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[[File:Santur Hand Position.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
{{Infobox instrument
| name =
| names =
| image = Persian Classical Santur.jpg
| image_capt =
| background = String
| classification = Stringed, Struck
| hornbostel_sachs =
| hornbostel_sachs_desc =
| inventors =
| developed =
| range =
| related = [[Hammered Dulcimer]]
| musicians =
| builders =
| articles =
}}

[[File:Santur Hand Position.jpg|thumb|Santur Hand Position]]
[[File:Santur Technique Video.theora.ogv|thumb|Santur Technique Video.theora]]
[[File:Santur Technique Video.theora.ogv|thumb|Santur Technique Video.theora]]
{{Listen|filename=Sadeghi-Dehlavi-Concertino for Santur Full.ogg|title|Sadeghi-Dehlavi-Concertino for Santur|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
{{Listen|filename=Sadeghi-Dehlavi-Concertino for Santur Full.ogg|title|Sadeghi-Dehlavi-Concertino for Santur|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
[[File:Hasht-Behesht Palace santur.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Woman playing the santur in a painting from the ''Hasht-Behesht Palace'' in [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]] Iran, 1669]]
[[File:Hasht-Behesht Palace santur.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Woman playing the santur in a painting from the ''Hasht-Behesht Palace'' in [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]] Iran, 1669]]

[[File:Santur babylon2.jpg|thumb|Ancient Babylonian Santur Drawing of Relief]]
[[File:Santur babylon2.jpg|thumb|Ancient Babylonian Santur Drawing of Relief]]


'''Santur''' ({{lang-fa|سنتور}}, also ''santūr'', ''santour'', ''santoor'') is a Perisan [[hammered dulcimer]] (modern day Iran), consisting of a trapezoidal box with horizontal strings, played with oval shaped featherweight mallets known as ''mezrab''. The Iranian classical santur has 72 strings of brass or copper and stainless steel, 18 sets of four tuned in unison, with two rows of bridges providing a range of three octaves.<ref name="ToumaTouma2003">{{cite book|author1=Habib Hassan Touma|author2=Habib Touma|title=The Music of the Arabs|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=u5te52MtTiwC&pg=PA125|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Amadeus Press|isbn=978-1-57467-081-3|pages=125–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=American Lutherie: The Quarterly Journal of the Guild of American Luthiers|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RB09AQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=The Guild|pages=31–38}} - ''Modern santur design, however, is most likely no more than two centuries old. In this article, we focus on the design that is most popular in contemporary Iran or Persia. The santur provides over three octaves of musical notes (e-f'"''</ref>
The '''santur''' (also ''santūr'', ''santour'', ''santoor'' ) ({{lang-fa|'''سنتور'''}}) is a Persian<ref>{{cite web|title=Citation from Santoor|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santoor|work=Citation from Santoor}}</ref> [[hammered dulcimer]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Santur is a Persian hammered dulcimer|url=http://artmax.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=119|work=Art Max Academy}}</ref>
It is a [[trapezoid]]-shaped box often made of [[walnut]] or different exotic woods. The Persian classical santur has 72 strings. The term santur is of unclear etymology, though theories include the meaning "one hundred strings" in Persian,[3] or derivation from the Greek term psalterion.[1]. The oval-shaped Mezrabs (mallets) are feather-weight and are held between the thumb, index and middle fingers. A typical Persian santur has two sets of bridges, providing a range of approximately three [[octave]]s. The right-hand strings are made of brass or copper,<ref>{{cite web|title=Bass strings made of Brass or Copper|url=http://artmax.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=119|work=Art Max Academy}}</ref> while the left-hand strings are made of steel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Different kinds of Steel exist|url=http://artmax.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=119|work=Art Max Academy}}</ref> Two rows of 9 bridges called "kharak." A total of 18 bridges divide the santur into three positions. Over each bridge crosses four strings tuned in unison, spanning horizontally across the right and left side of the instrument. There are three sections of nine pitches: each for the bass, middle and higher octave called Poshte Kharak (behind the left bridges) comprising 27 notes all together. The top "F" note is repeated 2 times, creating a total of 25 separate tones in the Santur. The Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales utilizing 1/4 tones (semi-tones) which are designated into 12 Dastgah's (modes) of Persian classical music. These 12 Dastgah's are the repertory of Persian classical music known as the Radif.<ref>{{cite web|title=...|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoochehr_Sadeghi|work=50 years of Santur teaching & performing}}</ref>


A variant of the instrument is played in Turkey. Similar types of hammered dulcimer are found widely spread in Europe and Asia; the Indian [[Santoor (Indian instrument)|santoor]] is wider, more rectangular and has more strings.
==Derivations==
Similar forms of the santur have been present in neighboring cultures like India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Armenia, Turkey, Iraq and Greece. The Indian santoor is wider, more rectangular and has more strings. Its corresponding mallets are also held differently played with a different technique. The Chinese yangqin and the Greek santouri also derived from the santur. The eastern Europe version of the santur called the cimballum which is much larger and chromatic is used as an accompanying instrument in gypsy music.<ref>{{cite web|title=...|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoochehr_Sadeghi|work=Professor at UCLA for 20 years}}</ref>


==Characteristics==
==Notable Persian santur players==
The term ''santur'' is of unclear etymology, though theories include the meaning "one hundred strings" in Persian,<ref name="Compiled2008">{{cite book|author=Compiled|title=Awakening Indians to India (Paperback)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AIU4LzftaPAC&pg=PA300|year=2008|publisher=Chinmaya Mission|isbn=978-81-7597-434-0|pages=300–}}</ref><ref name="Dhar1999">{{cite book|author=Somnath Dhar|title=Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z4huAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=National Book Trust, India|isbn=978-81-237-2533-8|page=135}} - ''The most favoured instrument is the 100- stringed santoor (san means 'hundred' and toor, is strings, in Persian)''</ref> or derivation from the Greek term ''[[psalterion]]''.<ref name="ToumaTouma2003"/>


Two rows of nine bridges called ''kharak'' divides the santur into three positions. Over each bridge crosses four strings spanning horizontally across the right and left side of the instrument.<ref name="Sillamy1976">{{cite book|author=Jean Claude Sillamy|title=Histoire de l'évolution du langage musical|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Zc1YAAAAMAAJ|year=1976|publisher=J.-C. Sillamy|page=52}} - ''Ces chevalets - appelés Kharak-s , "petits ânes", sont divisés en 2 rangées de 9, entre lesquelles se situent le registre grave''</ref> The Iranian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales utilizing [[quarter tones]], which are used in the twelve ''[[dastgah]]''s (modes) of [[Iranian classical music]] called the ''[[radif]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=New Outlook|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E_02AQAAIAAJ|year=1958|publisher=New Century Foundation|page=290}} - '' Unlike occidental music, the santur is tuned to quarter tones which make it sound strange to Western ears''</ref><ref name="Gifford2001">{{cite book|author=Paul M. Gifford|title=The Hammered Dulcimer: A History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vZ2HONqN5rgC&pg=PA51|date=13 June 2001|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1-4616-7290-6|pages=51–}} - ''...compiled volumes of the radif, or repertoire on which improvisation is based, for the santur''</ref>
Iran

==Notable players==
===Iran===
<!-- NAMES SHOULD NOT BE ADDED UNLESS THEY HAVE AN EXISTING WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE (BLUE LINK) -->
{{col-begin|width=33%}}
* [[Abol Hassan Saba]]
* [[Abol Hassan Saba]]
* [[Manoochehr Sadeghi]]
* [[Manoochehr Sadeghi]]
* [[Faramarz Payvar]]
* [[Faramarz Payvar]]
* [[Parviz Meshkatian]]
* [[Majid Kiani]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kiani|first=Majid|title=Master of the Santur|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30|work=Santur Master, Teacher & Performer}}</ref>
* [[Mohammad Sadeq Khan]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Mohammad Sadeq|title=One of the oldest Santur Masters|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30|work=Master of the Santur}}</ref>
* [[Ali Akbar Shahi]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Shahi|first=Ali Akbar|title=Santur master|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30|work=Old school santur player}}</ref>
* [[Hassan Khan]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Hassan|title=Santur Master|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30|work=Old school Santur Master}}</ref>
* [[Hussein Malek]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Malek|first=Hussein|title=Santur master|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30|work=Old School Santur Master}}</ref>
* [[Habib Soma’i]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Somai|first=Habib|title=santur master|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30|work=Old school Santur master}}</ref>
* [[Reza Varzandeh]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Varzandeh|first=Reza|title=Santur Master|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30|work=Very Unique Style of Playing}}</ref>
* [[Reza Shafieian]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Shafieian|first=Reza|title=Saba's Student|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30|work=Santur Master}}</ref>
* [[Mansur Sarami]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Sarami|first=Mansur|title=Santur Master|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html|work=Old School Santur player}}</ref>
* [[Masoud Shaari]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Shaari|first=Masoud|title=Santur Master|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html|work=Old School Santur Master}}</ref>
* [[Mohammad Santour Khan]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Mohammad Santour|title=Oldest Santur Master that we have proof of|work=Master of the Santur}}</ref>
* [[Daryoush Safvat]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Safvat|first=Daryoush|title=Santur Master|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html|work=Old school Santur master}}</ref>
* [[Jalal Akhbari]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Akhbari|first=Jalal|title=Old School Santur Master|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html|work=Master of the Santur}}</ref>
* [[Ardavan Kamkar]]
* [[Pashang Kamkar]]
* [[Pashang Kamkar]]
* [[Parviz Meshkatian]]
* [[Majid Kiani]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kiani|first=Majid|title=Master of the Santur|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30|work=Santur Master, Teacher & Performer}}</ref>
* [[Hassan Khan]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Hassan|title=Santur Master|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30|work=Old school Santur Master}}</ref>
* [[Pejman Azarmina]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Azarmina|first=Pejman|title=Santur Player|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/pejmool|work=Santur Player}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Azarmina|first=Pejman|title=Santur Player and Composer|url=http://www.cdbaby.com/artist/PejmanAzarmina|work=Santur Player and Composer}}</ref>
* [[Kourosh Zolani]]
* [[Kourosh Zolani]]
{{col-end}}
* [[Arfa Atrai]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Arfa|first=Atrai|title=Santur Player|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30|work=Santur Soloist}}</ref>
* [[Azar Hashemi]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Hashemi|first=Azar|title=Female Santur Player|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html|work=Santur Soloist}}</ref>
* [[Susan Aslani]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Aslani|first=Susan|title=Female Santur Player|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html|work=Santur Soloist}}</ref>
* [[Manijeh Ali Pour]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Ali Pour|first=Manijeh|title=Female Santur Player|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html|work=Old School Santur Player}}</ref>
* [[Syroos Saghari]]{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}


===Outside Iran===
==Santur players from other cultures==
<!-- THIS SECTION SHOULD BE _ONLY_ FOR PEOPLE WHO SPECIFICALLY PLAY THE IRANIAN SANTUR, NOT SIMPLY HAMMERED DULCIMER OVERALL -->

;Japan
Greece<br> (Greek Santoori)
<!-- Add links to EXISTING articles only -->
* [[Aristidis Moschos]]
* [[Areti Ketime]]

India (see Indian [[santoor]])
* [[Rahul Sharma]]
* [[Shivkumar Sharma]]

Iraq<br>
<!-- Add links to EXISTING articles only NOT BLOGS-->
* [[Amir ElSaffar]]

Japan
* [[Dr. Masato Tani]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Tani|first=Dr. Masato|title=Japanese Santur Player|url=http://www.iranican.com/blog/meet-dr-masato-tani-persian-speaking-japanese-santur-player/|work=Ethnomusicology}}</ref>
* [[Dr. Masato Tani]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Tani|first=Dr. Masato|title=Japanese Santur Player|url=http://www.iranican.com/blog/meet-dr-masato-tani-persian-speaking-japanese-santur-player/|work=Ethnomusicology}}</ref>

==Santurs from around the world==

Versions of the santur or hammered dulcimer are used throughout the world. In Eastern Europe, a larger descendant of the hammered dulcimer called the [[cimbalom]] is played and has been used by a number of [[Classical music|classical]] [[composer]]s, including [[Zoltán Kodály]], [[Igor Stravinsky]] and [[Pierre Boulez]], and more recently, in a different musical context, by [[Blue Man Group]]. The [[khim]] is the name of both the [[Thailand|Thai]] and the [[Khmer people|Khmer]] hammered dulcimer. The Chinese [[yangqin]] is a type of hammered dulcimer that originated in [[Iran|Persia]]. The santur and [[santoor]] are found in the [[Middle East]] and [[India]], respectively.

{{col-start}}
{{col-3}}
* Austria – Hackbrett
* Belarus – Цымбалы ([[tsymbaly]])
* Belgium – Hakkebord
* Brazil – [[saltério]]
* Cambodia – [[khim]]
* China – 扬琴 ([[yangqin]])
* Croatian – cimbal, cimbale
* Czech Republic – [[cimbál]]
* Denmark – [[hakkebræt]]
* France – tympanon
* Germany – Hackbrett
* Greece – [[santouri]]
* Hungary – [[cimbalom]]
* India – [[santoor]]
{{col-3}}
* Iran – santur
* Iraq – santur
* Ireland – [[tiompan]]
* Italy – [[salterio]]
* Korea – [[yanggeum]] 양금
* Laos – [[khim]]
* Latgalia (Latvia) – cymbala
* Latvia – cimbole
* Lithuania – [[cimbalai]], [[cimbolai]]
* Mongolia [[joochin]]
* Netherlands – [[hakkebord]]
* Norway - [[hakkebrett]]
* Poland – cymbały
* Portugal – [[saltério]]
* Romania – [[cymbalum|ţambal]]
{{col-3}}
* Russia – цимбалы [[tsymbaly|tsimbaly]], Дульцимер (dultsimer)
* Serbia – цимбал (tsimbal)
* Slovakia – [[cimbal]]
* Slovenia – cimbale, oprekelj
* Spain (and Spanish-speaking countries) – [[salterio]], dulcémele
* Sweden – [[hackbräde]], [[hammarharpa]]
* Switzerland – Hackbrett
* Thailand – [[khim]]
* Turkey – santur
* Ukraine – Цимбали [[tsymbaly]]
* United Kingdom – hammered dulcimer
* United States – hammered dulcimer
* Uzbekistan – chang
* Vietnam – [[đàn tam thập lục]] (lit. "36 strings")
* Yiddish – [[tsimbl]]
{{col-end}}
<ref>{{cite web|title=Santurs from different cultures|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hammered_dulcimer&action=edit&section=5|work=Wikipedia}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Cimbalom]]
*[[Persian traditional music]]
*[[Persian traditional music]]
*[[Maqam al-iraqi]]
*[[Maqam al-iraqi]]


==References==
==References==

<references />
<references />

==Further reading==
{{Cite conference
| volume = 11
| pages = 524–527
| last = Heydarian
| first = P.
| coauthors = J.D. Reiss
| title = The Persian music and the santur instrument
| booktitle = Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on Music Information Retrieval, London, UK
| year = 2005
|url= http://ismir2005.ismir.net/proceedings/2120.pdf
}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons cat|Persian santur}}
*[http://www.santur.com Santur - The Art of Persian Music]
*[http://www.luth.org/downloads/AL92/naini.htm Santur introduction in American Lutherie magazine]
*[http://www.santur.com Santur.com]
*[http://www.luth.org/downloads/AL92/naini.htm Santur introduction] in American Lutherie magazine
*[http://nay-nava.blogfa.com/post-2.aspx Nay-Nava Encyclopedia entry on the santur]
*[http://nay-nava.blogfa.com/post-2.aspx ''Santur''] at Nay-Nava Encyclopedia
*[http://www.turkmusikisi.com/calgilar/santur Dr. Ümit Mutlu's information on the santur (in Turkish)]
*[http://www.turkmusikisi.com/calgilar/santur Dr. Ümit Mutlu's information on the santur] {{tr icon}}
*[http://turksanturu.com/tarihce.htm Santur history (in Turkish)]
*[http://turksanturu.com/tarihce.htm Santur history] {{tr icon}}
*[http://www.taqasim.net/en/a/16.html The Iraqi Santur]
*[http://www.taqasim.net/en/a/16.html The Iraqi Santur] at Taqasim.net


{{Armenian musical instruments}}
{{Iranian musical instruments}}
{{Iranian musical instruments}}
{{Turkish musical instruments}}

{{Zithers}}
{{Zithers}}


[[Category:Hammered box zithers]]
[[Category:Hammered box zithers]]
[[Category:Iranian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Iranian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Turkish musical instruments]]
[[Category:Iranian inventions]]
<!-- PAGE PROVIDES NO PROOF FOR THIS CLAIM [[Category:Iranian inventions]] -->


{{Link GA|fr}}
{{Link GA|fr}}
[[ar:سنطور]]
[[az:Səntur]]
[[bg:Сантур]]
[[cs:Santuri]]
[[de:Santur]]
[[el:Σαντούρι]]
[[es:Santur]]
[[fa:سنتور]]
[[fr:Santour]]
[[ko:산투르]]
[[hi:संतूर]]
[[kn:ಸಂತೂರ್]]
[[lt:Santūras]]
[[mr:संतूर]]
[[nl:Santoor]]
[[ja:サントゥール]]
[[pl:Santur]]
[[pt:Santur]]
[[crh:Santır]]
[[ksh:Santur]]
[[ru:Сантур]]
[[ckb:سەنتوور]]
[[sv:Santur]]
[[tr:Santur]]

Revision as of 17:29, 7 June 2014

Santur Technique Video.theora
[[:File:Sadeghi-Dehlavi-Concertino for Santur Full.ogg|]]
Problems playing this file? See media help.
File:Hasht-Behesht Palace santur.jpg
Woman playing the santur in a painting from the Hasht-Behesht Palace in Isfahan Iran, 1669
Ancient Babylonian Santur Drawing of Relief

Santur (Persian: سنتور, also santūr, santour, santoor) is a Perisan hammered dulcimer (modern day Iran), consisting of a trapezoidal box with horizontal strings, played with oval shaped featherweight mallets known as mezrab. The Iranian classical santur has 72 strings of brass or copper and stainless steel, 18 sets of four tuned in unison, with two rows of bridges providing a range of three octaves.[1][2]

A variant of the instrument is played in Turkey. Similar types of hammered dulcimer are found widely spread in Europe and Asia; the Indian santoor is wider, more rectangular and has more strings.

Characteristics

The term santur is of unclear etymology, though theories include the meaning "one hundred strings" in Persian,[3][4] or derivation from the Greek term psalterion.[1]

Two rows of nine bridges called kharak divides the santur into three positions. Over each bridge crosses four strings spanning horizontally across the right and left side of the instrument.[5] The Iranian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales utilizing quarter tones, which are used in the twelve dastgahs (modes) of Iranian classical music called the radif.[6][7]

Notable players

Iran

Outside Iran

Japan

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Habib Hassan Touma; Habib Touma (1 January 2003). The Music of the Arabs. Amadeus Press. pp. 125–. ISBN 978-1-57467-081-3.
  2. ^ American Lutherie: The Quarterly Journal of the Guild of American Luthiers. The Guild. 2007. pp. 31–38. - Modern santur design, however, is most likely no more than two centuries old. In this article, we focus on the design that is most popular in contemporary Iran or Persia. The santur provides over three octaves of musical notes (e-f'"
  3. ^ Compiled (2008). Awakening Indians to India (Paperback). Chinmaya Mission. pp. 300–. ISBN 978-81-7597-434-0.
  4. ^ Somnath Dhar (1999). Jammu and Kashmir. National Book Trust, India. p. 135. ISBN 978-81-237-2533-8. - The most favoured instrument is the 100- stringed santoor (san means 'hundred' and toor, is strings, in Persian)
  5. ^ Jean Claude Sillamy (1976). Histoire de l'évolution du langage musical. J.-C. Sillamy. p. 52. - Ces chevalets - appelés Kharak-s , "petits ânes", sont divisés en 2 rangées de 9, entre lesquelles se situent le registre grave
  6. ^ New Outlook. New Century Foundation. 1958. p. 290. - Unlike occidental music, the santur is tuned to quarter tones which make it sound strange to Western ears
  7. ^ Paul M. Gifford (13 June 2001). The Hammered Dulcimer: A History. Scarecrow Press. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-1-4616-7290-6. - ...compiled volumes of the radif, or repertoire on which improvisation is based, for the santur
  8. ^ Kiani, Majid. "Master of the Santur". Santur Master, Teacher & Performer.
  9. ^ Khan, Hassan. "Santur Master". Old school Santur Master.
  10. ^ Azarmina, Pejman. "Santur Player". Santur Player.
  11. ^ Azarmina, Pejman. "Santur Player and Composer". Santur Player and Composer.
  12. ^ Tani, Dr. Masato. "Japanese Santur Player". Ethnomusicology.

Further reading

Heydarian, P. (2005). "The Persian music and the santur instrument" (PDF). Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on Music Information Retrieval, London, UK. Vol. 11. pp. 524–527. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

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