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Nupedia had25articles,provided the superseding independent ref.(see p.2),additionally the revived Nupedia feature25articles too(previous reference misses New Zealand) see WP:Nupedia and Wikipedia
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{{Infobox Website
{{Infobox Website
| name=Nupedia
| name = Nupedia
| logo =
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| screenshot = [[File:Nupedia, the open content encyclopedia 2000-08-15.png|250px]]
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[[Image:Nupedia oldlogo.PNG|300px|thumb|right|Nupedia's original HTML logo]]
[[Image:Nupedia oldlogo.PNG|300px|thumb|right|Nupedia's original HTML logo]]
'''Nupedia''' was an English-language [[World Wide Web|Web-based]] [[encyclopedia]] whose articles were written by experts and licensed as [[free content]]. It was founded by [[Jimmy Wales]] and underwritten by [[Bomis]], with [[Larry Sanger]] as editor-in-chief. Nupedia lasted from March 2000<ref name="hive">{{cite web|url=/magazine/archive/2006/09/the-hive/305118/?single_page=true|title=The Hive|last=Poe|first=Marshall|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|month=September|year=2006|accessdate=January 1, 2007}}</ref> until September 2003. It is mostly known now as the predecessor of [[Wikipedia]], but Nupedia had a seven-step approval process to control content of articles before being posted, rather than live [[wiki]]-based updating. Nupedia was designed by committee, with experts to predefine the rules, and it approved only 21 articles in its first year, compared to Wikipedia posting 200 articles in the first month, and 18,000 in the first year.<ref name="SangerMemoir">{{Cite news
'''Nupedia''' was an English-language [[World Wide Web|Web-based]] [[encyclopedia]] whose articles were written by experts and licensed as [[free content]]. It was founded by [[Jimmy Wales]] and underwritten by [[Bomis]], with [[Larry Sanger]] as editor-in-chief. Nupedia lasted from March 2000<ref name="hive">{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/09/the-hive/305118/?single_page=true|title=The Hive|last=Poe|first=Marshall|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|month=September|year=2006|accessdate=January 1, 2007}}</ref> until September 2003. It is mostly known now as the predecessor of [[Wikipedia]], but Nupedia had a seven-step approval process to control content of articles before being posted, rather than live [[wiki]]-based updating. Nupedia was designed by committee, with experts to predefine the rules, and it approved only 21 articles in its first year, compared to Wikipedia posting 200 articles in the first month, and 18,000 in the first year.<ref name="SangerMemoir">{{Cite news
| first=Larry | last=Sanger
| first=Larry | last=Sanger
| title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir
| title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir
| date=April 18, 2005 | work=Slashdot |accessdate=May 26, 2012
| date=April 18, 2005 | work=Slashdot |accessdate=May 26, 2012
| url=/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml}}
| url=http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml}}
</ref>
</ref>


Unlike Wikipedia, Nupedia was not a [[wiki]]; it was instead characterized by an extensive [[peer review|peer-review]] process, designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to that of professional encyclopedias. Nupedia wanted scholars to volunteer content. Before it ceased operating, Nupedia produced twenty-five approved articles,<ref>{{cite web|url=/www.albanylawjournal.org/Documents/Articles/20.2.421-Chen.pdf|title=SELF-GOVERNING ONLINE COMMUNITIES IN WEB 2.0: PRIVACY, ANONYMITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN WIKIPEDIA|publisher=Albany Law Journal|last=Shun-Ling|first=Chen|date=May 5, 2010|accessdate=March 1, 2013}}</ref> that had completed its review process (three articles also existed in two versions of different lengths), and 74 more articles were in progress. [[Jimmy Wales]] preferred Wikipedia's easier posting of articles, but Larry Sanger wanted to control content at Nupedia<ref name="SangerMemoir> and founded [[Citizendium]] instead.
review|peer-review]] process, designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to that of professional encyclopedias. Nupedia wanted scholars to volunteer content. Before it ceased operating, Nupedia produced twenty-five approved articles,<ref>{{cite web|url=/www.albanylawjournal.org/Documents/Articles/20.2.421-Chen.pdf|title=SELF-GOVERNING ONLINE COMMUNITIES IN WEB 2.0: PRIVACY, ANONYMITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN WIKIPEDIA|publisher=Albany Law Journal|last=Shun-Ling|first=Chen|date=May 5, 2010|accessdate=March 1, 2013}}</ref> that had completed its review process (three articles also existed in two versions of different lengths), and 74 more articles were in progress. [[Jimmy Wales]] preferred Wikipedia's easier posting of articles, but Larry Sanger wanted to control content at Nupedia<ref name="SangerMemoir> and founded [[Citizendium]] instead.


In June 2008, [[CNET]] UK listed Nupedia as one of the greatest defunct websites in the still young [[internet history]], noting how the strict control had limited the posting of articles.<ref>{{cite web|url=/gadgets/the-greatest-defunct-web-sites-and-dotcom-disasters-49296926/|title=The greatest defunct Web sites and dotcom disasters|publisher=CNET UK|first=Nate |last=Lanxon |date=June 5, 2008|page=5}}</ref>
In June 2008, [[CNET]] UK listed Nupedia as one of the greatest defunct websites in the still young [[internet history]], noting how the strict control had limited the posting of articles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/gadgets/the-greatest-defunct-web-sites-and-dotcom-disasters-49296926/|title=The greatest defunct Web sites and dotcom disasters|publisher=CNET UK|first=Nate |last=Lanxon |date=June 5, 2008|page=5}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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|last=Gouthro
|last=Gouthro
|title=Building the world's biggest encyclopedia
|title=Building the world's biggest encyclopedia
|url=/article/id,15676-c,techindustrytrends/article.html
|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,15676-c,techindustrytrends/article.html
|work=[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]
|work=[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]
|publisher=
|publisher=
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|accessdate=January 19, 2008
|accessdate=January 19, 2008
|quote=}}</ref>
|quote=}}</ref>
By November 2000, however, only two full-length articles had been published.<ref name="idg">{{cite news |url=/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html |title=The next generation of online encyclopedias |publisher=[[The Industry Standard]]/[[CNN]] |first=Mark |last=Frauenfelder |authorlink=Mark Frauenfelder |date=November 21, 2000}} <!--NB: the "May 1999" date in this article is most likely not correct--></ref>
By November 2000, however, only two full-length articles had been published.<ref name="idg">{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html |title=The next generation of online encyclopedias |publisher=[[The Industry Standard]]/[[CNN]] |first=Mark |last=Frauenfelder |authorlink=Mark Frauenfelder |date=November 21, 2000}} <!--NB: the "May 1999" date in this article is most likely not correct--></ref>


From its beginning, Nupedia was a [[free content]] encyclopedia,<ref name="Liane Gouthro"/> with Bomis intending to generate revenue from online ads on Nupedia.com.<ref name="idg"/> Initially the project used a homegrown license, the Nupedia Open Content License. In January 2001, it switched to the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] at the urging of [[Richard Stallman]] and the [[Free Software Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=/comments.pl?sid=9990&threshold=1&commentsort=0&mode=thread&cid=502603 |title=Re:GNUPedia == Nupedia? |author=jwales |work=GNUPedia Project Starting |publisher=Slashdot |date=January 17, 2001}}</ref>
From its beginning, Nupedia was a [[free content]] encyclopedia,<ref name="Liane Gouthro"/> with Bomis intending to generate revenue from online ads on Nupedia.com.<ref name="idg"/> Initially the project used a homegrown license, the Nupedia Open Content License. In January 2001, it switched to the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] at the urging of [[Richard Stallman]] and the [[Free Software Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=9990&threshold=1&commentsort=0&mode=thread&cid=502603 |title=Re:GNUPedia == Nupedia? |author=jwales |work=GNUPedia Project Starting |publisher=Slashdot |date=January 17, 2001}}</ref>


Also in January 2001, Nupedia started Wikipedia as a side-project to allow collaboration on articles prior to entering the peer review process.<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Larry Sanger]] |title=Let's make a wiki |date=January 10, 2001 |work=Nupedia-l mailing list| publisher=Internet Archive |url=/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |archiveurl =/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |archivedate = April 14, 2003}}</ref> This attracted interest from both sides, as it provided the less bureaucratic structure favored by advocates of the [[GNE (encyclopedia)|GNE encyclopedia]]. As a result, GNE never really developed and the threat of competition between the projects was averted. As Wikipedia grew and attracted contributors, it quickly developed a life of its own and began to function largely independently of Nupedia, although Sanger initially led activity on Wikipedia by virtue of his position as Nupedia's editor-in-chief.
Also in January 2001, Nupedia started Wikipedia as a side-project to allow collaboration on articles prior to entering the peer review process.<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Larry Sanger]] |title=Let's make a wiki |date=January 10, 2001 |work=Nupedia-l mailing list| publisher=Internet Archive |url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |archivedate = April 14, 2003}}</ref> This attracted interest from both sides, as it provided the less bureaucratic structure favored by advocates of the [[GNE (encyclopedia)|GNE encyclopedia]]. As a result, GNE never really developed and the threat of competition between the projects was averted. As Wikipedia grew and attracted contributors, it quickly developed a life of its own and began to function largely independently of Nupedia, although Sanger initially led activity on Wikipedia by virtue of his position as Nupedia's editor-in-chief.


Besides leading to discontinuation of the GNE project, Wikipedia also led to the gradual demise of Nupedia. Due to the collapse of the internet economy at that time, Jimmy Wales decided to discontinue funding for a salaried editor-in-chief in December 2001,<ref name="hive" /> and Sanger resigned from both projects soon thereafter. After Sanger's departure, Nupedia increasingly became an afterthought to Wikipedia; of the Nupedia articles that completed the review process, only two did so after 2001. As Nupedia dwindled into inactivity, the idea of converting it into a stable version of approved Wikipedia articles was occasionally broached, but never implemented. The Nupedia website at nupedia.com was shut down on September 26, 2003{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}. Nupedia's encyclopedic content, which was often described as limited, has since been assimilated into Wikipedia.<ref>[[Wikipedia:Nupedia and Wikipedia#Articles copied to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Nupedia and Wikipedia: Articles copied to Wikipedia]]</ref>
Besides leading to discontinuation of the GNE project, Wikipedia also led to the gradual demise of Nupedia. Due to the collapse of the internet economy at that time, Jimmy Wales decided to discontinue funding for a salaried editor-in-chief in December 2001,<ref name="hive" /> and Sanger resigned from both projects soon thereafter. After Sanger's departure, Nupedia increasingly became an afterthought to Wikipedia; of the Nupedia articles that completed the review process, only two did so after 2001. As Nupedia dwindled into inactivity, the idea of converting it into a stable version of approved Wikipedia articles was occasionally broached, but never implemented. The Nupedia website at nupedia.com was shut down on September 26, 2003{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}. Nupedia's encyclopedic content, which was often described as limited, has since been assimilated into Wikipedia.<ref>[[Wikipedia:Nupedia and Wikipedia#Articles copied to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Nupedia and Wikipedia: Articles copied to Wikipedia]]</ref>
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#Final approval and markup
#Final approval and markup


Authors were expected to be experts in their fields (although the definition of expert allowed for a degree of flexibility, and it was acknowledged that some articles could be written by a good writer, rather than an expert per se)<ref>{{cite web | title = Nupedia.com Editorial Policy Guidelines (Version 3.31) | date = November 16, 2000 | work = Nupedia | url =/policy.shtml | archiveurl =/web/20010331211742/www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml | archivedate = April 28, 2001 | accessdate = June 3, 2010 | quote = The rule of thumb an editor should bear in mind is: would an article on this topic be of significantly greater quality if it were written by an expert on the subject? If yes, we will require that the writer be an expert on the subject. If no, nonspecialists (who are good writers) are more than welcome. }}</ref> and editors were expected to be "true experts in their fields and (with few exceptions) possess PhDs".<ref name="NupediaEditor">{{cite web | title = How to be an editor or peer reviewer for Nupedia | work = Nupedia | url =/steering.shtml | archiveurl =/web/20010410035607/www.nupedia.com/steering.shtml | archivedate = April 28, 2001 | accessdate = June 3, 2010 }}</ref>
Authors were expected to be experts in their fields (although the definition of expert allowed for a degree of flexibility, and it was acknowledged that some articles could be written by a good writer, rather than an expert per se)<ref>{{cite web | title = Nupedia.com Editorial Policy Guidelines (Version 3.31) | date = November 16, 2000 | work = Nupedia | url = http://www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20010331211742/www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml | archivedate = April 28, 2001 | accessdate = June 3, 2010 | quote = The rule of thumb an editor should bear in mind is: would an article on this topic be of significantly greater quality if it were written by an expert on the subject? If yes, we will require that the writer be an expert on the subject. If no, nonspecialists (who are good writers) are more than welcome. }}</ref> and editors were expected to be "true experts in their fields and (with few exceptions) possess PhDs".<ref name="NupediaEditor">{{cite web | title = How to be an editor or peer reviewer for Nupedia | work = Nupedia | url = http://www.nupedia.com/steering.shtml | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20010410035607/www.nupedia.com/steering.shtml | archivedate = April 28, 2001 | accessdate = June 3, 2010 }}</ref>


==Software development==
==Software development==

Revision as of 11:21, 28 March 2013

Nupedia
Type of site
Internet encyclopedia project
Available inEnglish, German, Spanish, French, Italian
OwnerBomis
Created byJimmy Wales and Larry Sanger
Nupedia's original HTML logo

Nupedia was an English-language Web-based encyclopedia whose articles were written by experts and licensed as free content. It was founded by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by Bomis, with Larry Sanger as editor-in-chief. Nupedia lasted from March 2000[1] until September 2003. It is mostly known now as the predecessor of Wikipedia, but Nupedia had a seven-step approval process to control content of articles before being posted, rather than live wiki-based updating. Nupedia was designed by committee, with experts to predefine the rules, and it approved only 21 articles in its first year, compared to Wikipedia posting 200 articles in the first month, and 18,000 in the first year.[2]

review|peer-review]] process, designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to that of professional encyclopedias. Nupedia wanted scholars to volunteer content. Before it ceased operating, Nupedia produced twenty-five approved articles,[3] that had completed its review process (three articles also existed in two versions of different lengths), and 74 more articles were in progress. Jimmy Wales preferred Wikipedia's easier posting of articles, but Larry Sanger wanted to control content at NupediaCite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

History

In the fall of 1999, Wales began thinking about an online encyclopedia built by volunteers and, in January 2000, hired Larry Sanger to oversee its development.[1] The project officially went online on March 9, 2000.[4] By November 2000, however, only two full-length articles had been published.[5]

From its beginning, Nupedia was a free content encyclopedia,[4] with Bomis intending to generate revenue from online ads on Nupedia.com.[5] Initially the project used a homegrown license, the Nupedia Open Content License. In January 2001, it switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation.[6]

Also in January 2001, Nupedia started Wikipedia as a side-project to allow collaboration on articles prior to entering the peer review process.[7] This attracted interest from both sides, as it provided the less bureaucratic structure favored by advocates of the GNE encyclopedia. As a result, GNE never really developed and the threat of competition between the projects was averted. As Wikipedia grew and attracted contributors, it quickly developed a life of its own and began to function largely independently of Nupedia, although Sanger initially led activity on Wikipedia by virtue of his position as Nupedia's editor-in-chief.

Besides leading to discontinuation of the GNE project, Wikipedia also led to the gradual demise of Nupedia. Due to the collapse of the internet economy at that time, Jimmy Wales decided to discontinue funding for a salaried editor-in-chief in December 2001,[1] and Sanger resigned from both projects soon thereafter. After Sanger's departure, Nupedia increasingly became an afterthought to Wikipedia; of the Nupedia articles that completed the review process, only two did so after 2001. As Nupedia dwindled into inactivity, the idea of converting it into a stable version of approved Wikipedia articles was occasionally broached, but never implemented. The Nupedia website at nupedia.com was shut down on September 26, 2003[citation needed]. Nupedia's encyclopedic content, which was often described as limited, has since been assimilated into Wikipedia.[8]

Editorial process

Nupedia had a seven-step editorial process, consisting of:

  1. Assignment
  2. Finding a lead reviewer
  3. Lead review
  4. Open review
  5. Lead copyediting
  6. Open copyediting
  7. Final approval and markup

Authors were expected to be experts in their fields (although the definition of expert allowed for a degree of flexibility, and it was acknowledged that some articles could be written by a good writer, rather than an expert per se)[9] and editors were expected to be "true experts in their fields and (with few exceptions) possess PhDs".[10]

Software development

Nupedia was powered by NupeCode collaborative software. NupeCode is free/open source software (released under the GNU General Public License) designed for large peer review projects. The code was available via Nupedia's CVS repository. One of the problems experienced by Nupedia during much of its existence was that the software lacked functionality. Much of the missing functionality had been mocked-up using underlined blocks of text which appeared to be hyperlinks, but actually were not.[citation needed]

As part of the project, a new version of the original software (called "NuNupedia") was under development. NuNupedia was implemented for testing at SourceForge, but never reached a sufficient stage of development to replace the original software.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Poe, Marshall (2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 1, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir". Slashdot. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  3. ^ Shun-Ling, Chen (May 5, 2010). [/www.albanylawjournal.org/Documents/Articles/20.2.421-Chen.pdf "SELF-GOVERNING ONLINE COMMUNITIES IN WEB 2.0: PRIVACY, ANONYMITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN WIKIPEDIA"] (PDF). Albany Law Journal. Retrieved March 1, 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  4. ^ a b Gouthro, Liane (March 10, 2000). "Building the world's biggest encyclopedia". PC World. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
  5. ^ a b Frauenfelder, Mark (November 21, 2000). "The next generation of online encyclopedias". The Industry Standard/CNN.
  6. ^ jwales (January 17, 2001). "Re:GNUPedia == Nupedia?". GNUPedia Project Starting. Slashdot.
  7. ^ Larry Sanger (January 10, 2001). "Let's make a wiki". Nupedia-l mailing list. Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 14, 2003.
  8. ^ Wikipedia:Nupedia and Wikipedia: Articles copied to Wikipedia
  9. ^ "Nupedia.com Editorial Policy Guidelines (Version 3.31)". Nupedia. November 16, 2000. Archived from the original on April 28, 2001. Retrieved June 3, 2010. The rule of thumb an editor should bear in mind is: would an article on this topic be of significantly greater quality if it were written by an expert on the subject? If yes, we will require that the writer be an expert on the subject. If no, nonspecialists (who are good writers) are more than welcome. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; March 31, 2001 suggested (help)
  10. ^ "How to be an editor or peer reviewer for Nupedia". Nupedia. Archived from the original on April 28, 2001. Retrieved June 3, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; April 10, 2001 suggested (help)

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nupedia.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
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