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| range_map_caption = Modern range of North American ''Canis''
| range_map_caption = Modern range of North American ''Canis''
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The '''Eastern coyote''' (''Canis latrans "var."''), also known as the '''New England canid''' or '''tweed wolf''', is a wild Northern American [[canid]] of [[Coywolf|mixed eastern wolf-coyote parentage]] with mild influences from [[gray wolf|gray wolves]] present in [[New England]], [[New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]], [[New Brunswick]],<ref name=gnb>{{cite web|title=Living with Wildlife - Eastern coyotes|url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/nr-rn/pdf/en/Wildlife/Coyotes.pdf|work=Natural Resources website|publisher=[[Government of New Brunswick]]|accessdate=2 February 2014}}</ref> [[Nova Scotia]],<ref name=nsdnr>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions about Eastern Coyote in Nova Scotia|url=http://novascotia.ca/natr/wildlife/nuisance/coyotes-faq.asp|work=Department of Natural Resources website|publisher=[[Government of Nova Scotia]]|accessdate=2 February 2014}}</ref> and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]].<ref name=NL>{{cite web|title=Living with Coyotes in Newfoundland and Labrador|url=http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/wildlife/all_species/coyotes.html|work=The Department of Environment and Conservation website|publisher=Government of Newfoundland and Labrador|accessdate=2 February 2014}}</ref> It was first noticed during the early 1930s to the late 40s, and likely originated in the aftermath of the extirpation of the both the [[Eastern wolf|eastern wolves]] in the northeast and the [[labrador wolf|gray wolves in the maritime]] as well as [[Great Lakes boreal wolf|hybrids between gray and eastern wolves]] in the western Great Lake regions, thus allowing coyotes to colonize both the former gray and eastern wolf ranges and mix with the remnant wolf populations.<ref name="way2010">Way, J.G., L. Rutledge, T. Wheeldon, B.N. White. 2010. [http://www.easterncoyoteresearch.com/downloads/GeneticsOfEasternCoywolfFinalInPrint.pdf Genetic characterization of Eastern "Coyotes" in eastern Massachusetts]. ''Northeastern Naturalist''. 17(2): 189-204.</ref> However, it is suspected that the gray wolf markers present in some eastern coyotes may have been bridged over from the eastern wolves since most northern gray wolves are not known to readily hybridize with pure coyotes.<ref>http://people.trentu.ca/~brentpatterson/index_files/Rutledge%20et%20al%202010%20Heredity.pdf</ref> This hybrid is smaller than the pure eastern wolf and holds smaller territories, but is in turn larger and holds more extensive home ranges than the typical [[coyote|western pure coyote]].<ref name="way2010"/> Hybridization between the coyote and eastern wolf was facilitated by the close relationship between the two species, both of which diverged from a [[common ancestor]] 150,000-300,000 years ago,<ref name=wilson2000>{{cite journal |title=DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf |authors=Wilson, P.J., Grewal, S., Lawford, I.D., Heal, J.N.M., Granacki, A.G., Pennock, D., Theberge, J.B., Theberge, M.T., Voigt, D.R., Waddell, W., Chambers, R.E., Paquet, P.C., Goulet, G., Cluff, D., White, B.N. |year=2000 |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=78 |pages=2156–2166 |url= |accessdate=2014-03-20 |doi=10.1139/cjz-78-12-2156}}</ref> whereas the gray wolf, which is Eurasian in origin and diverged 2 million years before, is more genetically distinct from both. However, introgression of gray wolf genes into eastern wolf populations had also occurred across eastern Manitoba, into Ontario, and parts of the southern Quebec, as well as into the western [[Great Lakes]] states of [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], and [[Michigan]].<ref name=rutledge2>Rutledge, L. Y. (May 2010). ''Evolutionary origins, social structure, and hybridization of the eastern wolf (''Canis lycaon'')'', [thesis], Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada</ref> Moreover, a study partly funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services had successfully created hybrids of northwestern gray wolves and western coyotes via artificial insemination concluded that gray wolf sperm is compatible with the ova of western coyotes.<ref>Mech LD, Christensen BW, Asa CS, Callahan M, Young JK (2014) Production of Hybrids between Western Gray Wolves and Western Coyotes. PLoS ONE 9(2): [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0088861 e88861]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088861.</ref> The result of this research added more credence to a counter-theory that the eastern wolf may have originally been a hybrid between a genetically distinct gray wolf subspecies and an extinct Pre-Columbian eastern coyote population hence implicating the modern day eastern coyote may actually be a backcrossed hybrid.<ref>http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/8834/20140902/meet-coywolf-natures-next-top-dog.htm</ref> As a result, the modern day eastern coyote's genepool contains mostly coyote but with some ancient and historical admixtures of both eastern wolf and gray wolf. As of 2010, the eastern coyote's genetic makeup is fairly uniform, with minimal influence from the wolves or western coyotes.<ref name="way2010"/>
The '''Eastern coyote''' (''Canis latrans "var."''), also known as the '''New England canid''' or '''tweed wolf''', is a wild Northern American [[canid]] of [[Coywolf|mixed eastern wolf-coyote parentage]] with mild influences from [[gray wolf|gray wolves]] present in [[New England]], [[New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]], [[New Brunswick]],<ref name=gnb>{{cite web|title=Living with Wildlife - Eastern coyotes|url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/nr-rn/pdf/en/Wildlife/Coyotes.pdf|work=Natural Resources website|publisher=[[Government of New Brunswick]]|accessdate=2 February 2014}}</ref> [[Nova Scotia]],<ref name=nsdnr>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions about Eastern Coyote in Nova Scotia|url=http://novascotia.ca/natr/wildlife/nuisance/coyotes-faq.asp|work=Department of Natural Resources website|publisher=[[Government of Nova Scotia]]|accessdate=2 February 2014}}</ref> and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]].<ref name=NL>{{cite web|title=Living with Coyotes in Newfoundland and Labrador|url=http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/wildlife/all_species/coyotes.html|work=The Department of Environment and Conservation website|publisher=Government of Newfoundland and Labrador|accessdate=2 February 2014}}</ref> It was first noticed during the early 1930s to the late 40s, and likely originated in the aftermath of the extirpation of both the [[Eastern wolf|eastern wolves]] in the northeast and the [[labrador wolf|gray wolves in the maritime]] as well as [[Great Lakes boreal wolf|hybrids between gray and eastern wolves]] in the western Great Lake regions, thus allowing coyotes to colonize both the former gray and eastern wolf ranges and mix with the remnant wolf populations.<ref name="way2010">Way, J.G., L. Rutledge, T. Wheeldon, B.N. White. 2010. [http://www.easterncoyoteresearch.com/downloads/GeneticsOfEasternCoywolfFinalInPrint.pdf Genetic characterization of Eastern "Coyotes" in eastern Massachusetts]. ''Northeastern Naturalist''. 17(2): 189-204.</ref> However, it is suspected that the gray wolf markers present in some eastern coyotes may have been bridged over from the eastern wolves since most northern gray wolves are not known to readily hybridize with pure coyotes.<ref>http://people.trentu.ca/~brentpatterson/index_files/Rutledge%20et%20al%202010%20Heredity.pdf</ref> This hybrid is smaller than the pure eastern wolf and holds smaller territories, but is in turn larger and holds more extensive home ranges than the typical [[coyote|western pure coyote]].<ref name="way2010"/> Hybridization between the coyote and eastern wolf was facilitated by the close relationship between the two species, both of which diverged from a [[common ancestor]] 150,000-300,000 years ago,<ref name=wilson2000>{{cite journal |title=DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf |authors=Wilson, P.J., Grewal, S., Lawford, I.D., Heal, J.N.M., Granacki, A.G., Pennock, D., Theberge, J.B., Theberge, M.T., Voigt, D.R., Waddell, W., Chambers, R.E., Paquet, P.C., Goulet, G., Cluff, D., White, B.N. |year=2000 |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=78 |pages=2156–2166 |url= |accessdate=2014-03-20 |doi=10.1139/cjz-78-12-2156}}</ref> whereas the gray wolf, which is Eurasian in origin and diverged 2 million years before, is more genetically distinct from both. However, introgression of gray wolf genes into eastern wolf populations had also occurred across eastern Manitoba, into Ontario, and parts of the southern Quebec, as well as into the western [[Great Lakes]] states of [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], and [[Michigan]].<ref name=rutledge2>Rutledge, L. Y. (May 2010). ''Evolutionary origins, social structure, and hybridization of the eastern wolf (''Canis lycaon'')'', [thesis], Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada</ref> Moreover, a study partly funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services had successfully created hybrids of northwestern gray wolves and western coyotes via artificial insemination concluded that gray wolf sperm is compatible with the ova of western coyotes.<ref>Mech LD, Christensen BW, Asa CS, Callahan M, Young JK (2014) Production of Hybrids between Western Gray Wolves and Western Coyotes. PLoS ONE 9(2): [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0088861 e88861]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088861.</ref> The result of this research added more credence to a counter-theory that the eastern wolf may have originally been a hybrid between a genetically distinct gray wolf subspecies and an extinct Pre-Columbian eastern coyote population hence implicating the modern day eastern coyote may actually be a backcrossed hybrid.<ref>http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/8834/20140902/meet-coywolf-natures-next-top-dog.htm</ref> As a result, the modern day eastern coyote's genepool contains mostly coyote but with some ancient and historical admixtures of both eastern wolf and gray wolf. As of 2010, the eastern coyote's genetic makeup is fairly uniform, with minimal influence from the wolves or western coyotes.<ref name="way2010"/>


==Description==
==Description==

Revision as of 02:25, 14 February 2015

Eastern coyote
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Infraclass:
Eutheria
Order:
Carnivora
Family:
Canidae
Genus:
Canis
Species:
C. latrans
Subspecies:
C. l. "var."
Trinomial name
Canis latrans "var."
Lawrence and Bossert, 1969[1]
Modern range of North American Canis

The Eastern coyote (Canis latrans "var."), also known as the New England canid or tweed wolf, is a wild Northern American canid of mixed eastern wolf-coyote parentage with mild influences from gray wolves present in New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick,[2] Nova Scotia,[3] and Newfoundland and Labrador.[4] It was first noticed during the early 1930s to the late 40s, and likely originated in the aftermath of the extirpation of both the eastern wolves in the northeast and the gray wolves in the maritime as well as hybrids between gray and eastern wolves in the western Great Lake regions, thus allowing coyotes to colonize both the former gray and eastern wolf ranges and mix with the remnant wolf populations.[5] However, it is suspected that the gray wolf markers present in some eastern coyotes may have been bridged over from the eastern wolves since most northern gray wolves are not known to readily hybridize with pure coyotes.[6] This hybrid is smaller than the pure eastern wolf and holds smaller territories, but is in turn larger and holds more extensive home ranges than the typical western pure coyote.[5] Hybridization between the coyote and eastern wolf was facilitated by the close relationship between the two species, both of which diverged from a common ancestor 150,000-300,000 years ago,[7] whereas the gray wolf, which is Eurasian in origin and diverged 2 million years before, is more genetically distinct from both. However, introgression of gray wolf genes into eastern wolf populations had also occurred across eastern Manitoba, into Ontario, and parts of the southern Quebec, as well as into the western Great Lakes states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.[8] Moreover, a study partly funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services had successfully created hybrids of northwestern gray wolves and western coyotes via artificial insemination concluded that gray wolf sperm is compatible with the ova of western coyotes.[9] The result of this research added more credence to a counter-theory that the eastern wolf may have originally been a hybrid between a genetically distinct gray wolf subspecies and an extinct Pre-Columbian eastern coyote population hence implicating the modern day eastern coyote may actually be a backcrossed hybrid.[10] As a result, the modern day eastern coyote's genepool contains mostly coyote but with some ancient and historical admixtures of both eastern wolf and gray wolf. As of 2010, the eastern coyote's genetic makeup is fairly uniform, with minimal influence from the wolves or western coyotes.[5]

Description

Adult eastern coyotes are larger than western coyotes, weighing an average of 30-40 lbs, with female eastern coyotes weighing 21% more than male western coyotes.[5][11] Eastern coyotes also weigh more at birth; while newborn western coyotes weigh 250-300 grams, eastern coyotes weigh 349-360 grams. By the age of 35 days, eastern coyote pups average 1590 grams, 200 grams more than western coyotes of similar age. By this time, physical differences become more apparent, with eastern coyote pups having longer legs than their western counterparts. Differences in dental development also occur, with tooth eruption being later, and in a different order in the eastern coyote.[12] Aside from its size, the eastern coyote is physically not unlike the western coyote; both have erect ears, a straight and bushy tail, a conspicuous supracaudal gland and a narrow chest. There are four color phases, ranging from dark brown to blond or reddish blond, though the most common phase is gray-brown, with reddish legs, ears and flanks.[13] There are no significant differences between eastern and western coyotes in expressing aggression and fighting, though eastern coyotes tend to fight less, and are more playful. Unlike western coyote pups, in which fighting precedes play behavior, fighting among eastern coyote pups occurs after the onset of play.[12] Eastern coyotes tend to reach sexual maturity when they reach two years of age, much later than in western coyotes.[5]

Food

Skulls of a western coyote and an eastern coyote.

Eastern coyotes predate a variety of prey including mammals as small as a mouse and as large as moose; however, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources lists their main prey items as rabbits, hares and deer in the winter and small mammals, wild berries, birds, amphibians and grasshoppers in the summer.[14]

Eastern Coyotes are known as opportunistic omnivores and will prey on whatever is available and easy to scavenge or kill. The diet of the Eastern Coyote will shift and change with the seasons. Their diet can include, but is not limited to, feeding on insects, and berries during summer, to small mammals in the fall and throughout the winter. As winter becomes harder later in the season, larger game, such as the white-tailed deer, becomes a target for the coyote. Coyotes will hunt in pairs in many cases and can bring down a healthy, adult deer, however, deer killed by vehicles or by other natural causes are the more frequent target for the scavenging coyote. Researchers from the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry examined animal carcasses visited by radio-collared coyotes during the winter and summer of 2008-09. During the winter, only 8% of adult deer had been killed conclusively by coyotes. The remaining 92% were scavenged by coyotes after being killed by vehicles and other injuries. The adult deer that were killed by coyotes had severe preexisting injuries and were likely to die from other causes in the absence of coyote predation. In the spring the target for the coyote will shift to the newborn fawns as they are a much easier target for a coyote.[15][16][17][18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Lawrence, B. & Bossert, W. H. (1969). The cranial evidence for hybridization in New England Canis. Breviora 330, 1–13.
  2. ^ "Living with Wildlife - Eastern coyotes" (PDF). Natural Resources website. Government of New Brunswick. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  3. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about Eastern Coyote in Nova Scotia". Department of Natural Resources website. Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  4. ^ "Living with Coyotes in Newfoundland and Labrador". The Department of Environment and Conservation website. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e Way, J.G., L. Rutledge, T. Wheeldon, B.N. White. 2010. Genetic characterization of Eastern "Coyotes" in eastern Massachusetts. Northeastern Naturalist. 17(2): 189-204.
  6. ^ http://people.trentu.ca/~brentpatterson/index_files/Rutledge%20et%20al%202010%20Heredity.pdf
  7. ^ "DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 78: 2156–2166. 2000. doi:10.1139/cjz-78-12-2156. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Rutledge, L. Y. (May 2010). Evolutionary origins, social structure, and hybridization of the eastern wolf (Canis lycaon), [thesis], Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
  9. ^ Mech LD, Christensen BW, Asa CS, Callahan M, Young JK (2014) Production of Hybrids between Western Gray Wolves and Western Coyotes. PLoS ONE 9(2): e88861. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088861.
  10. ^ http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/8834/20140902/meet-coywolf-natures-next-top-dog.htm
  11. ^ Way, J. G. 2007. A comparison of body mass of Canis latrans (Coyotes) between eastern and western North America. Northeastern Naturalist 14(1): 111–24.
  12. ^ a b Bekoff, M. 1978. Behavioral Development in Coyotes and Eastern Coyotes. In: M. Bekoff, (ed.), Coyotes: Biology, Behavior, and Management: 97-124. Academic Press, New York
  13. ^ Hilton, Henry. 1978. Systematics and Ecology of the Eastern Coyote. In: M. Bekoff, (ed.), Coyotes: Biology, Behavior, and Management: 210-28. Academic Press, New York
  14. ^ CBC: Coyotes are moose killers, study finds
  15. ^ http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/coystatnny91.pdf
  16. ^ http://f.nanafiles.co.il/Upload3/82006/forummessageattachments/forummessagefile_1282800.pdf
  17. ^ http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/wildlife/all_species/coyote2.jpg
  18. ^ http://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/coyote/coyote.htm

Further reading

  • Parker, G.E. 1995. Eastern coyote: the story of its success. Nimbus, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
  • Way, J. G. 2007. Suburban Howls: Tracking the Eastern Coyote in Urban Massachusetts. Dog Ear Publishing, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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