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In accounts tracing the [[Family tree of Shaiba ibn Hashim|ancestry of Mohammed]] back to [[Ma'ad]] (and from there to [[Adam]]), Arab scholars alternate, with some citing the line as through Nebaioth, others Qedar.<ref name=Mousawip219>al-Mousawi in Boudreau et al., 1998, p. 219.</ref> Many Muslim scholars see Isaiah 42 (21:13-17) as predicting the coming of a servant of [[God]] who is associated with Qedar and interpret this as a reference to Mohammed.<ref name=Zepp>Zepp et al., 2000, p. 50.</ref>
In accounts tracing the [[Family tree of Shaiba ibn Hashim|ancestry of Mohammed]] back to [[Ma'ad]] (and from there to [[Adam]]), Arab scholars alternate, with some citing the line as through Nebaioth, others Qedar.<ref name=Mousawip219>al-Mousawi in Boudreau et al., 1998, p. 219.</ref> Many Muslim scholars see Isaiah 42 (21:13-17) as predicting the coming of a servant of [[God]] who is associated with Qedar and interpret this as a reference to Mohammed.<ref name=Zepp>Zepp et al., 2000, p. 50.</ref>


==Genetic Evidence of the descendents of Ishmael==

[[Haplogroup J1]]-M267 occur at high frequencies among the Arabic-speaking populations of the MiddleEast.
[[ Haplogroup J1]] originated in the southern part of the Mesopotamia and is the only haplogroup that researchers consider “Semitic” in origin because it is restricted almost completely to Middle Eastern populations and drops sharply at the border of non-Arabic countries, The majority of [[Haplogroup J1]] Y chromosomes harbor the motif [[YCAIIa22-YCAIIb22]] found in Arabs whereas this association is much less frequent in J1-haplogroup in Ethiopia and only sporadically found in Caucasus and Europe. The motif [[YCAIIa22-YCAIIb22]] potentially characterizes a [[monophyletic]] [[clade]] of J1-[[M267]] specific to Arabs. This YCAII=22-22 allele state is closely associated with [[J1e]] the major subclade of [[Haplogroup J1]]. Haplogroup [[J1e]] associated with a Semitic linguistic common denominator<ref>{{cite journal|last=Semino|first=Ornella|coauthors=Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maccioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter J.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Torroni, Antonio; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana|title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|date=1 May 2004|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1023–1034|doi=10.1086/386295}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chiaroni|first=Jacques|coauthors=King, Roy J; Myres, Natalie M; Henn, Brenna M; Ducourneau, Axel; Mitchell, Michael J; Boetsch, Gilles; Sheikha, Issa; Lin, Alice A; Nik-Ahd, Mahnoosh; Ahmad, Jabeen; Lattanzi, Francesca; Herrera, Rene J; Ibrahim, Muntaser E; Brody, Aaron; Semino, Ornella; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A|title=The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|date=14 October 2009|volume=18|issue=3|pages=348–353|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2009.166|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987219/#bib14}}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal |author=Regueiro |year=2004|title=The Levantine versus the Horn of Africa:evidence for bi-directional corridors of human migrations|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182266/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Giacomo|first=F.|coauthors=Luca, F.; Popa, L. O.; Akar, N.; Anagnou, N.; Banyko, J.; Brdicka, R.; Barbujani, G.; Papola, F.; Ciavarella, G.; Cucci, F.; Stasi, L.; Gavrila, L.; Kerimova, M. G.; Kovatchev, D.; Kozlov, A. I.; Loutradis, A.; Mandarino, V.; Mammi′, C.; Michalodimitrakis, E. N.; Paoli, G.; Pappa, K. I.; Pedicini, G.; Terrenato, L.; Tofanelli, S.; Malaspina, P.; Novelletto, A.|title=Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe|journal=Human Genetics|date=21 August 2004|volume=115|issue=5|pages=357–371|pmid=15322918|doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15322918 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal|last=ARREDI|first=B|coauthors=POLONI, E; PARACCHINI, S; ZERJAL, T; FATHALLAH, D; MAKRELOUF, M; PASCALI, V; NOVELLETTO, A; TYLERSMITH, C|title=A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|date=1 August 2004|volume=75|issue=2|pages=338–345|doi=10.1086/423147|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1216069/}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cadenas|first=Alicia M|coauthors=Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J|title=Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|date=10 October 2007|volume=16|issue=3|pages=374–386|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17928816 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zalloua|first=Pierre A.|coauthors=Xue, Yali; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Debiane, Labib; Platt, Daniel E.; Royyuru, Ajay K.; Herrera, Rene J.; Hernanz, David F. Soria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris|title=Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|date=1 April 2008|volume=82|issue=4|pages=873–882|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020}}</ref>
Dr Nebel 2002 study showed the existance of a J1 haplotype in Palestinians and Yemen and North Africa suggest a recent common common ancestor for these chromosomes confirming Documented histories of the Arabs, such as the mention of [[Arabs]] in the [[Assyrian]] records from the 9th century B.C. and the documented migration of both Banu Sulaim and Hilal the Northern Arabs and the Southern Yemenite Qahtanite Arabs to North africa and other traditions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=NEBEL|first=A|title=Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|date=1 June 2002|volume=70|issue=6|pages=1594–1596|doi=10.1086/340669|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379148}}</ref>
Dr. Anatole Koslyov calculated the time to The Most Recent Common Ancestor of Jews and Arabs of haplogroup J1 (subclade J1e) to 4,1254,125±525 , a time close to that of the legendary Biblical split into the Jewish and the Arabic lineages.
<ref>{{ cite journal |last=Klyosov |first=Anatoly |year=2009|title=DNA Genealogy, Mutation Rates, and Some Historical Evidence Written in Y-Chromosome, Part II: Walking the Map|journal=Journal of Genetiv Genealogy|volume=5|issue=2|issn=1557-3796|url=http://www.jogg.info/52/index.html|accessdate=June 29,2013}}</ref>
and Dr Koslyov in 2010 recalculated TMRCA again in another study to 4300±500 years ago, and TMRCA had the "J1 Abraham Modal Haplotype", former "Cohen Modal Haplotype" signature. From him a split occurred between the Jewish and the Arabic lineages in haplogroup J1 (J1e*) a split that is clear on the haplotypes maps of the study, and it is reminecent of the story of
Abraham and his siblings, Ishmael, and Isaac and Jacob, the patriarchs of the Arabs and
the Jews.<ref>{{ cite journal |last=Klyosov|first=Anatole|year=2010|title=Origin of the Jews and the Arabs: Date of their Most Recent Common Ancestor is Written in their Y-Chromosomes |publisher=Nature Precedings |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10101/npre.2010.4206.1|accessdate=June 29,2013}}</ref>
Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman states in his book "DNA&Tradition" that Cohen Modal Haplotype is the genetic signature of Abraham the father of Jacob and Ishmael, and that explain why [[CMH]] in found in high numbers among Arabs who traditionally claim to be the progeny of Abraham through his son Ishmael"<ref>{{cite book|last=Kleiman|first=Rabbi Yaakov|title=DNA & tradition : the genetic link to the ancient Hebrews|year=2004|publisher=Devora|location=[New York]|isbn=1930143893|pages=161-162|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UNczHm67tjIC|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 15:22, 1 July 2013

See also: Historical Arabs

According to the Book of Genesis, Ishmaelites are the descendants of Ishmael, the elder son of Abraham.

Traditional origins

According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham's first wife was named Sarah and her handmaid was named Hagar. However Sarah could not conceive. According to Genesis 16:3 Sarah (then Sarai) gave her maid Hagar in marriage to Abraham, in order that Abraham might have an heir. Genesis 16: 3 states, "And Sarai Abram's wife took Hagar her maid....and gave her to her husband Abram to be his wife”. Hagar conceived Ishmael from Abraham, and the Ishmaelites descend from him.

After Abraham pleaded with God for Ishmael to live under his blessing, Genesis 17:20 states, "But as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: behold I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation."

The third century BCE Samaritan book The Secrets of Moses says in chapter viii " 1. And after the death of Abraham, Ishmael reigned twenty seven years 2. And all the children of Nebaot ruled for one year in the lifetime of Ishmael, 3.And for thirty years after his death from the river of Egypt to the river Euphrates; and they built Mecca. 4. For thus it is said(in genesis 25 16) "As thou goest towards Ashur before all his brethren he lay." Josephus states "were born to Ismael twelve sons Nabaioth Kedar Abdeel Mabsam Idumas Masmoas Massaos Chodad Theman Jetur Naphesus Cadmas. These inhabited all the country from Euphrates to the Red Sea,and called it Nabatene. [1] Palestinian Targum futher explain Genesis 25:16:"And they (children of Ishmael) dwelled from Hindikia (IndianOcean) toPalusa (Pelusiumt which is before Egypt as thou goest to Atur(Assyria)." The 14th century CE Kebra Nagast says in Ch.83: "Many countries are enumerated over which Ishmael ruled [2]

Historical Records of the Ishmaelites

Assyrian and Babylonian Royal Inscriptions and North Arabian inscriptions from 9th to 6th century B.C, mention the king of Qedar as king of the Arabs and King of the Ishmaelites[3][4][5][6] .Of the names of the sons of Ishmael the names “nabat kedar abdeel dumah massa and teman” were mentioned in the Assyrian Royal Inscriptions as tribes of the Ishmaelites. Jesur was mentioned in greek inscriptions in the First Century B.C.[7]. But the Qedarite kingdom continued long after the demise of the last Neo Babylonian king Nabonidus but Nabataean kingdom emerged out of the Qedarite kingdom because of the continuty in geographical and language between the two tribes some two hundred and fifty years later.[8][9][10]. Many Arabic tribes names of the time of Muhammad (and Now) such as Asad, Madhhij, and the ancestor tribes of Muhammad: Ma'ad and Nizar[11] were found in the Namara inscription dated 325 AD in the Nabatean script.[12][13]


Maqrizi says that Moses wiped out almost all non-Ishmaelite Arabs such as Amaleq and Midianites[14], and by the time of Muhammad all Arabs were descendents of Ishmael according to historians Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi and al-Sharqi who believed that all Arabs were descendents of Ishmael including the Qahtanites [15].

Muhammad said that all Arabs are descendents of ishmael even the Qahtanite tribes [16] [17]

Genealogical attempt to trace the ancestry of the Arabs

Medieval Arab genealogists divided Arabs into three groups:

  • "Ancient Arabs", tribes that had vanished or been destroyed, such as ʿĀd and Thamud, often mentioned in the Qur'an as examples of God's power to destroy those who did not believe and follow their prophets and messengers.
  • "Pure Arabs" of South Arabia, descending from Qahtan[citation needed]. The Qahtanites (Qahtanis) are said to have migrated from the land of Yemen following the destruction of the Ma'rib Dam (sadd Ma'rib)[citation needed].
  • The "Arabized Arabs" (musta`ribah) of center and North Arabia, descending from Ishmael the elder son of Abraham.

Abu Ja'far al-Baqir (676–743 AD) wrote that his father Ali ibn Husayn informed him that Mohammed had said: "The first whose tongue spoke in clear Arabic was Ishmael, when he was fourteen years old."[18] Hisham Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi (737–819 AD) established a genealogical link between Ishmael and Mohammed using writings that drew on biblical and Palmyran sources, and the ancient oral traditions of the Arabs. His book, Jamharat al-Nasab ("The Abundance of Kinship"), seems to posit that the people known as "Arabs" are all descendants of Ishmael.[19] Ibn Kathir (1301–1373) writes, "All the Arabs of the Hijaz are descendants of Nebaioth and Qedar."[18] Medieval Jewish sources also usually identified Qedar with Arabs and/or Muslims.[20][21][d] According to author and scholar Irfan Shahîd, Western scholars viewed this kind of "genealogical Ishmaelism" with suspicion, seeing it as,

[...] a late Islamic fabrication because of the confusion in Islamic times which made it such a capacious term as to include the inhabitants of the south as well as the north of the Arabian Peninsula. But shorn of this extravagance, the concept is much more modest in its denotation, and in the sober sources it applies only to certain groups among the Arabs of pre-Islamic times. Some important statements to this effect were made by Muhammed when he identified some Arabs as Ishmaelites and others as not.[22]

Ishmaelism in this more limited definition holds that Ishmael was both an important religious figure and eponymous ancestor for some of the Arabs of western Arabia.[22] Prominence is given in Arab genealogical accounts to the first two of Ishmael's twelve sons, Nebaioth (Arabic: نبيت, Nabīt) and Qedar (Arabic: قيدار, Qaydār), who are also prominently featured in the Genesis account.[22] It is likely that they and their tribes lived in northwestern Arabia and were historically the most important of the twelve Ishamelite tribes.[22]

In accounts tracing the ancestry of Mohammed back to Ma'ad (and from there to Adam), Arab scholars alternate, with some citing the line as through Nebaioth, others Qedar.[23] Many Muslim scholars see Isaiah 42 (21:13-17) as predicting the coming of a servant of God who is associated with Qedar and interpret this as a reference to Mohammed.[24]


Genetic Evidence of the descendents of Ishmael

Haplogroup J1-M267 occur at high frequencies among the Arabic-speaking populations of the MiddleEast. Haplogroup J1 originated in the southern part of the Mesopotamia and is the only haplogroup that researchers consider “Semitic” in origin because it is restricted almost completely to Middle Eastern populations and drops sharply at the border of non-Arabic countries, The majority of Haplogroup J1 Y chromosomes harbor the motif YCAIIa22-YCAIIb22 found in Arabs whereas this association is much less frequent in J1-haplogroup in Ethiopia and only sporadically found in Caucasus and Europe. The motif YCAIIa22-YCAIIb22 potentially characterizes a monophyletic clade of J1-M267 specific to Arabs. This YCAII=22-22 allele state is closely associated with J1e the major subclade of Haplogroup J1. Haplogroup J1e associated with a Semitic linguistic common denominator[25][26][27][28] [29] [30] [31]


Dr Nebel 2002 study showed the existance of a J1 haplotype in Palestinians and Yemen and North Africa suggest a recent common common ancestor for these chromosomes confirming Documented histories of the Arabs, such as the mention of Arabs in the Assyrian records from the 9th century B.C. and the documented migration of both Banu Sulaim and Hilal the Northern Arabs and the Southern Yemenite Qahtanite Arabs to North africa and other traditions.[32]


Dr. Anatole Koslyov calculated the time to The Most Recent Common Ancestor of Jews and Arabs of haplogroup J1 (subclade J1e) to 4,1254,125±525 , a time close to that of the legendary Biblical split into the Jewish and the Arabic lineages. [33] and Dr Koslyov in 2010 recalculated TMRCA again in another study to 4300±500 years ago, and TMRCA had the "J1 Abraham Modal Haplotype", former "Cohen Modal Haplotype" signature. From him a split occurred between the Jewish and the Arabic lineages in haplogroup J1 (J1e*) a split that is clear on the haplotypes maps of the study, and it is reminecent of the story of Abraham and his siblings, Ishmael, and Isaac and Jacob, the patriarchs of the Arabs and the Jews.[34]

Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman states in his book "DNA&Tradition" that Cohen Modal Haplotype is the genetic signature of Abraham the father of Jacob and Ishmael, and that explain why CMH in found in high numbers among Arabs who traditionally claim to be the progeny of Abraham through his son Ishmael"[35]

References

  1. ^ Josephus. "12". Complete Works of Josephus Volume 1. p. 42. Children of Ishmael
  2. ^ Gaster, Moses (1927). The Asatir: the Samaritan book of Moses. London: THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. pp. 262, 71. Nabateans ruled from Nile to Euphrates
  3. ^ Delitzsche (1912). Assyriesche Lesestuche. Leipzig. OCLC 2008786.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Montgomry (1934). Arabia and the Bible. Philadelphia: U of Pensylvania. OCLC 639516.
  5. ^ Winnet (1970). Ancient Records from North Arabia. pp. 51, 52. OCLC 79767. king of kedar (Qedarites) is named alternatively as king of Ishmaelites and king of Arabs in Assyrian Inscriptions
  6. ^ Stetkevychc (2000). "Muhammad and the Golden Bough". Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253332087. Assyrian records document Ishmaelites as Qedarites and as Arabs
  7. ^ Hamilton, Victor P. (1990). The book of Genesis ([Nachdr.]. ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0802823092.
  8. ^ Ibrahim (1989). "Nabatean Origins". In Knauf (ed.). Arabian Studies in honour of Mahmud Gul. Wiesbaden. ISSN 0003-0279.
  9. ^ Marx, edited by Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, Michael (2010). The Qur'an in context historical and literary investigations into the Qur'anic milieu (PDF). Leiden: Brill. p. 211. ISBN 9789047430322. Archived from the original on 2010. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "routes to Arabia" (PDF). p. 98.
  11. ^ Ibn Ishaq; Guillaume (1955). The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Isḥāq’s sīrat. London. p. 696. ISBN 0195778286. Nizar ancestor of Muhammad a descendent of Nebet son of Ishmael{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Shahid (1989). Byzantium and the Arabs in the 5th century. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 344. ISBN 0884021521. Ma'ad son of Adnan and Nizar the Ancestors of Muhammad are mentioned in Namara inscritions of king of the Arabs Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr, an Adnanite and Nabataean according to Ibn Ishaq, dated to year 325 AD and written in the Nabataean script
  13. ^ Ibn Ishaq; Guillaume (1955). The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Isḥāq’s sīrat. London. p. 4. ISBN 0195778286. al-Nu'man of the kings of al-Hira was a survivor of the tribe of Qunus b. Ma'add. However, the rest of the Arabs assert that he belonged to the Lakhm of the Rabi'a b. NasrIshmael{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ Maqrizi (1995) [1350 AD]. Kitab al-Mawa'iz wa al-I'tibar: Book of wisdoms from Ancient writings and ruins. london: Al-Furqan. p. 89. ISBN 1873992165. Moses wiped out Midianites and Amaleq and Gurhumites etc. and left Ishmaelites
  15. ^ Baladhuri. Ansab al-Ashraf. p. 105.
  16. ^ "Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad". The Prophet said all Arabs are decendents of Ishmael except some Thaqif and Awza’.
  17. ^ "Hadith Bukhari Vol 4 book 52 num 148". Prophet say Aslam of Qahtan also from Ismael.
  18. ^ a b Wheeler, 2002, p. 110-111.
  19. ^ ""Arabia" in Ancient History". Centre for Sinai. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  20. ^ Alexander, 1847, p. 67.
  21. ^ Alfonso, 2007, p. 137, note 36.
  22. ^ a b c d Shahîd, 1989, p. 335-336.
  23. ^ al-Mousawi in Boudreau et al., 1998, p. 219.
  24. ^ Zepp et al., 2000, p. 50.
  25. ^ Semino, Ornella (1 May 2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–1034. doi:10.1086/386295. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Chiaroni, Jacques (14 October 2009). "The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (3): 348–353. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.166. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Regueiro (2004). "The Levantine versus the Horn of Africa:evidence for bi-directional corridors of human migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  28. ^ Giacomo, F. (21 August 2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe". Human Genetics. 115 (5): 357–371. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. PMID 15322918. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ ARREDI, B (1 August 2004). "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 338–345. doi:10.1086/423147. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Cadenas, Alicia M (10 October 2007). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–386. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ Zalloua, Pierre A. (1 April 2008). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (4): 873–882. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ NEBEL, A (1 June 2002). "Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (6): 1594–1596. doi:10.1086/340669.
  33. ^ Klyosov, Anatoly (2009). "DNA Genealogy, Mutation Rates, and Some Historical Evidence Written in Y-Chromosome, Part II: Walking the Map". Journal of Genetiv Genealogy. 5 (2). ISSN 1557-3796. Retrieved June 29,2013. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  34. ^ Klyosov, Anatole (2010). "Origin of the Jews and the Arabs: Date of their Most Recent Common Ancestor is Written in their Y-Chromosomes". Nature Precedings. Retrieved June 29,2013. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  35. ^ Kleiman, Rabbi Yaakov (2004). DNA & tradition : the genetic link to the ancient Hebrews (2nd ed. ed.). [New York]: Devora. pp. 161–162. ISBN 1930143893. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
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