Khoemana: Difference between revisions
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|nativename=ǃOra |
|nativename=ǃOra |
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|states=[[South Africa]], maybe [[Botswana]] |
|states=[[South Africa]], maybe [[Botswana]] |
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|speakers=a handful |
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|speakers=Approximately less than 12 Speakers Worldwide |
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|date= |
|date=2008 |
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|ref={{cn|date=July 2013}} |
|ref={{cn|date=July 2013}} |
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|familycolor=Khoisan |
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'''Korana''' {{IPAc-en|k|ɒ|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|ə}}, or '''ǃOra''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔər|ə}} (!Gora),<ref>The ''-na'' is a grammatical suffix</ref> is a [[Moribund language|moribund]] [[Khoe languages|Khoe language]] of [[South Africa]]. An ethnic [[Griqua people|Korana]] population (also called Griqua) of 10,000 live in South Africa and perhaps [[Botswana]], with perhaps half a dozen elderly speakers as of 2008. |
'''Korana''' {{IPAc-en|k|ɒ|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|ə}}, or '''ǃOra''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔər|ə}} (!Gora),<ref>The ''-na'' is a grammatical suffix</ref> is a [[Moribund language|moribund]] [[Khoe languages|Khoe language]] of [[South Africa]]. An ethnic [[Griqua people|Korana]] population (also called Griqua) of 10,000 live in South Africa and perhaps [[Botswana]], with perhaps half a dozen elderly speakers as of 2008.{{cn|date=July 2013}} |
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Korana is related to [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]], and the sound systems are broadly similar. The strongly aspirated Khoekhoe affricates are simply aspirated plosives {{IPA|[tʰ, kʰ]}} in Korana. However, Korana has an ejective velar affricate, {{IPA|/kxʼ/}}, which is not found in Khoekhoe, and a [[ejective clicks|corresponding series of clicks]], {{IPA|/ǀ͡χʼ ǁ͡χʼ ǃ͡χʼ ǂ͡χʼ/}}. Beach (1938)<ref>D. Beach, 1938. ''The Phonetics of the Hottentot Language''. Cambridge.</ref> reported that the Khoehkoe of the time had a [[velar lateral ejective affricate]], {{IPA|[k͡ʟ̝̊ʼ]}}, a common realization or allophone of {{IPA|/kxʼ/}} in languages with clicks, and it might be expected that this is true for Korana as well. In addition, about half of all [[lexical word]]s in Korana began with a click compared to a quarter in Khoekhoe. |
Korana is related to [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]], and the sound systems are broadly similar. The strongly aspirated Khoekhoe affricates are simply aspirated plosives {{IPA|[tʰ, kʰ]}} in Korana. However, Korana has an ejective velar affricate, {{IPA|/kxʼ/}}, which is not found in Khoekhoe, and a [[ejective clicks|corresponding series of clicks]], {{IPA|/ǀ͡χʼ ǁ͡χʼ ǃ͡χʼ ǂ͡χʼ/}}. Beach (1938)<ref>D. Beach, 1938. ''The Phonetics of the Hottentot Language''. Cambridge.</ref> reported that the Khoehkoe of the time had a [[velar lateral ejective affricate]], {{IPA|[k͡ʟ̝̊ʼ]}}, a common realization or allophone of {{IPA|/kxʼ/}} in languages with clicks, and it might be expected that this is true for Korana as well. In addition, about half of all [[lexical word]]s in Korana began with a click compared to a quarter in Khoekhoe. |
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Revision as of 00:29, 27 October 2014
| Korana | |
|---|---|
| ǃOra | |
| Native to | South Africa, maybe Botswana |
Native speakers | a handful (2008)[citation needed] |
Khoe
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kqz |
| Glottolog | kora1292 |
| ELP | Korana |
Korana /kɒˈrɑːnə/, or ǃOra /ˈkɔːrə/ (!Gora),[1] is a moribund Khoe language of South Africa. An ethnic Korana population (also called Griqua) of 10,000 live in South Africa and perhaps Botswana, with perhaps half a dozen elderly speakers as of 2008.[citation needed]
Korana is related to Khoekhoe, and the sound systems are broadly similar. The strongly aspirated Khoekhoe affricates are simply aspirated plosives [tʰ, kʰ] in Korana. However, Korana has an ejective velar affricate, /kxʼ/, which is not found in Khoekhoe, and a corresponding series of clicks, /ǀ͡χʼ ǁ͡χʼ ǃ͡χʼ ǂ͡χʼ/. Beach (1938)[2] reported that the Khoehkoe of the time had a velar lateral ejective affricate, [k͡ʟ̝̊ʼ], a common realization or allophone of /kxʼ/ in languages with clicks, and it might be expected that this is true for Korana as well. In addition, about half of all lexical words in Korana began with a click compared to a quarter in Khoekhoe.
Korana is principally recorded in a notebook by Lucy Lloyd from 1879 which contains five short stories; some addition work was done in Ponelis (1975).[3] As of 2009, the EuroBABEL project is searching for remaining speakers.
References
- ^ The -na is a grammatical suffix
- ^ D. Beach, 1938. The Phonetics of the Hottentot Language. Cambridge.
- ^ Ponelis, F. A. (1975). "!Ora Clicks: Problems and Speculations." Bushman and Hottentot Linguistic Studies, pp 51–60. ed. Anthony Traill. Communications from the African Studies Institute, no 2. University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg.
- Maingard, L.F. 1962. Korana Folktales. Grammar and Texts. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press
External links
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