due to the dire prison conditions with hunger and torture,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/sub_list.php?cataId=nk02600 |title=Brutality beyond belief: Crimes against humanity in North Korea |publisher=Daily NK |date= |accessdate=August 23, 2010}}</ref> a large percentage of prisoners do not survive their sentence term.

The reeducation camps are large prison building complexes surrounded by high walls. The situation of prisoners is quite similar to that in the political prison camps. They have to perform slave work in prison factories and in case they do not meet the work quota, they are tortured and (at least in [[Kaechon concentration camp|Kaechon camp]]) confined for many days to special prison cells, too small to stand up or lie full-length in.<ref name="judiciary.senate.gov"/> In distinction from the internment camps for political prisoners, the reeducation camp prisoners are instructed ideologically after work and are forced to memorize speeches of [[Kim Il-sung]] and [[Kim Jong-il]] and have to undergo self-criticism rites. Many prison inmates are guilty of common crimes penalized also in other countries, but often they were committed out of economic necessity, e. g. illegal border crossing, stealing food or illegal trading.<ref>{{citation | title= Prisoners in North Korea Today| chapter=6.2.2 Trial, Charge and Sentence (p. 363 – 367)| work= Database Center for North Korean Human Rights |date=July 15, 2011| url= http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf | accessdate=May 23, 2012}}</ref>

There are around 15 – 20 reeducation camps in North Korea.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Hidden Gulag – Satellite imagery: Selected North Korean Prison Camp Locations (page 89)| work=The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea| url= http://hrnk.org/wp-content/uploads/The_Hidden_Gulag.pdf | accessdate=November 11, 2010}}</ref>

The South Korean human rights activist [[Lee Soon Ok|Lee Soon-ok]] has written a book (''[[Eyes of the Tailless Animals: Prison Memoirs of a North Korean Woman]]'') about her time in the camp and testified before the US Senate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=292&wit_id=665 |title=US Senate Hearings: Testimony of Ms. Soon Ok Lee, June&nbsp;21, 2002 |publisher=Judiciary.senate.gov |date= |accessdate=August 23, 2010}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"

Revision as of 23:34, 18 July 2012

According to many organizations, the conditions in North Korean prisons are harsh and life threatening.[1] Prisoners are subject to torture and inhumane treatment.[2] Public and secret executions of prisoners, even children, especially in cases of escape attempts;[3] infanticides (forced abortions and baby killings upon birth[4]) also often occur. The mortality rate is very high, because many prisoners die of starvation,[5] illnesses,[6] work accidents or torture.

The DPRK government flatly denies all allegations of human rights violations in prison camps, claiming that this is prohibited by criminal procedure law,[7] but former prisoners testify that there are completely different rules in the prison camps.[8] The DPRK government failed to provide any information on prisoners or prison camps or to allow access to any human rights organization.[9]

Lee Soon-ok gave detailed testimony on her treatment in the North Korean prison system to the United States House of Representatives in 2002. In her statement she said, "I testify that most of the 6,000 prisoners who were there when I arrived in 1987 had quietly perished under the harsh prison conditions by the time I was released in 1992."[10] Many other former prisoners, including Kang Chol-hwan and Shin Dong-hyuk, gave detailed and consistent testimonies on the human rights crimes in North Korean prison camps.

According to the testimony of former camp guard Ahn Myong Chol of Camp 22, the guards are trained to treat the detainees as sub-human, and he gave an account of children in one of the camps who were fighting over who got to eat a kernel of corn retrieved from cow dung.[11]

The North Korean prison camp facilities can be distinguished into large internment camps for political prisoners (Kwan-li-so in Korean) and reeducation prison camps (Kyo-hwa-so in Korean).[12]

Internment camps for political prisoners

class=notpageimage|
Political prison camps in North Korea

The internment camps for people accused of political offences or denounced as politically unreliable are run by the state security department. Political prisoners are subject to guilt by association punishment. They are deported with parents, children and siblings, sometimes even grandparents or grandchildren without any lawsuit or conviction and are detained for the rest of their lives.[13]

The internment camps are located in central and northeastern North Korea. They comprise many prison labour colonies in secluded mountain valleys, completely isolated from the outside world. The total number of prisoners is estimated to be 150,000 to 200,000.[14] Yodok camp and Bukchang camp are separated into two sections: One section for political prisoners in lifelong detention, another part similar to re-education camps with prisoners sentenced to long-term imprisonment with the vague hope of eventual release.

The prisoners are forced to perform hard and dangerous slave work with primitive means in mining and agriculture. The food rations are very small, so that the prisoners are constantly on the brink of starvation. In combination with the hard work this leads to huge numbers of prisoners dying. An estimated 40% of prisoners die from malnutrition.[15] Moreover many prisoners are crippled from work accidents, frostbite or torture. There is a rigid punishment in the camp. Prisoners that work too slow or do not obey an order are beaten or tortured.[16] In case of stealing food or attempting to escape, the prisoners are publicly executed.

Initially there were around twelve political prison camps, but some were merged or closed (e. g. Onsong prison camp, Kwan-li-so No. 12, following a defeated riot with around 5000 dead people in 1987[17]). Today there are six political prison camps in North Korea (size determined from satellite images,[18] number of prisoners estimated by former prisoners[19]). Most of the camps are documented in testimonies of former prisoners and for all of them coordinates and satellite images are available.

Political Prison Camp Official Name Size Prisoners
Kaechon Political Prison Camp Kwan-li-so No. 14 155 km² (60 mi²) 15,000
Yodok Political Prison Camp Kwan-li-so No. 15 378 km² (146 mi²) 46,500
Hwasong Political Prison Camp Kwan-li-so No. 16 549 km² (212 mi²) 10,000
Bukchang Political Prison Camp Kwan-li-so No. 18 73 km² (28 mi²) 50,000
Haengyong Political Prison Camp Kwan-li-so No. 22 225 km² (87 mi²) 50,000
Chongjin Political Prison Camp Kwan-li-so No. 25 0,25 km² (0,1 mi²) 3,000+

The South Korean journalist Kang Chol-hwan is a former prisoner of Yodok Political Prison Camp and has written a book, The Aquariums of Pyongyang, about his time in the camp.[20] The South Korean human rights activist Shin Dong-hyuk is the only person known to have escaped from Kaechon Political Prison Camp and gave an account of his time in the camp.[21]

Reeducation camps

class=notpageimage|
Reeducation camps in North Korea
(10 out of around 15 - 20)

The reeducation camps for criminals are run by the interior ministry. There is a fluent passage between common crimes and political crimes, as people who get on the bad side of influential partisans are often denounced on false accusations. They are then forced into false confessions with brutal torture in detention centers (Lee Soon-ok for example had to kneel down whilst being showered with water at icy temperatures with other prisoners, of which six did not survive[22]) and are then condemned in a brief show trial to a long-term prison sentence. In North Korea political crimes are greatly varied, from border crossing to any disturbance of the political order, and are rigorously punished.[23] Due to the dire prison conditions with hunger and torture,[24] a large percentage of prisoners do not survive their sentence term.

The reeducation camps are large prison building complexes surrounded by high walls. The situation of prisoners is quite similar to that in the political prison camps. They have to perform slave work in prison factories and in case they do not meet the work quota, they are tortured and (at least in Kaechon camp) confined for many days to special prison cells, too small to stand up or lie full-length in.[10] In distinction from the internment camps for political prisoners, the reeducation camp prisoners are instructed ideologically after work and are forced to memorize speeches of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il and have to undergo self-criticism rites. Many prison inmates are guilty of common crimes penalized also in other countries, but often they were committed out of economic necessity, e. g. illegal border crossing, stealing food or illegal trading.[25]

There are around 15 – 20 reeducation camps in North Korea.[26]

The South Korean human rights activist Lee Soon-ok has written a book (Eyes of the Tailless Animals: Prison Memoirs of a North Korean Woman) about her time in the camp and testified before the US Senate.[27]

Name Location Type Prisoners Size Comments
Kwan-li-so # 14 Kaechon Kaechon, South Pyongan Political prison camp 15,000 155 km² (60 mi²) Shin Dong-hyuk testimony; mining area
Kwan-li-so # 15 Yodok Yodok, South Hamgyong Political prison camp 50,000 378 km² (146 mi²) Best-known camp; total control zone and revolutionizing zone
Kwan-li-so # 16 Hwasong Hwasong, North Hamgyong Political prison camp 10,000 549 km² (212 mi²) Near nuclear test site (Mantap-san)
Kwan-li-so # 18 Bukchang Bukchang, South Pyongan Political prison camp 50,000 73 km² (28 mi²) Mining area; total control zone and revolutionizing zone
Kwan-li-so # 22 Haengyong Hoeryong, North Hamgyong Political prison camp 50,000 225 km² (87 mi²) Near Chinese border; mining area
Kwan-li-so # 25 Chongjin Chongjin, North Hamgyong Political prison camp 3,000 Penitentiary style
Kyo-hwa-so # 1 Kaechon Kaechon, South Pyongan Reeducation camp 6,000 Penitentiary style Lee Soon-ok testimony
Kyo-hwa-so # 3 Sinuiju Sinuiju, North Pyongan Reeducation camp 2,500 Penitentiary style Near Chinese border
Kyo-hwa-so # 4 Kangdong Kangdong, South Pyongan Reeducation camp 7,000 Penitentiary style Near Pyongyang
Kyo-hwa-so # 8 Yongdam Chonnae, Kangwon Reeducation camp 3,000 Penitentiary style
Kyo-hwa-so # 11 Chungsan Chungsan, South Pyongan Reeducation camp 3,300 Penitentiary style Many repatriated defectors
Kyo-hwa-so # 12 Chongori Hoeryong, North Hamgyong Reeducation camp 2,000 Penitentiary style Many repatriated defectors
Kyo-hwa-so # 15 Hamhung Hamhung, South Hamgyong Reeducation camp 500 Penitentiary style Former colonial prison
Kyo-hwa-so # 22 Oro Yonggwang, South Hamgyong Reeducation camp 6,000 Penitentiary style
Kyo-hwa-so # 77 Danchon Danchon, South Hamgyong Reeducation camp 6,000 Penitentiary style
Kyo-hwa-so Hoeryong Hoeryong, North Hamgyong Reeducation camp 1,500 Penitentiary style

Kwan-li-so # 12 Onsong was closed 1987 following a defeated riot with around 5,000 dead prisoners, Kyo-hwa-so Sunghori was closed 1991.

See also

{{{inline}}}

References

  1. ^ "2009 Human Rights Report: Democratic People's Republic of Korea". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  2. ^ "North Korea: Torture, death penalty and abductions". Amnesty International. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  3. ^ "White paper on human rights in North Korea 2009 (page 74–75)" (PDF). Korea Institute for National Unification. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  4. ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Part Three: Summary of torture and infanticide information (page 70–72)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  5. ^ "Running Out of the Darkness". TIME Magazine. April 24, 2006. Retrieved October 31, 2006.
  6. ^ "N. Korean Defectors Describe Brutal Abuse". The Associated Press. October 29, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
  7. ^ "Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (page 7)" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Council. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  8. ^ "Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (page 8)" (PDF). Citizens’ Alliance for North Korean Human Rights (NKHR) and Korean Bar Association (KBA). Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  9. ^ "Report by the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Theo van Boven: Democratic People's Republic of Korea". United Nations/Derechos Human Rights. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  10. ^ a b "Testimony of Ms. Soon Ok Lee, North Korean prison camp survivor". United States Senate Hearings. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  11. ^ National Geographic: Inside North Korea, aired on the History Channel in 2006, accessed on Netflix July 22, 2011
  12. ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Part Three: Kwan-li-so political panel-labor colonies (page 24 - 41), Kyo-hwa-so prison-labor facilities (page 41 - 55)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  13. ^ Post Store (December 11, 2008). ""Escapee Tells of Horrors in North Korean Prison Camp", Washington Post, December 11, 2008". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  14. ^ McDonald, Mark (May 4, 2011). "North Korean Prison Camps Massive and Growing". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  15. ^ "Report: Torture, starvation rife in North Korea political prisons". CNN. May 4, 2011.
  16. ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Part Three: Torture summary (page 70–72)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  17. ^ "5000 Prisoners Massacred at Onsong Concentration Camp in 1987", Chosun Ilbo, December 11, 2002
  18. ^ Post Store (July 20, 2009). ""North Koreas Hard Labor Camps" with interactive map, Washington Post, July 20, 2009". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  19. ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Part Three: Kwan-li-so political panel-labor colonies (page 24–41)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  20. ^ Glionna, John M. (April 7, 2010). ""North Korea gulag spurs a mission", Los Angeles Times, April 7, 2010". Articles.latimes.com. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  21. ^ ""North Korean Camps" by Journeyman Pictures TV". Youtube.com. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  22. ^ "United States Senate Hearings: Testimony of Ms. Soon Ok Lee, June 21, 2002". Judiciary.senate.gov. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  23. ^ "North Korea – The Judiciary". Country-data.com. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  24. ^ "Brutality beyond belief: Crimes against humanity in North Korea". Daily NK. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  25. ^ "Prisoners in North Korea Today" (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, retrieved May 23, 2012 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  26. ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Satellite imagery: Selected North Korean Prison Camp Locations (page 89)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  27. ^ "US Senate Hearings: Testimony of Ms. Soon Ok Lee, June 21, 2002". Judiciary.senate.gov. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
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