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|name = Mary Schapiro
|name = Mary Schapiro
|image = SchapiroMary.jpg
|image = SchapiroMary.jpg
|office = Chairman of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]]
|office = Chairwoman of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]]
|president = [[Barack Obama]]
|president = [[Barack Obama]]
|term_start = January 27, 2009
|term_start = January 27, 2009
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|alma_mater = [[Franklin and Marshall College]]<br>[[George Washington University Law School|George Washington University]]
|alma_mater = [[Franklin and Marshall College]]<br>[[George Washington University Law School|George Washington University]]
}}
}}
'''Mary L. Schapiro''' (born June 19, 1955) served as the 29th Chairman of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC). She was appointed by [[Presidency of Barack Obama|President Barack Obama]], unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate, and assumed the Chairmanship on January 27, 2009. She is the first woman to be the permanent Chairman of the SEC.<ref name=afp>"[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jmOMZsYx3HOz4QIT_dffgrciRxog Obama taps veteran regulator to head under-fire SEC]", ''[[Agence France Presse]]'', December 18, 2008, accessed February 6, 2009.</ref> In 2009, [[Forbes]] ranked her the 56th most powerful woman in the world.<ref>{{ cite news | url = http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/11/power-women-09_The-100-Most-Powerful-Women_Rank_3.html | title = The 100 Most Powerful Women | publisher = Forbes.com | date=August 19, 2009}}</ref>
'''Mary L. Schapiro''' (born June 19, 1955) served as the 29th Chairperson of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC). She was appointed by [[Presidency of Barack Obama|President Barack Obama]], unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate, and assumed the Chairwomanship on January 27, 2009. She is the first woman to be the permanent Chair of the SEC.<ref name=afp>"[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jmOMZsYx3HOz4QIT_dffgrciRxog Obama taps veteran regulator to head under-fire SEC]", ''[[Agence France Presse]]'', December 18, 2008, accessed February 6, 2009.</ref> In 2009, [[Forbes]] ranked her the 56th most powerful woman in the world.<ref>{{ cite news | url = http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/11/power-women-09_The-100-Most-Powerful-Women_Rank_3.html | title = The 100 Most Powerful Women | publisher = Forbes.com | date=August 19, 2009}}</ref>


Schapiro served in various roles as a financial services regulator in the administrations of [[Ronald Reagan]], [[George H. W. Bush]], and [[Bill Clinton]]. From 2006 to early 2009, she was the Chairman and CEO of the [[Financial Industry Regulatory Authority]] (FINRA), the securities industry's self-regulatory organization for broker-dealers and exchanges in the United States.<ref name="SEC bio"/>
Schapiro served in various roles as a financial services regulator in the administrations of [[Ronald Reagan]], [[George H. W. Bush]], and [[Bill Clinton]]. From 2006 to early 2009, she was the Chairman and CEO of the [[Financial Industry Regulatory Authority]] (FINRA), the securities industry's self-regulatory organization for broker-dealers and exchanges in the United States.<ref name="SEC bio"/>
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==Career prior to the SEC==
==Career prior to the SEC==
Schapiro was appointed in 1988 by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] to fill one of two [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] seats on the SEC. President [[George H. W. Bush]] reappointed her to this position in 1989. President [[Bill Clinton]] appointed Schapiro acting Chairman of the SEC, and then appointed her Chairman of the [[Commodity Futures Trading Commission]] in 1994.
Schapiro was appointed in 1988 by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] to fill one of two [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] seats on the SEC. President [[George H. W. Bush]] reappointed her to this position in 1989. President [[Bill Clinton]] appointed Schapiro acting Chairwoman of the SEC, and then appointed her Chairwoman of the [[Commodity Futures Trading Commission]] in 1994.


In 1996 Schapiro joined the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) (now the [[Financial Industry Regulatory Authority]]) as the president of NASD Regulation. In 2002 she became the Vice Chairman of the NASD.
In 1996 Schapiro joined the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) (now the [[Financial Industry Regulatory Authority]]) as the president of NASD Regulation. In 2002 she became the Vice Chairwoman of the NASD.


In 2005 Schapiro oversaw a wide-reaching probe into gift-giving and entertaining on Wall Street, uncovering several instances of lavish and excessive activities, which led to many charges.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article5364844.ece | location=London | work=The Times | title=SECs New Chairman: Who is Mary Schapiro | first=Rosie | last=Lavan | date=December 18, 2008}}</ref>
In 2005 Schapiro oversaw a wide-reaching probe into gift-giving and entertaining on Wall Street, uncovering several instances of lavish and excessive activities, which led to many charges.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article5364844.ece | location=London | work=The Times | title=SECs New Chairman: Who is Mary Schapiro | first=Rosie | last=Lavan | date=December 18, 2008}}</ref>


In 2006 she became NASD's Chairman and CEO. In that position, she oversaw NASD's consolidation with [[NYSE Euronext|NYSE]] Member Regulation to form the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.<ref>[http://www.finra.org/AboutFINRA/Leadership/p009733 Biography of Schapiro], FINRA</ref>
In 2006 she became NASD's Chairwoman and CEO. In that position, she oversaw NASD's consolidation with [[NYSE Euronext|NYSE]] Member Regulation to form the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.<ref>[http://www.finra.org/AboutFINRA/Leadership/p009733 Biography of Schapiro], FINRA</ref>


In January 2008, President [[George W. Bush]] appointed Schapiro to the 19-member council of the President's Advisory Council on Financial Literacy. In 2008, Schapiro was named to ''[[Investment Advisor]]'' magazine's IA 25, the list of the 25 most influential people in and around the investment advisory business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch List: Mark Tibergien, the consultant and now executive who taught advisors to think of their practices as businesses, leads the IA 25 for 2008 |author=James J. Green |date=May 1, 2008 |publisher=Investment Advisor |accessdate=2012-03-07 |url=http://www.advisorone.com/2008/05/01/watch-list}}</ref>
In January 2008, President [[George W. Bush]] appointed Schapiro to the 19-member council of the President's Advisory Council on Financial Literacy. In 2008, Schapiro was named to ''[[Investment Advisor]]'' magazine's IA 25, the list of the 25 most influential people in and around the investment advisory business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch List: Mark Tibergien, the consultant and now executive who taught advisors to think of their practices as businesses, leads the IA 25 for 2008 |author=James J. Green |date=May 1, 2008 |publisher=Investment Advisor |accessdate=2012-03-07 |url=http://www.advisorone.com/2008/05/01/watch-list}}</ref>
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In 2008, her last year at FINRA, Schapiro earned a regular compensation package of $3.3 million; on departure from FINRA, she received additional lump sum retirement benefit payments that brought her total package in 2008 to just under $9 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/whoa-finra-paid-mary-schapiro-9-million-in-2008-2010-10 |title= WHOA: FINRA Paid Mary Schapiro $9 Million In 2008 |author=Courtney Comstock |publisher=BusinessInsider |date=October 11, 2010}}</ref>
In 2008, her last year at FINRA, Schapiro earned a regular compensation package of $3.3 million; on departure from FINRA, she received additional lump sum retirement benefit payments that brought her total package in 2008 to just under $9 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/whoa-finra-paid-mary-schapiro-9-million-in-2008-2010-10 |title= WHOA: FINRA Paid Mary Schapiro $9 Million In 2008 |author=Courtney Comstock |publisher=BusinessInsider |date=October 11, 2010}}</ref>


==SEC Chairman==
==SEC Chairwoman==
In January 2009 the U.S. Senate unanimously confirmed Schapiro's appointment by President Barack Obama to be the SEC's first female permanent Chairman.<ref name ="SEC bio"/>
In January 2009 the U.S. Senate unanimously confirmed Schapiro's appointment by President Barack Obama to be the SEC's first female permanent Chairperson.<ref name ="SEC bio"/>


Schapiro partially blamed the financial crises of 2008 on deregulation, telling senators that the regulatory system had "not kept pace with the markets and the needs of investors". As the SEC's head, she said, she would press for tighter regulation of financial instruments, including derivatives.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/business/economy/16sec.html | work=The New York Times | first=Stephen | last=Labaton | title=S.E.C. Nominee Offers Plan for Tighter Regulation | date=January 16, 2009}}</ref>
Schapiro partially blamed the financial crises of 2008 on deregulation, telling senators that the regulatory system had "not kept pace with the markets and the needs of investors". As the SEC's head, she said, she would press for tighter regulation of financial instruments, including derivatives.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/business/economy/16sec.html | work=The New York Times | first=Stephen | last=Labaton | title=S.E.C. Nominee Offers Plan for Tighter Regulation | date=January 16, 2009}}</ref>
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During Schapiro’s tenure at the SEC, the agency improved its enforcement program, creating new structures, procedures, and programs to better address the modern financial markets, including: bringing 735 enforcement actions in FY 2011 and a near record of 734 actions in FY 2012; obtaining more than $11 billion in ordered disgorgements and penalties since FY 2009; prosecuting the largest insider trading scheme ever discovered, winning a record $92.8 million fine in the civil case against the CEO of the Galleon Hedge Fund; and bringing financial-crisis related actions against Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2012/11/26/news/economy/mary-schapiro/index.html|title=SEC chief Mary Schapiro to step down|author=Jennifer Liberto|publisher=[[CNNMoney.com]] |date=November 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2012/2012-240-accomplishments.htm |title=The SEC — Revitalized, Reformed and Protecting Investors|publisher=[[SEC.gov]]|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref> Also during Schapiro’s tenure, the SEC brought a record number of enforcement actions and returned more than $6 billion to harmed investors.<ref name="Reuters"/> Schapiro also led the agency through one of its most active rulemaking periods, and enacted many other investor protection measures, including adopting more than three quarters of the rules required by the Dodd-Frank Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/domesticpolicy/schapiro-departure-could-slow-dodd-frank-implementation-20121127 |title=Schapiro Departure Could Slow Dodd-Frank Implementation|author= Catherine Hollander|publisher=[[National Journal]] |date=November 27, 2012}}</ref>
During Schapiro’s tenure at the SEC, the agency improved its enforcement program, creating new structures, procedures, and programs to better address the modern financial markets, including: bringing 735 enforcement actions in FY 2011 and a near record of 734 actions in FY 2012; obtaining more than $11 billion in ordered disgorgements and penalties since FY 2009; prosecuting the largest insider trading scheme ever discovered, winning a record $92.8 million fine in the civil case against the CEO of the Galleon Hedge Fund; and bringing financial-crisis related actions against Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2012/11/26/news/economy/mary-schapiro/index.html|title=SEC chief Mary Schapiro to step down|author=Jennifer Liberto|publisher=[[CNNMoney.com]] |date=November 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2012/2012-240-accomplishments.htm |title=The SEC — Revitalized, Reformed and Protecting Investors|publisher=[[SEC.gov]]|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref> Also during Schapiro’s tenure, the SEC brought a record number of enforcement actions and returned more than $6 billion to harmed investors.<ref name="Reuters"/> Schapiro also led the agency through one of its most active rulemaking periods, and enacted many other investor protection measures, including adopting more than three quarters of the rules required by the Dodd-Frank Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/domesticpolicy/schapiro-departure-could-slow-dodd-frank-implementation-20121127 |title=Schapiro Departure Could Slow Dodd-Frank Implementation|author= Catherine Hollander|publisher=[[National Journal]] |date=November 27, 2012}}</ref>


An early setback for Schapiro as SEC chairman occurred in September of 2009 when U.S. District Judge [[Jed Rakoff]] rejected the SEC's proposed $33 million settlement with [[Bank of America]]. BoA had been charged with failure to disclose bonuses paid to [[Merrill Lynch]] executive before the two companies merged. Under the settlement's terms BoA was allowed to deny any wrongdoing, which they did when pressed by Rakoff on the matter of guilt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com/view/full_story/3605319/article-BofA-settlement-ruling-a-setback-for-SEC |title=BofA settlement ruling a setback for SEC|author=Marcy Gordon |publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=2012-03-10}}</ref> Rakoff said the settlement did not "comport with the most elementary notions of justice and morality".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125294493976909051.html | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=Judge Tosses Out Bonus Deal | date=September 15, 2009 | first1=Kara | last1=Scannell | first2=Liz | last2=Rappaport | first3=Jess | last3=Bravin}}</ref> Seven months later, Rakoff approved a $150 million settlement of the BoA case; BoA did not have to change its declaration of innocence.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/23/business/23bank.html|date=February 23, 2010 |work=New York Times |title=Judge Accepts S.E.C.’s Deal With Bank of America |author=Louise Story |accessdate=2012-03-10}}</ref>
An early setback for Schapiro as SEC chairwoman occurred in September of 2009 when U.S. District Judge [[Jed Rakoff]] rejected the SEC's proposed $33 million settlement with [[Bank of America]]. BoA had been charged with failure to disclose bonuses paid to [[Merrill Lynch]] executive before the two companies merged. Under the settlement's terms BoA was allowed to deny any wrongdoing, which they did when pressed by Rakoff on the matter of guilt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com/view/full_story/3605319/article-BofA-settlement-ruling-a-setback-for-SEC |title=BofA settlement ruling a setback for SEC|author=Marcy Gordon |publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=2012-03-10}}</ref> Rakoff said the settlement did not "comport with the most elementary notions of justice and morality".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125294493976909051.html | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=Judge Tosses Out Bonus Deal | date=September 15, 2009 | first1=Kara | last1=Scannell | first2=Liz | last2=Rappaport | first3=Jess | last3=Bravin}}</ref> Seven months later, Rakoff approved a $150 million settlement of the BoA case; BoA did not have to change its declaration of innocence.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/23/business/23bank.html|date=February 23, 2010 |work=New York Times |title=Judge Accepts S.E.C.’s Deal With Bank of America |author=Louise Story |accessdate=2012-03-10}}</ref>


Upon Schapiro’s departure from the SEC in December 2012, President Obama commended Schapiro’s contributions as Chairman in an official White House statement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/11/26/statement-president-obama-departure-sec-chairman-mary-schapiro|title=Statement by President Obama on the Departure of SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro|publisher=[[Whitehouse.gov]]|date=November 26, 2012}}</ref> In April 2013, Schapiro joined [[Promontory Financial Group]] as a managing director and chairman of its governance and markets practice.<ref name>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/mary-schapiro-joins-promontory-2013-4 |title=Former SEC Chief Mary Schapiro Is Joining 'Shadow Regulator' Promontory Financial Group|author= Julia La Roche|publisher=[[Business Insider]] |date=April 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promontory.com/uploadedFiles/Articles/Press_Releases/SCHAPIRO%20Mary%20FINAL%20RELEASE%20April%202013.pdf
Upon Schapiro’s departure from the SEC in December 2012, President Obama commended Schapiro’s contributions as Chairwoman in an official White House statement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/11/26/statement-president-obama-departure-sec-chairman-mary-schapiro|title=Statement by President Obama on the Departure of SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro|publisher=[[Whitehouse.gov]]|date=November 26, 2012}}</ref> In April 2013, Schapiro joined [[Promontory Financial Group]] as a managing director and chairowman of its governance and markets practice.<ref name>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/mary-schapiro-joins-promontory-2013-4 |title=Former SEC Chief Mary Schapiro Is Joining 'Shadow Regulator' Promontory Financial Group|author= Julia La Roche|publisher=[[Business Insider]] |date=April 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promontory.com/uploadedFiles/Articles/Press_Releases/SCHAPIRO%20Mary%20FINAL%20RELEASE%20April%202013.pdf
|title=Former SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro Joins Promontory Financial Group|publisher=[[Promontory Financial Group]]|date=April 2, 2013}}</ref>
|title=Former SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro Joins Promontory Financial Group|publisher=[[Promontory Financial Group]]|date=April 2, 2013}}</ref>


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| NAME =Schapiro, Mary
| NAME =Schapiro, Mary
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chairwoman of the Securities and Exchange Commission
| DATE OF BIRTH =June 19, 1955
| DATE OF BIRTH =June 19, 1955
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[New York City]], [[NY]]
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[New York City]], [[NY]]

Revision as of 15:09, 9 October 2013

Mary Schapiro
Chairwoman of the Securities and Exchange Commission
In office
January 27, 2009 – December 14, 2012
PresidentBarack Obama
Preceded byChristopher Cox
Succeeded byElisse Walter
In office
May 7, 1993 – July 27, 1993
Acting
PresidentBill Clinton
Preceded byRichard Breeden
Succeeded byArthur Levitt
Commissioner of the Securities and Exchange Commission[1]
In office
December 1988 – October 1994
Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission
In office
October 13, 1994 – January 26, 1996
PresidentBill Clinton
Preceded byBarbara Holum (Acting)
Succeeded byJohn Tull (Acting)
Personal details
Born (1955-06-19) June 19, 1955 (age 69)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Political partyIndependent[2]
Alma materFranklin and Marshall College
George Washington University

Mary L. Schapiro (born June 19, 1955) served as the 29th Chairperson of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). She was appointed by President Barack Obama, unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate, and assumed the Chairwomanship on January 27, 2009. She is the first woman to be the permanent Chair of the SEC.[3] In 2009, Forbes ranked her the 56th most powerful woman in the world.[4]

Schapiro served in various roles as a financial services regulator in the administrations of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton. From 2006 to early 2009, she was the Chairman and CEO of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the securities industry's self-regulatory organization for broker-dealers and exchanges in the United States.[1]

Early life and education

Schapiro was born in New York City to a Jewish family.[5] She graduated from Franklin & Marshall College in 1977. In 1980 she earned a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree with honors from George Washington University Law School.[1]

Career prior to the SEC

Schapiro was appointed in 1988 by President Ronald Reagan to fill one of two Democratic seats on the SEC. President George H. W. Bush reappointed her to this position in 1989. President Bill Clinton appointed Schapiro acting Chairwoman of the SEC, and then appointed her Chairwoman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission in 1994.

In 1996 Schapiro joined the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) (now the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority) as the president of NASD Regulation. In 2002 she became the Vice Chairwoman of the NASD.

In 2005 Schapiro oversaw a wide-reaching probe into gift-giving and entertaining on Wall Street, uncovering several instances of lavish and excessive activities, which led to many charges.[6]

In 2006 she became NASD's Chairwoman and CEO. In that position, she oversaw NASD's consolidation with NYSE Member Regulation to form the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.[7]

In January 2008, President George W. Bush appointed Schapiro to the 19-member council of the President's Advisory Council on Financial Literacy. In 2008, Schapiro was named to Investment Advisor magazine's IA 25, the list of the 25 most influential people in and around the investment advisory business.[8]

In 2008, her last year at FINRA, Schapiro earned a regular compensation package of $3.3 million; on departure from FINRA, she received additional lump sum retirement benefit payments that brought her total package in 2008 to just under $9 million.[9]

SEC Chairwoman

In January 2009 the U.S. Senate unanimously confirmed Schapiro's appointment by President Barack Obama to be the SEC's first female permanent Chairperson.[1]

Schapiro partially blamed the financial crises of 2008 on deregulation, telling senators that the regulatory system had "not kept pace with the markets and the needs of investors". As the SEC's head, she said, she would press for tighter regulation of financial instruments, including derivatives.[10]

During Schapiro’s tenure at the SEC, the agency improved its enforcement program, creating new structures, procedures, and programs to better address the modern financial markets, including: bringing 735 enforcement actions in FY 2011 and a near record of 734 actions in FY 2012; obtaining more than $11 billion in ordered disgorgements and penalties since FY 2009; prosecuting the largest insider trading scheme ever discovered, winning a record $92.8 million fine in the civil case against the CEO of the Galleon Hedge Fund; and bringing financial-crisis related actions against Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, among others.[11][12] Also during Schapiro’s tenure, the SEC brought a record number of enforcement actions and returned more than $6 billion to harmed investors.[2] Schapiro also led the agency through one of its most active rulemaking periods, and enacted many other investor protection measures, including adopting more than three quarters of the rules required by the Dodd-Frank Act.[13]

An early setback for Schapiro as SEC chairwoman occurred in September of 2009 when U.S. District Judge Jed Rakoff rejected the SEC's proposed $33 million settlement with Bank of America. BoA had been charged with failure to disclose bonuses paid to Merrill Lynch executive before the two companies merged. Under the settlement's terms BoA was allowed to deny any wrongdoing, which they did when pressed by Rakoff on the matter of guilt.[14] Rakoff said the settlement did not "comport with the most elementary notions of justice and morality".[15] Seven months later, Rakoff approved a $150 million settlement of the BoA case; BoA did not have to change its declaration of innocence.[16]

Upon Schapiro’s departure from the SEC in December 2012, President Obama commended Schapiro’s contributions as Chairwoman in an official White House statement.[17] In April 2013, Schapiro joined Promontory Financial Group as a managing director and chairowman of its governance and markets practice.[18][19]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "SEC Biography:Chairman Mary L. Schapiro". SEC.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  2. ^ a b Aruna Viswanatha (November 26, 2012). "Schapiro stepping down at SEC, Walter to step in". Reuters.
  3. ^ "Obama taps veteran regulator to head under-fire SEC", Agence France Presse, December 18, 2008, accessed February 6, 2009.
  4. ^ "The 100 Most Powerful Women". Forbes.com. August 19, 2009.
  5. ^ "Familiar Jewish Names On Forbes Most Powerful Women List". Jspace. August 24 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Lavan, Rosie (December 18, 2008). "SECs New Chairman: Who is Mary Schapiro". The Times. London.
  7. ^ Biography of Schapiro, FINRA
  8. ^ James J. Green (May 1, 2008). "Watch List: Mark Tibergien, the consultant and now executive who taught advisors to think of their practices as businesses, leads the IA 25 for 2008". Investment Advisor. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  9. ^ Courtney Comstock (October 11, 2010). "WHOA: FINRA Paid Mary Schapiro $9 Million In 2008". BusinessInsider.
  10. ^ Labaton, Stephen (January 16, 2009). "S.E.C. Nominee Offers Plan for Tighter Regulation". The New York Times.
  11. ^ Jennifer Liberto (November 26, 2012). "SEC chief Mary Schapiro to step down". CNNMoney.com.
  12. ^ "The SEC — Revitalized, Reformed and Protecting Investors". SEC.gov. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  13. ^ Catherine Hollander (November 27, 2012). "Schapiro Departure Could Slow Dodd-Frank Implementation". National Journal.
  14. ^ Marcy Gordon. "BofA settlement ruling a setback for SEC". Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
  15. ^ Scannell, Kara; Rappaport, Liz; Bravin, Jess (September 15, 2009). "Judge Tosses Out Bonus Deal". The Wall Street Journal.
  16. ^ Louise Story (February 23, 2010). "Judge Accepts S.E.C.'s Deal With Bank of America". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
  17. ^ "Statement by President Obama on the Departure of SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro". Whitehouse.gov. November 26, 2012.
  18. ^ Julia La Roche (April 2, 2013). "Former SEC Chief Mary Schapiro Is Joining 'Shadow Regulator' Promontory Financial Group". Business Insider.
  19. ^ "Former SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro Joins Promontory Financial Group" (PDF). Promontory Financial Group. April 2, 2013.
Political offices
Preceded by Chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Commission
Acting
1993 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairperson of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission
1994–1996 		Succeeded by
John Tull
Acting
Preceded by Chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Commission
2009–2012 		Succeeded by

Template:Persondata

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