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Clan Hešeri (Chinese: 赫舍里; Pinyin: Hesheli; Manchu: ᡥᡝᠰᡝᡵᡳ Hešeri), is a Manchu clan which came from Jianzhou Jurchens. It was once the most important and powerful family in the early Qing Dynasty in China, second only to the royal House of Aisin Gioro, to whom they were closely related by marriage. The power of the family reached its peak in the period of Marquess Hešeri Sonin and his second son Duke Hešeri Songgotu and then declined after the death of Songgotu. However, power remained in other branches to the clan until the fall of Qing Dynasty.

History

Origins

Hešeri clan can trace its origin back to the Jurchen people of Tang Dynasty ( AD 618-907) in China. The name, Hešeri, was first recorded in the Thirty Common Surnames of Jurchen in late Tang dynasty, and it is said to be from a name of a river (šeri loosely means a water-spring in Manchu language). Though someones think it was from a name of an ancient tribe.

In the early 1900s, after the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, people from this clan changed their surname to He (Chinese: 赫/何) for short. In Hong Kong and some other Cantonese-speaking regions, He is commonly spelled as "Ho". There were also a few people from this clan who changed their surname to Kang (康) or Zhang (张).

Notable people

In Jin Dynasty

In the 119-year history of Jin Dynasty，at least 52^[1] people from this clan were powerful enough to affect the government's decisions. Their names were recorded in the History of Jin Dynasty

Hešeri Zhining (Chinese: 纥石烈志宁)
Hešeri Liangbi (Chinese: 纥石烈良弼)
Hešeri Ziren (Chinese: 纥石烈子仁)
Hešeri Cupei (Chinese: 纥石烈腊醅)
Hešeri Machan (Chinese: 纥石烈麻产) Cupei's brother
Hešeri Zhizhong (Chinese:纥石烈执中,?-1213)
Hešeri Yawuta (Chinese: 纥石烈牙吾塔； ?-1231) A general

In Qing Dynasty

^[2]

Hešeri Shuose (Chinese:硕色),^[3] Sonin's father. Fluent in Mandarin, Mongolian and Manchu. Awarded 'Bakeshi (Chinese 巴克什)' by Qing Dynasty's founding father, Nurhaci. Bakeshi means 'Knowledgeable Man' in Manchu language.
Hešeri Hife (Chinese: 希福; ?-1662), Shuose's brother. He had the same language skill as his elder brother. Also awarded 'Bakeshi'
Hešeri Erdeni (额尔德尼 please do not confuse with the 班禅额尔德尼), originally from the Nara clan, one of the two inventors of the Manchu script. He was given the surname Hešeri, by the Qing ruler Hong Taiji, as an award of his contribution to Manchu script.
Hešeri Sonin (Chinese:索尼; ?-1667), Chief minister, Grand Councillor (議政大臣) of the Shunzhi Emperor. Top of The Four Regents of the Kangxi Emperor, Conferred Marquess in his lifetime and a title of Duke after his death.
Hešeri Songgotu (Chinese: 索额图; ?-1703), second son of Sonin (some say the third), Grand Councillor (議政大臣), Chief Minister of the Kangxi Emperor.
Hešeri Gabula (Chinese:噶布喇), first son of Sonin, inherited his father's title of Duke. Minister of the Kangxi Emperor
Empress Xiaochengren (1653～1674), married to the Kangxi Emperor, also known as "Empress Hešeri".
Hešeri Suwayamboo (帅颜保;1641–1684), son of Hife, Sonin's cousin. Minister of River Transport (漕运总督康熙8年-康熙20年), 禮部尚書
Hešeri Niuniu (牛钮; 1648–1686), 內閣學士, 禮部侍郎.
Hešeri Dingshou (Chinese:定寿；?-1731), One of the greatest military generals of early Qing Dynasty. Vice Governor of the Mongolian Plain Yellow Banner
Hešeri Songzhu (松柱;1657–1735), Grand Councillor (議政大臣), 內閣學士兼禮部侍郎, 禮部尚書兼文華殿大學士，太子太傅
Hešeri Sungseo (嵩寿； ?-1755), Grandson of Shuaiyanbao, 禮部右侍郎.
Hešeri Jiamo (嘉谟 1711-1777), Minister of River Transport (漕運總督), Minister of Home Office (內務府大臣).
Hešeri Guangliang (广亮;?-1800), General of Heilongjiang
Hešeri Fuzhina (富志那,?-1810), Viceroy (or more precisely Governor-General) of Guizhou (貴州提督)
Hešeri Saichong'a (Chinese:赛冲阿；?～1826), a minister. Dead as the Governor of the Mongolian Plain Yellow Banner. Served also as the Governor of the Manchu Plain Red Banner; the Mongolian Bordered Blue Banner. Gained the title 太子太师 after his death.
Hešeri Jilun (吉纶 ?-1826), Governor of the Manchu Plain Blue Banner, Minister of River Transport (漕運總督),山东巡抚，Co-Minister of Industry 工部右侍郎
Hešeri Fulehong'a (福勒洪阿;?-1829), 内阁学士, Co-Minister of Defense (兵部右侍郎), Co-Minister of Foreign Affairs (理藩院左侍郎)
Hešeri Nadanzhu (那丹珠, ?-1832), 内阁学士兼礼部侍郎，兵部右侍郎
Hešeri Shutong'a (舒通阿;1776–1836), Vice Military Conmmander of Zhili (直隶副总兵).
Hešeri Chunqing (淳庆,?-1847), Viceroy of Yunnan and Guizhou (云贵总督)
Hešeri Muteng'e (穆腾额 ;1780–1852), General of Jiangnin (江宁将军)
Hešeri Shuxing'a (舒兴阿 ?-1858, Viceroy of Shanxi and Gansu (陕甘总督), Co-minister of Defence (兵部右侍郎), 军机大臣, dead as 云南巡抚.
Hešeri Shuyuan (书元；?-1859), 大理寺少卿,盛京戶部侍郎兼奉天府府尹，戶部右侍郎兼管錢法堂事務
Hešeri Hebao (和宝), 兵部员外郎, 通政司参议
Hešeri Yinggui (英桂，?-1879), Viceroy of Fujian and Zhejiang (闽浙总督), General of the army (步军统领，同治13年-光绪3年). Gained title 太子太保 after his death.
Hešeri Warda (Chinese:洼尔达), a general
Hešeri Tundali (Chinese:吞达礼), an important military commander
Hešeri Hechun (Chinese:和春; ?-1860), Viceroy of Jiangnan (southern region of the Yangtze River) (江南提督，钦差大臣，被赐黄马褂，military commander
Hešeri Enchang (恩长), a military commander
Hešeri Rushan (如山), 四川按察使
Hešeri Sebjengge(色普徵额 ?-1907), General of Ningxia (宁夏将军)

^[4]

References

^ 《金史·列传》
^ 清史稿
^ http://baike.baidu.com/view/1289096.html
^ http://manchusky.blog.sohu.com/22823959.html

[1] 《金史·列传》

[2] 清史稿

[3] ttp://baike.baidu.com/view/1289096.html

[4] ttp://manchusky.blog.sohu.com/22823959.html

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 *Hešeri Shuose (Chinese:硕色),<ref>http://baike.baidu.com/view/1289096.html</ref> Sonin's father. Fluent in [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] and [[Manchu language|Manchu]]. Awarded 'Bakeshi (Chinese 巴克什)' by Qing Dynasty's founding father, [[Nurhaci]]. Bakeshi means 'Knowledgeable Man' in Manchu language.
 *Hešeri Hife (Chinese: 希福; ?-1662), Shuose's brother. He had the same language skill as his elder brother. Also awarded 'Bakeshi'
-*Hešeri Erdeni (额尔德尼 please do not confuse with the 班禅额尔德尼), originally from the [[Nara (clan)|Nara]] clan, one of the two inventors of the Manchu script. He was given the surname Hešeri, by Emperor [[Huang Taiji]], as an award of his contribution to Manchu script.
+*Hešeri Erdeni (额尔德尼 please do not confuse with the 班禅额尔德尼), originally from the [[Nara (clan)|Nara]] clan, one of the two inventors of the Manchu script. He was given the surname Hešeri, by the Qing ruler [[Hong Taiji]], as an award of his contribution to Manchu script.
-*Hešeri [[Sonin]] (Chinese:索尼; ?-1667), Chief minister, Grand Councillor (議政大臣) of [[Emperor Shunzhi]]. Top of [[The Four Regents of Emperor Kangxi]], Conferred [[Marquess]] in his lifetime and a title of Duke after his death.
+*Hešeri [[Sonin]] (Chinese:索尼; ?-1667), Chief minister, Grand Councillor (議政大臣) of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]]. Top of [[The Four Regents of the Kangxi Emperor]], Conferred [[Marquess]] in his lifetime and a title of Duke after his death.
-*Hešeri [[Songgotu]] (Chinese: 索额图; ?-1703), second son of Sonin (some say the third), Grand Councillor (議政大臣), Chief Minister of [[Emperor Kangxi]].
+*Hešeri [[Songgotu]] (Chinese: 索额图; ?-1703), second son of Sonin (some say the third), Grand Councillor (議政大臣), Chief Minister of the [[Kangxi Emperor]].
-*Hešeri [[Gabula]] (Chinese:噶布喇), first son of Sonin, inherited his father's title of Duke. Minister of [[Emperor Kangxi]]
+*Hešeri [[Gabula]] (Chinese:噶布喇), first son of Sonin, inherited his father's title of Duke. Minister of the [[Kangxi Emperor]]
-*[[Empress Xiaochengren]] (1653～1674),  married to  [[Kangxi Emperor]],  also known as "Empress Hešeri".
+*[[Empress Xiaochengren]] (1653～1674),  married to the [[Kangxi Emperor]],  also known as "Empress Hešeri".
 *Hešeri Suwayamboo (帅颜保;1641–1684), son of Hife, [[Sonin]]'s cousin. Minister of River Transport (漕运总督 康熙8年-康熙20年), 禮部尚書
 *Hešeri Niuniu (牛钮; 1648–1686), 內閣學士, 禮部侍郎.