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On Monday, April 15, 2013, the annual Boston Marathon was held with no indications of an imminent attack.<ref name=CNN_Levs /> Officials swept the area twice before the explosions; one of the sweeps occurred an hour before the bombs went off. People were able to come and go freely, and carry items in and out of the area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/16/live-updates-in-the-aftermath-of-the-boston-marathon-explosions/#police-bomb-sweep-one-hour-before-attack|title=Police: Bomb Sweep One Hour Before Attack|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 16, 2013|accessdate=April 16, 2013}}</ref>
On Monday, April 15, 2013, the annual Boston Marathon was held with no indications of an imminent attack.<ref name=CNN_Levs /> Officials swept the area twice before the explosions; one of the sweeps occurred an hour before the bombs went off. People were able to come and go freely, and carry items in and out of the area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/16/live-updates-in-the-aftermath-of-the-boston-marathon-explosions/#police-bomb-sweep-one-hour-before-attack|title=Police: Bomb Sweep One Hour Before Attack|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 16, 2013|accessdate=April 16, 2013}}</ref>


At about {{nowrap|2:50 p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]}} {{nowrap|(18:50 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])}}, two bombs exploded on [[Boylston Street]] near [[Copley Square]], just before the finish line.<ref name=CNN_Levs /> Described as "[[pressure cooker bomb]]s",<ref name=globe-pressure-cooker /> they were [[improvised explosive device]]s constructed from [[pressure cooker]]s, [[explosive]]s, bits of metal, and [[bearing balls]] placed in black nylon duffel bags or backpacks.<ref name=telegraph9996332>{{cite web|title=Boston Marathon explosions: two dead, 23 injured as 'bombs' hit race finish line|last1=Sherwell|first1=Philip|last2=Swain|first2=John|place=[[United Kingdom|UK]]|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/9996332/Boston-Marathon-explosions-two-dead-23-injured-as-bombs-hit-race-finish-line.html|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=April 15, 2013|accessdate=April 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Maresca">{{cite web|last=Maresca|first=Cara|title=Patriots’ Day: Waco, Oklahoma City, Columbine, and now Boston|url=http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/04/15/patriots-day-waco-oklahoma-city-columbine-and-now-boston/|work=MSNBC|accessdate=April 16, 2013}}</ref><ref name=CNN_Levs/> The devices were similar to those described in the ''[[Inspire (magazine)|Inspire]] Magazine'' article "Make a Bomb in the Kitchen of Your Mom". <ref name="inspire">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/9998886/Boston-Marathon-bombs-al-Qaedas-Inspire-magazine-taught-pressure-cooker-bomb-making-techniques.html|title=Boston Marathon bombs: al-Qaeda's Inspire magazine taught pressure cooker bomb-making techniques}}</ref>
At about {{nowrap|2:50 p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]}} {{nowrap|(18:50 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])}}, two bombs exploded on [[Boylston Street]] near [[Copley Square]], just before the finish line.<ref name=CNN_Levs /> Described as "[[pressure cooker bomb]]s",<ref name=globe-pressure-cooker /> they were [[improvised explosive device]]s constructed from [[pressure cooker]]s, [[explosive]]s, bits of metal, and [[bearing balls]] placed in black nylon duffel bags or backpacks.<ref name=telegraph9996332>{{cite web|title=Boston Marathon explosions: two dead, 23 injured as 'bombs' hit race finish line|last1=Sherwell|first1=Philip|last2=Swain|first2=John|place=[[United Kingdom|UK]]|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/9996332/Boston-Marathon-explosions-two-dead-23-injured-as-bombs-hit-race-finish-line.html|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=April 15, 2013|accessdate=April 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Maresca">{{cite web|last=Maresca|first=Cara|title=Patriots’ Day: Waco, Oklahoma City, Columbine, and now Boston|url=http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/04/15/patriots-day-waco-oklahoma-city-columbine-and-now-boston/|work=MSNBC|accessdate=April 16, 2013}}</ref><ref name=CNN_Levs/>


The bombs went off within {{convert|600|ft|m}} of each other, the first outside a [[Marathon Sports (retailer)|Marathon Sports]] store at 671 Boylston Street, the second about one block farther west of the finish line.<ref name="CNN_Levs" /><ref name="NBCNews">{{cite news|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/15/17764747-explosions-rock-finish-of-boston-marathon-2-killed-and-at-least-23-hurt-police-say?lite|title=Explosions rock finish of Boston Marathon; 2 killed and at least 23 hurt, police say|publisher=NBC News|first=Erin|last=McClam|date=April 15, 2013|accessdate=April 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name=alblog/><ref name="CNN_Levs" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22160399#FBM227376|title=Boston explosions: People warned to stay indoors|date=April 15, 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=April 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name="globe_explosions_rock">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/04/15/explosions-rock-boston-marathon-finish-line-dozens-injured/UyiedznUFjQRjOKwTXuSDL/story.html|title=Explosions rock Boston Marathon finish line; dozens injured|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|edition=Boston.com|last1=Abel|first1=David|last2=Silva|first2=Steve|last3=Finucane|first3=Martin|date=April 15, 2013|accessdate=April 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name=USAToday>{{cite news|title=Deaths, injuries reported after Boston Marathon blasts|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/04/15/explosions-finish-line-boston-marathon/2085193/|accessdate=April 15, 2013|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|first=Michael|last=Winter|date=April 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Fox News1"/> Video from the finish line shows about 12 seconds passed between the two blasts. At the time of the first explosion, the race clock at the finish line was showing 04:09:43, meaning 4 hours, 9 minutes, and 43 seconds since the third wave, or group, of runners started the marathon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/04/15/two-explosions-at-boston-marathon-finish-line-injure-dozens-reports/|title=Explosions at Boston Marathon Injure Dozens|date=April 15, 2013|accessdate=April 15, 2013|work=[[National Post]]}}</ref>
The bombs went off within {{convert|600|ft|m}} of each other, the first outside a [[Marathon Sports (retailer)|Marathon Sports]] store at 671 Boylston Street, the second about one block farther west of the finish line.<ref name="CNN_Levs" /><ref name="NBCNews">{{cite news|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/15/17764747-explosions-rock-finish-of-boston-marathon-2-killed-and-at-least-23-hurt-police-say?lite|title=Explosions rock finish of Boston Marathon; 2 killed and at least 23 hurt, police say|publisher=NBC News|first=Erin|last=McClam|date=April 15, 2013|accessdate=April 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name=alblog/><ref name="CNN_Levs" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22160399#FBM227376|title=Boston explosions: People warned to stay indoors|date=April 15, 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=April 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name="globe_explosions_rock">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/04/15/explosions-rock-boston-marathon-finish-line-dozens-injured/UyiedznUFjQRjOKwTXuSDL/story.html|title=Explosions rock Boston Marathon finish line; dozens injured|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|edition=Boston.com|last1=Abel|first1=David|last2=Silva|first2=Steve|last3=Finucane|first3=Martin|date=April 15, 2013|accessdate=April 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name=USAToday>{{cite news|title=Deaths, injuries reported after Boston Marathon blasts|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/04/15/explosions-finish-line-boston-marathon/2085193/|accessdate=April 15, 2013|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|first=Michael|last=Winter|date=April 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Fox News1"/> Video from the finish line shows about 12 seconds passed between the two blasts. At the time of the first explosion, the race clock at the finish line was showing 04:09:43, meaning 4 hours, 9 minutes, and 43 seconds since the third wave, or group, of runners started the marathon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/04/15/two-explosions-at-boston-marathon-finish-line-injure-dozens-reports/|title=Explosions at Boston Marathon Injure Dozens|date=April 15, 2013|accessdate=April 15, 2013|work=[[National Post]]}}</ref>

Revision as of 01:16, 17 April 2013

Boston Marathon bombings
Aftermath of the first blast
LocationNear Copley Square, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Coordinates42°20′59.2″N 71°04′44.1″W / 42.349778°N 71.078917°W / 42.349778; -71.078917
DateApril 15, 2013 (2013-04-15)
2:50 p.m. EDT (UTC−04:00)
Attack type
Bombing, terrorism
WeaponsPressure cooker bombs[1]
Deaths3[2]
Injuredat least 183[2]

Two bombs exploded at the 2013 Boston Marathon on the afternoon of April 15, 2013, injuring spectators, runners, and members of the general public near the race's finish line. The improvised explosive devices exploded about 12 seconds apart at 2:50 p.m. EDT (18:50 UTC) along Boylston Street near the corner of Copley Square in Boston. The blasts killed 3 people, and injured at least 183 others seriously enough to warrant hospital treatment.[2]

No suspects have been named, and no arrests or claims of responsibility for the attack have been announced.[3] On April 16, U.S. President Barack Obama announced that the Federal Bureau of Investigation is investigating the bombings as an act of terrorism.[4]

Bombings

Map showing site of first (right) and second (left) blasts

On Monday, April 15, 2013, the annual Boston Marathon was held with no indications of an imminent attack.[5] Officials swept the area twice before the explosions; one of the sweeps occurred an hour before the bombs went off. People were able to come and go freely, and carry items in and out of the area.[6]

At about 2:50 p.m. EDT (18:50 UTC), two bombs exploded on Boylston Street near Copley Square, just before the finish line.[5] Described as "pressure cooker bombs",[1] they were improvised explosive devices constructed from pressure cookers, explosives, bits of metal, and bearing balls placed in black nylon duffel bags or backpacks.[7][8][5]

The bombs went off within 600 feet (180 m) of each other, the first outside a Marathon Sports store at 671 Boylston Street, the second about one block farther west of the finish line.[5][9][2][5][10][11][12][13] Video from the finish line shows about 12 seconds passed between the two blasts. At the time of the first explosion, the race clock at the finish line was showing 04:09:43, meaning 4 hours, 9 minutes, and 43 seconds since the third wave, or group, of runners started the marathon.[14]

The winners had crossed the finish line about two hours earlier; other runners were still coming across.[9] Storefront windows nearby were blown out,[9] and a window on the third floor of the Boston Public Library, across the street from one of the explosions, was damaged.[15]

Victims

The scene, immediately after the first blast

Three people were confirmed dead:[2] 8-year-old Martin Richard of Dorchester, whose mother, Denise Richard, suffered a brain injury and whose 6-year-old sister lost a leg;[16][17][18] 29-year-old Krystle M. Campbell, a restaurant manager from Medford, Massachusetts;[19] and a Chinese national who was a graduate student at Boston University and had watched the marathon at the finish line with two friends.[20][21][22][23][24]

Many victims suffered lower leg injuries and shrapnel wounds, which indicated the devices were low to the ground.[25] Some suffered ruptured eardrums.[25]

At least 13[26] of the injured suffered severed limbs.[11][7][27][28] Two brothers, aged 33 and 31, each lost a leg.[29] Celeste Corcoran, a hairdresser from Lowell, Massachusetts, had both legs amputated below the knee; her daughter Sydney, 18, sustained injuries to arteries in both legs.[30] Jeff Bauman, a 27-year-old grocery worker, lost both legs below the knee. A photo of Bauman in a wheelchair, being assisted by volunteers and an emergency worker, became iconic of the bombing.[31] CNN interviewed Dr. Allan Panter who saw or tended to a male missing both legs at the blast scene.[32]

A doctor at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center had seen an X-ray of a patient's leg containing "what appears to be small, uniform, round objects throughout it—similar in the appearance to BBs".[33] Doctors described removing "ball-bearing type" metallic beads a little larger than BBs, and more than a dozen small carpenter-type nails about 1 to 2.5 centimeters (0.4 to 1 in) long.[34]

Eight local hospitals reported that they were treating or had treated a total of more than 124 people, including at least 15 who were in critical condition on April 16.[35][11] Among the hospitals were Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, which treated 24 people;[36] Massachusetts General Hospital, 22;[37][38] Brigham and Women's Hospital, about 20;[39][5] Boston Medical Center, 20;[5] Boston Children's Hospital, 10;[40] and Tufts New England Medical Center, 9.[12]

Responses

Emergency services at work after the bombings.
Police and other emergency workers on the scene.
Hazmat workers near the scene.

Rescue workers, medical personal on hand to assist runners, bystanders, and runners rushed to try to help the wounded in the immediate aftermath.[41][42]

The marathon was abruptly halted. Police, following emergency plans, diverted the remaining runners away from the finish line to Boston Common or Kenmore Square.[5][43][44] The nearby Lenox Hotel was also evacuated.[5] Police closed down a 15-block area around the blast site; this was reduced to a 12-block crime scene on April 16.[15][45] Massachusetts National Guard units already on scene joined local authorities in rendering aid.[5] Bomb squads searched the area.[11] Many bystanders had dropped backpacks and other bags as they fled, requiring each to be treated as a potential bomb.[15] The police commissioner, Ed Davis, strongly recommended that people stay off the streets.[15]

As a precaution, the FAA restricted airspace over Boston, and issued a temporary ground stop for Boston's Logan International Airport.[46][47][48] Some Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority service was halted.[9] Several cities in Massachusetts and other states put their police forces on alert.[49]

United States Attorney General Eric Holder directed that the "full resources" of the United States Department of Justice be brought to bear on investigating the explosions.[5] In New York City, counter-terrorism vehicles were deployed to landmark sites in Manhattan.[13]

The New York Police Department increased security at hotels, Times Square, and other places.[15][50] Security was also increased in Washington, D.C., and the White House was partially evacuated,[5] while it was being cordoned off by the United States Secret Service.[51]

The Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency suggested people trying to contact those in the vicinity use text messaging, instead of voice calls, because of crowded phone lines.[9] The American Red Cross is helping concerned friends and family receive information about runners and casualties.[52][53]

Cell phone service in Boston was congested but still in operation, despite local media reports stating that cell service was shut down.[54] The Boston Police Department set up a helpline for people concerned about relatives or acquaintances to contact and a line for people to provide information.[55] Google Person Finder activated their disaster service under Boston Marathon Explosions to log known information about missing persons as a publicly viewable file.[56] The Navy sent one of its bomb-disposal units to Boston to help local authorities.[57]

The closure of several hotels near the blast zone left many out of town visitors with nowhere to stay. Many Boston residents opened their homes to visitors.[58]

Other explosive devices

During a news conference on April 16, Governor Deval Patrick said there were "only two explosive devices", the two that exploded.[59] Initial reports conflicted over whether additional bombs were found, with numerous suspicious packages or bags initially discovered.[60][13][61][62][63][5] The Boston Police Bomb Squad initially said that they were going to perform a controlled explosion of one of the packages found, on the 600 block of Boylston Street,[64][65] but later said no other devices than the two exploding bombs have been found.[66]

Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation, which is investigating the attack along with the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Counterterrorism Center,[67] is treating the bombings as a terrorist attack, though no perpetrator has officially been identified.[13][68]

Boston police commissioner Edward Davis said at a 6 p.m. press conference on April 15, "There is no suspect in custody."[69] Though not treated as suspects, several people who were near the scene of the blast and the surrounding area were taken into custody and questioned about the bombings, including a Saudi man tackled by a civilian who thought he was suspicious and held him for police.[70][71] Early in the morning on April 16, law enforcement officials searched a residence in the nearby Boston suburb of Revere, the home of the Saudi man, considered a "person of interest", who was injured by shrapnel.[72][13][73][74] Some investigators left the residence carrying brown paper bags, plastic trash bags, and a duffel bag.[75] The Washington Post reported that the individual was being treated as a witness, not a suspect, by law enforcement.[76] The New York Times also reported that a law enforcement official said that investigators had determined the man had no involvement in the attack.[77]

United States government officials stated that there had been no intelligence reports that indicated such a bombing would take place. Representative Peter King, member of the Intelligence Committee, was quoted as saying, "I received two top secret briefings last week on the current threat levels in the United States, and there was no evidence of this at all."[78]

A person who was briefed on the investigation said at least one of the devices was made from a pressure cooker packed with shards of metal, nails, and ball bearings to inflict maximum casualties and was placed in a backpack.[79][80][81][82] Investigators have found remains of an electronic circuit board that was possibly used in the timer of the bomb.[83]

On April 16, 2013, President Barack Obama said that the bombings were being investigated as an act of terror, but authorities still didn't know who was responsible. Obama called the bombing "a heinous and cowardly act used to target innocent civilians."[84][85]

Reactions

Local

As a safety precaution, the National Hockey League postponed a Boston Bruins hockey home game against the Ottawa Senators at TD Garden scheduled for April 15.[86][87] The National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics–Indiana Pacers game scheduled for April 16 was cancelled since both teams' playoff seedings were already set.[86][87] The Boston Symphony Orchestra cancelled its April 15 performance.[88]

National

U.S. President Barack Obama delivering a statement on April 15, 2013 in the aftermath of the bombings.

President Barack Obama addressed the nation three hours after the attack.[89] He said that, while the perpetrator(s) were still unknown, the government would "get to the bottom of this" and that those responsible "will feel the full weight of justice".[90] The President again addressed the American people the next day. He later described the bombing as terrorism, declaring "Anytime bombs are used to target innocent civilians, it is an act of terror."[91]

Speaker John Boehner ordered that flags outside the U.S. Capitol be lowered to half-staff.[92] The flag on the White House was lowered to half staff the next day as well. President Obama also issued a proclamation ordering flags to half-staff through April 20 on all federal buildings as "a mark of respect for the victims of the senseless acts of violence perpetrated on April 15, 2013, in Boston, Massachusetts."[93]

A minute of silence was observed at the openings of the New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, and NYMEX the next day.[94]

International

Organizers of the forthcoming London Marathon, planned for April 21, reviewed security arrangements for their event, despite no specific threats against the event.[95] Security measures were increased worldwide as a response to the explosions in Boston.[96]

The bombings were denounced and condolences were offered by many international leaders.[97][98] Russia, which is about to hold several international sports events in the near future, including the 2014 Winter Olympics, said that special attention will be paid to security at those events.[99]

References

  1. ^ a b Vinograd, Cassandra; Dodds, Paisley (April 16, 2013). "AP Glance: Pressure Cooker Bombs". Associated Press. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Boston Marathon explosions: What we know this morning (updated)". Al.com. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  3. ^ Finn, Peter (April 16, 2013). "In Boston attack, a reminder of the difficulty in foiling terrorist plots". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  4. ^ Liptak, Kevin (April 16, 2013). "Obama calls attack 'terror'". CNN. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Levs, Josh (April 16, 2013). "Terrorism strikes Boston Marathon as bombs kill 3, wound scores". CNN. Retrieved April 16, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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