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Cerne Abbas Giant chalk figure below the rectangular "Trendle" earthworks

The Cerne Abbas Giant is a hill figure near the village of Cerne Abbas in Dorset, England. Made by a turf-cut outline filled with chalk, it depicts a large, naked man, with a substantial erect penis, typically described as a giant wielding a club. The figure is listed as a scheduled monument in the United Kingdom and the site where he stands is owned by the National Trust.

The figure has been the subject of much study and speculation, but its origin and age are unclear. It is often thought of as an ancient construction, though the earliest mention of it dates to the late 17th century. Early antiquarians associated it, on little evidence, with a Saxon deity, while other scholars sought to identify it with a Celtic British figure or the Roman Hercules, or some syncretization of the two. Archaeological evidence that parts of the drawing have been lost over time strengthen the Hercules identification. However the lack of earlier descriptions leads modern scholars to conclude that it may date from the 17th century, and perhaps originated as political satire.

Regardless of its age, the Cerne Abbas Giant has become an important part of local culture and folklore, which often associates it with fertility. It is one of England's best known hill figures and is a major visitor attraction in the region.

Description

Cerne Abbas Giant on 1891 Ordnance Survey map (1:10,560)^[1]

The Cerne Abbas Giant is located just outside the small village of Cerne Abbas in Dorset, about 30 mi (48 km) west of Bournemouth and 16 mi (26 km) north of Weymouth. The figure depicts a huge naked man, about 55 m (180 ft) high and 51 m (167 ft) wide. It is carved into the white chalk rock ^[2] on the steep west-facing side of a hill known as Giant Hill^[3] or Trendle Hill.^[4]^[5] Atop the hill is another landmark, the Iron Age earthwork known as the "Trendle" or "Frying Pan".^[6] The carving is formed by outlines cut into the turf about 0.6 m (2 ft 0 in) deep, and filled with crushed chalk.^[3] In his right hand the giant holds a knobbled club 37 m (120 ft) in length,^[7] and adding 11 m (35 ft) to the total height of the figure.^[2] A line across the waist is considered to be a belt.^[8] Writing in 1901 in the Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Henry Colley March noted that: "The Cerne Giant presents five characteristics: (1) It is petrographic ... It is, therefore, a rock carving ... (2) It is colossal ... (3) It is nude. ... (4) It is ithyphallic ... (5) The Giant is clavigerous. It bears a weapon in its right hand."^[9]

A 1996 study found that some features have changed over time, concluding that the figure originally held a cloak in its left arm and stood over a disembodied head.^[10] The former presence of a cloak was corroborated in 2008 when a team of archaeologists using special equipment determined that part of the carving had been allowed to be obliterated. The cloak may have been a depiction of an animal skin, giving credence to the theory that the giant was a depiction of a hunter, or alternatively, Hercules with the skin of the Nemean lion over his arm.^[11] Additionally, reviewing historical depictions of the giant, it has been suggested that the Giant's current large erection is, in fact, the result of merging a circle representing his navel with a smaller penis during a re-cut.^[12] In 1993, the National Trust gave the Giant a "nose job" after years of erosion had worn it away.^[13]^[14]

The Giant has been described as "renowned for its manhood",^[15] "markedly phallic",^[2] "sexually explicit"^[16] and "ithyphallic".^[17] The Giant sports an erection, including its testicles, some 36 feet (11 metres) long, and nearly the length of its head.^[18] It has been called "Britain's most famous phallus".^[19] One commentator noted that postcards of the Giant were the only indecent photographs that could be sent through the English Post Office.^[20]

The carving is most commonly known as the Cerne Abbas Giant.^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24] The National Trust and others call it the "Cerne Giant",^[21]^[25] while English Heritage and Dorset County Council call it simply "The Giant".^[26]^[27] The carving has also been referred to as the "Old Man",^[28] and more recently it has been referred to as the "Rude Man" of Cerne.^[29]^[30]

Although the best view of the Giant is from the air, most tourist guides recommend a ground view from the "Giant's View" lay-by and car park off the A352.^[31]^[32] This area was developed in 1979 in a joint project between the Dorset County Planning Department, the National Trust, Nature Conservancy Council (now called English Nature), the Dorset Naturalists Trusts, the Department of the Environment, and local land-owners. The information panel there was devised by the National Trust and Dorset County Council.^[33]

History

Early accounts

Like several other chalk figures carved into the English countryside, the Cerne Abbas Giant is often thought of as an ancient creation. However, as with many of the other figures, its history cannot be traced back further than the late 17th century, making an origin during the Celtic, Roman or even Early Medieval periods difficult to demonstrate. Medieval sources refer to the hill on which the giant is located as Trendle Hill - possibly in reference to the nearby landmark known as the Trendle.^[4]^[6] Joseph Bettey noted that none of the earlier sources for the area, including a detailed 1617 land survey, refer to the giant, suggesting that it may not have been there at the time.^[34] In contrast, the Uffington White Horse has been shown to be 3,000 years old, and there are references to it, across the ages.^[35]

The earliest known written reference to the giant is a 4 November 1694 entry in the Churchwardens' Accounts from St Mary's Church in Cerne Abbas, which reads "for repairing ye Giant, 3 shillings".^[36]^[37] In 1734, The Bishop of Bristol noted and inquired about the giant during a visitation to Cerne Abbas. The bishop's account, as well as subsequent observations such as those of William Stukeley, were discussed at meetings of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1764.^[38]^[39] Additionally, in 1738 the antiquarian Francis Wise mentioned the giant in a letter.^[40]

Beginning in 1763 descriptions of the giant appeared in contemporary magazines. The earliest known survey was published in the Royal Magazine in September 1763. Derivative versions subsequently appeared in the October 1763 St James Chronicle, the July 1764 Gentleman's Magazine,^[41] and the 1764 edition of The Annual Register.^[38]^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45] The Gentleman's Magazine account in particular was prominent, and contained the oldest known drawing of the figure.^[38]^[41] In 1774, the antiquarian John Hutchins reviewed various previous accounts in his book The History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset.^[38] In it, he wrote that the carving had only been done the previous century.^[6]

The earliest known drawing of the Giant appears in the August 1764 issue of Gentleman's Magazine.^[41] A map referred to as the "1768 Survey Map of Cerne Abbas by Benjamin Pryce" is held at the Dorset History Centre.^[46] However, a record at the National Archives notes that "the cartouche refers to Lord Rivers by that title which he did not acquire until 1776. Numbers on the map appear to correspond with the survey of 1798".^[47] By the Victorian period (after 1837) the penis was removed from academic and tourist depictions,

Cerne Abbas Giant at different dates
1764, first known drawing from the Gentleman's Magazine with measurements.^[41]
1764 sketch, perhaps dated to 1763, sent to the Society of Antiquaries of London.^[48]
1842 drawing by the antiquary and author editor John Sydenham.^[49]
1892 drawing by the author and antiquarian, William Plenderleath ^[50]

Interpretation

There are three main ideas concerning the age of the Giant, and whom he might represent:^[51]

The first argues that because there is no medieval documentary evidence, then the Giant was created in the 17th century, perhaps by Lord Holles who resided in Cerne Abbas, and perhaps as a parody of Oliver Cromwell.^[52]
The second idea is that the Giant dates to the time of the Romans in Britain (i.e. Romano-British) because the Giant resembles the Roman god Hercules, who was based on the Greek god Heracles.
The third idea is that the Giant is of Celtic origin because it is stylistically similar to a Celtic god on a skillet handle found at Hod Hill, Dorset, and dated to around AD 10 to AD 51.

Various studies on the Cerne Abbas Giant have been undertaken since then.^[when?] In 1896 the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society noted the consensus of members that the giant "is of very great antiquity".^[53] Modern scholarship largely rejects this, and argues for an origin shortly before the 18th century.^[54] Modern histories of the Cerne Giant have been published by Bettey 1981, Legg 1990, and Darvill et al. 1999.^[55]

Early antiquarians associated the figure with a Saxon god whose name contained some variant of the element Hel-.^[56] This god is attested in several medieval and early modern texts, and was associated with the Cerne Abbas Giant by an editor of a 1789 edition of William Camden's Britannia and by William Stukeley, who indicated that locals referred to the giant as "Helis".^[54] A Saxon origin is unlikely, but Stukeley was also the first to hypothesize that the figure was Hercules, a suggestion that has found more support.^[54]^[57] Some 19th-century sources describe the giant as having "between his legs, three rude letters, scarcely legible, and over them in modern figures, 748", (rude meaning "roughly cut") and being the representation of Cenric, the son of Cuthred, King of Wessex.^[58]^[59]

Proponents of a 17th-century origin suggest that the giant was carved during the English Civil War by servants of the Lord of the Manor, Denzil Holles, and was intended as a parody of Oliver Cromwell.^[60] Cromwell was sometimes mockingly referred to as "England's Hercules" by his enemies. The Hercules connection is strengthened by the 1996 discovery of the cloak, as Hercules was often depicted with a cloak made from the Nemean Lion's skin.^[54]

Modern history

In 1920, the giant and the 1 acre (4,000 m²) site where he stands was donated to the National Trust by its then land-owners, Alexander and George Pitt-Rivers,^[61] and it is now listed as a Scheduled Monument.^[62] During World War II the giant was camouflaged with brushwood by the Home Guard in order to prevent use as a landmark for enemy aircraft.^[63]^[64]

According to the National Trust, the grass is trimmed regularly and the giant is fully re-chalked every 25 years.^[65] Traditionally, the National Trust has relied on sheep from surrounding farms to graze the site.^[66] However, in 2008 a lack of sheep, coupled with a wet spring causing extra plant growth, forced a re-chalking of the giant,^[67] with 17 tonnes of new chalk being poured in and tamped down by hand.^[68] In 2006, the National Trust carried out the first wildlife survey of the Cerne Abbas Giant, identifying wild flowers including the green-winged orchid, clustered bellflower and autumn gentian, which are uncommon in England.^[69]

In 1921 Walter Long of Gillingham, Dorset objected to the giant's nudity and conducted a campaign to either convert it to a simple nude, or to cover its supposed obscenity with a leaf.^[16] Long's protest gained some support, including that of two bishops,^[19]^[20] and eventually reached the Home Office.^[20] The Home Office considered the protest to be in humour, though the chief constable responded to say the office could not act against a protected scheduled monument.^[20]

Archaeology

A 1617 land survey of Cerne Abbas makes no mention of the Giant, suggesting that it may not have been there at the time or perhaps overgrown.^[34] The first published survey appeared in the September 1763 issue of Royal Magazine, reprinted in the October 1763 issue of St James Chronicle, and also in the August 1764 edition of Gentleman's Magazine together with the first drawing that included measurements.^[38]

Egyptologist and archaeology pioneer, Sir Flinders Petrie,^[70] surveyed the Giant probably during the First World War, and published his results in a Royal Anthropological Institute paper in 1926.^[71]^[72] Petrie says that he made 220 measurements, and records slight grooves across the neck, and from the shoulders down to the armpits. He also notes a row of pits suggesting the place of the spine. He concludes that the Giant is very different from that of the Long Man of Wilmington, and that from having been repeatedly cleaned, minor grooves may have been added.^[72]

In 1764, William Stukeley was one of the first people to suggest that the Giant resembles Hercules (Heracles).^[39] In 1938, British archaeologist Stuart Piggott agreed, and like Hercules, should also be carrying a lion-skin.^[73]^[74] In 1979, a resistivity survey was carried out, and together with drill samples, confirmed the presence of the lion-skin.^[75] Another resistivity survey in 1995 also found evidence of a cloak and changes to the length of the phallus, but did not find evidence (as rumoured) of a severed head, horns, or symbols between the feet.^[76]

Earthworks

North-east of the head of the Giant is an escarpment called Trendle Hill, on which are some earthworks now called The Trendle or Frying Pan.^[77] It is a scheduled monument in its own right.^[78] Antiquarian John Hutchins wrote in 1872 that "These remains are of very interesting character, and of considerable extent. They consist of circular and other earthworks, lines of defensive ramparts, an avenue, shallow excavations, and other indications of a British settlement."^[79]

Unlike the Giant, the earthworks belong to Lord Digby, rather than the National Trust. Its purpose is unknown, though it is thought to be the site of maypole dancing.^[77] It has been considered to be Roman,^[77] or perhaps an Iron-Age burial mound containing the tomb of the person represented by the Giant.^[80]^[81]

Folklore

Whatever its origin, the giant has become an important part of the culture and folklore of Dorset. Some folk stories indicate that the image is an outline of the corpse of a real giant.^[54] One story says the giant came from Denmark leading an invasion of the coast, and was beheaded by the people of Cerne Abbas while he slept on the hillside.^[82]

Other folklore, first recorded in the Victorian era, associates the figure with fertility.^[54] In the past locals would erect a maypole on the earthwork, around which childless couples would dance to promote fertility.^[44] According to folk belief, a woman who sleeps on the figure will be blessed with fecundity, and infertility may be cured through sexual intercourse on top of the figure, especially the phallus.^[54]

In 1808, Dorset poet William Holloway published his poem "The Giant of Trendle Hill",^[5] in which the Giant is killed by the locals by piercing its heart.

Media

Homer Simpson as promotion for *The Simpsons Movie*.

In modern times the giant has been used for several publicity stunts and as an advertisement. For example, Ann Bryn-Evans of the Pagan Federation recalls that the Giant has been used to promote "...condoms, jeans and bicycles."^[83]

In 1998, pranksters made a pair of jeans out of plastic mesh with a 21-metre (69 ft) inside leg, and fitted them to the giant^[84] to publicise American Jeans manufacturer Big Smith.^[85] In 2002, the BLAC advertising agency ^[86] on behalf of "... the Family Planning Association (FPA) as part of its mission to promote condom-wearing [..] donned balaclavas and spent Sunday night rolling the enormous latex sheet down the Giant's member."^[87]

As a publicity stunt for the opening of The Simpsons Movie on 16 July 2007, a giant Homer Simpson brandishing a doughnut was outlined in water-based biodegradable paint to the left of the Cerne Abbas giant. This act displeased local neopagans, who pledged to perform rain magic to wash the figure away.^[88]^{[dead link]}^[89]

In August 2007 a report in the Dorset Echo said that a man claiming to be the "Purple Phantom" had painted the Giant's penis purple. It was reported that the man was from Fathers 4 Justice but the group said that they did not know who it was.^[90]

The Cerne Abbas Giant has appeared in several films and TV programmes, including the title sequence of the 1986 British historical drama film Comrades,^[91] a 1996 episode of the Erotic Tales series "The Insatiable Mrs Kirsch", directed by Ken Russell (featuring a replica of the Giant), in 1997, the series 5 finale "Sofa" of the comedy series Men Behaving Badly, and the 2000 film, Maybe Baby directed by Ben Elton.^[92]^[93]

In 2012, pupils and members of the local community recreated the Olympic torch on the Giant, to mark the passing of the official torch in the run-up to the 2012 London Olympics.^[94]^[95]

In November 2013, the National Trust supported Movember (which raises awareness of prostate and testicular cancer). It authorised the temporary placement of a huge grass moustache on the giant. The moustache was 12 metres (39 ft) wide and 3 metres (10 ft) deep according to the designer^[96] but both the National Trust and the BBC reported it as being 36 by 9 feet (11.0 by 2.7 m),^[97]^[98]

Representations

In 1980, Devon artist Kenneth Evans-Loud, planned to produce a companion 70-metre (230 ft) female figure on the opposite hill, featuring Marilyn Monroe in her iconic pose from the film The Seven Year Itch where her dress is blown by a subway grating.^[99]^[100]

In 1989, Turner Prize winning artist, Grayson Perry designed a set of motorbike leathers, inspired by the Cerne Abbas Giant.^[101]^[102]^[103] In 1994, girls from Roedean School painted an 24-metre (80 ft) replica of the Giant on their playing field, the day before sports day.^[104] In 1999, a plaque was discovered near the nose of the Marree Man, a modern geoglyph discovered a year earlier, "claiming that a clue to its origins are to be found buried in a sealed container near the Cerne Giant".^[105]^[106]

In 2003, pranksters created their own 23-metre (75 ft) version of the Giant on a hill in English Bicknor, but "wearing wellies, an ear of corn hanging from its mouth and a tankard of ale in its hand".^[107] In 2005, the makers of Lynx deodorant created a 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m²) advert on a field near Gatwick, featuring a copy of the Giant wearing underpants, frolicking with two scantily-clad women.^[108] In 2006, artist Peter John Hardwick produced a painting "The Two Dancers with the Cerne Abbas Giant, with Apologies to Picasso" that is on display at Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.^[109] In 2009, the Giant was given a red nose, to publicize the BBC's Comic Relief charity event.^[110] In 2011, English animators The Brothers McLeod produced a 15-second cartoon giving their take on what the Giant does when no one is watching.^[111]

Gallery

Aerial view
Aerial view
Aerial view
The Giant's phallus
Renovation in 2008

References

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^ "Wish for rain to wash away Homer", BBC News, Monday, 16 July 2007
^ "Giant's blue jeans stunt faces a pounds 5,000 demand", The Birmingham Post, 15 May 1998
^ Tina Rowe, "Giant cover-up is a stroke of pure jean-ius...;", Western Daily Press, 15 May 1998, page 3
^ BLAC Agency for the Family Planning Association, campaign overview, retrieved 11 October 2012
^ "Diary: Arnold covers back in giant condom assault with UFO spotters ruse", Campaign, Friday, 9 August 2002
^ "Pagans have a cow over Homer". The Sun Online. 16 July 2007.
^ "Wish for rain to wash away Homer". BBC News. 16 July 2007.
^ Giant daubed by 'vigilante'
^ "Filming locations for Comrades" at imdb.com, retrieved 12 October 2012
^ "Maybe Baby" end scene on YouTube.com, retrieved 12 October 2012
^ See the individuals productions, and "The South-Central Region On Screen", retrieved 12 October 2012.
^ Ruth Meech, "Youngsters recreate Olympic torch on Cerne Abbas' chalk giant", Dorset Echo, Tuesday 29 May 2012, retrieved 27 October 2012
^ Emily Fairbairn, "Cerne Abbas Giant is biggest Olympic torchbearer", The Sun, 29 May 2012, retrieved 27 October 2012
^ "Cerne Giant Watch our Cerne Giant Movember video". National Trust. National Trust. 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2015. |Note: The measurements are taken from the video clip, entitled, Watch our Cerne Giant Movember video Starting at 39 seconds into the video, Richard Brown, from British Seed Houses, says, "The moustache is 12 metres long by three metres deep and it took five of us four and a half hours to construct it on the day."
^ "Giant support for Movember is a sight to behold". National Trust. 1 November 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
^ "Cerne Abbas Giant sports moustache for Movember". BBC News. BBC. 1 November 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ Annabel Ferriman, "Objections to hill figure", The Times, issue No. 60571, Monday, 10 March 1980, page 2.
^ Rodney Castleden, The Cerne Giant, Dorset Publishing Company, 1996, ISBN 0948699558, 9780948699559, page 37
^ Naomi West, "The world of...", The Telegraph, 17 February 2007, retrieved 11 October 2012
^ "Grayson Perry at the British Museum", The Vintage, Thursday, 15 December 2011
^ "Saucy tips for the ladies who lunch", London Evening Standard, 10 March 2011, retrieved 11 October 2012
^ Jack O'Sullivan, "So you still want to send the kids to boarding school?", The Independent, Thursday 18 March 1999, retrieved 12 October 2012
^ Molly Watson, "Mystery of the Aboriginal man leads to Dorset", The Evening Standard (London), 21 January 1999, page 18
^ Christopher Zinn, "English giants hold key to big Maree mystery", The Guardian, Wednesday 20 January 1999
^ "Pranksters Create A Naked Giant Imposter", Western Daily Press, 15 April 2003, page 23
^ "Huge deodorant advert washed away", BBC News, Tuesday, 26 July 2005, retrieved 27 October 2012
^ Peter John Hardwick, "The Two Dancers with the Cerne Abbas Giant, with Apologies to Picasso", BBC Your Paintings, retrieved 12 October 2012
^ "Cerne Abbas Giant given red nose", BBC News Dorsets, 12 February 2009, retrieved 12 October 2012
^ The Brothers McLeod, "Funny in 15: Cerne Abbas", 29 September 2011, retrieved 12 October 2012

Bibliography

Books

Rodney Castleden, with a foreword by Rodney Legg, The Cerne Giant, published by Wincanton DPC, 1996, ISBN 0948699558.
Michael A., Hodges MA., Helis, the Cerne Giant, and his links with Christchurch, Christchurch, c.1998, 15pp.
Dr. T. William Wake Smart, Ancient Dorset, 1872, "The Cerne Giant," p. 319-327.
Darvill, T, Barker, K, Bender, B, and Hutton, R., The Cerne Giant: An Antiquity on Trial, 1999,. Oxbow. ISBN 1-900188-94-5, 978-1-900188-94-4, [3]
Legg, R, 1990, Cerne; Giant and Village Guide, Dorset Publishing Company, 2nd edition, ISBN 0948699175, 978-0948699177.[4]
Knight, Peter, The Cerne Giant - Landscape, Gods and the Stargate, 2013, Stone Seeker Publishing.

Journal articles

Dr Wake Smart, "The Cerne Giant", Journal of the British Archaeological Association, Volume: 28, 1872.
Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol.22, 1901.
W. M. F. Petrie, The Hill Figures of England, "III. The Giant of Cerne", Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Occasional Paper No. 7, 1926
O. G. S. Crawford, "The Giant of Cerne and other Hill-figures", Antiquity, Vol.3 No.11, September 1929, Pages 277–282
Stuart Piggott, "Notes and News: The name of the giant of Cerne", Antiquity Vol.6, No.22, June 1932, pages 214-216.
Stuart Piggott, "The Hercules Myth—beginnings and ends", Antiquity Vol.12 No.47, September 1938, Page: 323–331
"Editorial: regarding the Home Office file, Obscene Publications: the Cerne Abbas Giant (PRO HO 45/18033)", Antiquity, Vol.50 No.198, June 1976, pages 93–94.
Leslie Grinsel, "The Cern Abbas Giant 1764–1980", Antiquity, Vol.54 No.210, March 1980, pp. 29–33.
J. H. Bettey, "The Cerne Abbas giant: the documentary evidence", Antiquity, Vol.55, No.214, July 1981, pages 118-121.
J. H. Bettey, "Notes and News: The Cerne Giant: another document?", Antiquity, Vol.56 No.216, March 1982, pages 51–52
Temple Willcox, "Hard times for the Cerne Giant: 20th-century attitudes to an ancient monument" (abstract), Antiquity, Vol.62 No.236, September 1988, pages 524–526
Chris Gerrard, "Cerne Giant", British Archaeology, Issue no 55, October 2000. A review of the book: The Cerne Giant: an Antiquity on Trial by Timothy Darvill, Katherine Barker, Barbara Bender and Ronald Hutton (eds), Oxbow, ISBN 1-900188-94-5.

National Monument Records

1979 Resistivity survey by A J Clark, A D H Bartlett and A E U David, which "found evidence for the 'lion skin' feature over the giant's left arm"
1988-1989 Resistivity surveys, testing for the existence of possible additional features, 1988, 1989, 1994
1995 Resistivity survey finding evidence of a cloak, penis length change, and naval, but, not for a severed head, horns, nor lettering/symbols between the feet
"Cerne Giant", National Monument Records, No. ST 60 SE 39 (on Pastscape.org.uk)

External links

Cerne Giant at the National Trust
Cerne Abbas giant at Mysterious Britain
Hill figure called The Giant at english-heritage.org.uk
Cerne Giant English Heritage monument record via Pastscape.org.uk
Cerne Abbas Giant, Hill-Figure, at the National Trust Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record (HBSMR)
Cerne Abbas Giant, Dorset Historic Environment Record (via heritagegateway.org.uk)
"The Trendle, Possible Roman Rectangular Earthwork Enclosure" (Scheduled Monument record)

50°48′49″N 2°28′29″W / 50.81361°N 2.47472°W / 50.81361; -2.47472

[1] "England - Dorset", Ordnance Survey map 1:10,560, Epoch 1 (1891)

[antiquity-2] Stuart Piggott, "The Hercules Myth—beginnings and ends", Antiquity Vol.12 No.47, September 1938, Page 327

[heritage-3] "Hill figure called The Giant", Scheduled Monument record number 1003202, The National Heritage List for England, at English Heritage, retrieved 14 October 2012.

[hiddenhistory2009-4] Haughton, Brian, Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries, publisher ReadHowYouWant.com, 2009, ISBN 1442952601, 9781442952607, page 258

[holloway-5] William Holloway, "The Giant of Trendle Hill", The minor minstrel: or, Poetical pieces, chiefly familiar and descriptive, Printed for W. Suttaby, 1808, 182 pages, page 140

[hutchins-6] Hutchins, John (1973) [1742]. The History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset. Robert Douch (Contributor). Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-87471-336-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month=, |chapterurl=, and |origdate= (help)

[7] Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol.22, 1901, page 108

[8] Timothy Darvill, "Cerne Giant, Dorset, England", in Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology, publisher: Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 0199534047, 9780199534043, 544 pages.

[9] Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol.22, 1901, pages 107-108

[Koch395-10] Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 395. ISBN 1-85109-440-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[11] "Cerne Abbas Giant & Cerne Abbas, Dorset". Weymouth & Portland Borough Council. Retrieved 3 October 2010.^{[dead link]}

[12] Grinsell, Leslie (1980). "The Cerne Abbas Giant: 1764–1980". Antiquity. 54 (210): 29–33.

[13] Chris Court, "Nose Job for Chalk Giant", Press Association, Sunday 11 April 1993, Home News

[14] Raphael Samuel, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture, Publisher: Verso Books, 2012, ISBN 1844678695, 9781844678693, 508 pages, page 172

[15] Paul Edwards, "Campaigning Couples to Gather at Ancient Fertility Symbol", Press Association, Sunday 2 May 1993

[abstract-16] Temple Willcox, "Hard times for the Cerne Giant: 20th-century attitudes to an ancient monument" (abstract), Antiquity, Vol.62 No.236, September 1988, page 524

[17] Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol.22, 1901, page 104

[18] Eugene Monick, Phallos: Sacred Image of the Masculine, Volume 27 of Studies in Jungian psychology, publisher Inner City Books, 1987, ISBN 0919123260, 9780919123267, 141 pages, page 36

[Barnett2000-19] Antony Barnett, "Bishop tried to gird the giant's loins", The Observer, 5 March 2000

[antiquity1976-20] "Editorial: regarding the Home Office file, Obscene Publications: the Cerne Abbas Giant (PRO HO 45/18033)", Antiquity, Vol.50 No.198, June 1976, pages 93-94

[books.google-21] John Sydenham, Baal Durotrigensis. A dissertation on the antient colossal figure at Cerne, Dorsetshire, London, W. Pickering, 1842. "Section IV" (page 43)

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[31] Patricia Beer, Fay Godwin, Wessex: a National Trust book, published H. Hamilton, 1985, ISBN 0241115507, 9780241115503, 224 pages, page 132

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[33] Tony Haskell, Caring for our Built Heritage: Conservation in practice: a review of conservation schemes carried out by County Councils and National Park Authorities in England and Wales in association with District Councils and other agencies, Publisher Taylor & Francis, 1993, ISBN 0419175806, 9780419175803, 379 pages, page 20-21

[bettey1981-34] J. H. Bettey, "The Cerne Abbas giant: the documentary evidence", Antiquity, Vol.55, No.214, July 1981, pages 118.

[35] Martin Symington, Sacred Britain: A Guide to Places that Stir the Soul, publisher: Bradt Travel Guides, 2012, ISBN 1841623636, 9781841623634, 240 pages, page 53

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[37] Vivian Vale, Patricia Vale, Book of Cerne Abbas: Abbey and After, Halsgrove Press, 2000, ISBN 1841140694, 9781841140698

[Evans-38] D. Morgan Evans, "Eighteenth-Century Descriptions of the Cerne Abbas Giant", The Antiquaries Journal, Volume 78, September 1998, page 463 (-471).

[stukeley1764-39] William Stukeley, Minute Book of the Society of Antiquaries, Vol. IX, p.233. Thursday 15 March 1764. Reproduced in Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol.22, 1901', page 116.

[40] Francis Wise, A letter to Dr Mead concerning some antiquities in Berkshire, printed for Thomas Wood, 1738, page 48

[1874gentleman-41] The Gentleman's Magazine, Volume 34, July 1764, Page 336

[42] The Gentleman's magazine, Volume 34 (August 1764). Page 335

[Haughton-43] Haughton, Brian (2007). Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries. Franklin Lakes, NJ: New Page Books. p. 136. ISBN 1-56414-897-1.

[Lewis-44] Lewis, Richard (1 May 2005). "Celebrating May Day the Pagan Way". The Observer. Retrieved 20 June 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[45] Robert Dodsley, The Annual Register, 1764, page 166

[46] "Maps & Survey", Cerne Abbas Historical Society, retrieved 13 October 2012 (illustration)

[47] "Pitt-Rivers Estate Archive, Cerne Abbas map D/PIT/P6?1768-1798" at the National Archives, retrieved 13 October 2012

[48] Minute Book of the Society of Antiquaries, November 1763, in Vol.IX, July 1762-April 1765, between pages 199 and 200, reproduced in D. Morgan Evans (1998), "Eighteenth-Century Descriptions of the Cerne Abbas Giant", The Antiquaries Journal, 78, pp 463471, doi:10.1017/S000358150004508X, page 468

[49] John Sydenham, Baal Durotrigensis. A dissertation on the antient colossal figure at Cerne, Dorsetshire; and an attempt to illustrate the distinction between the primal Celtæ and the Celto-Belgæ of Britain: with observations on the worship of the serpent and that of the sun, London, W. Pickering, 1842. Opposite title page.

[50] William Plenderleath, The white horses of the west of England, 1892, page 39

[51] "Cerne Abbas Giant, Hill-Figure", National Trust Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record (HBSMR) Number 110511, via the English Heritage Gateway, retrieved 30 October 2012

[52] "Cerne Giant", National Trust website, retrieved 30 October 2012

[53] Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archæological and Natural History Society, 1896, page 14

[Koch396-54] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 396. ISBN 1-85109-440-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[55] "Cerne Abbas", The Dorset Historic Towns Project report on Cerne Abbas, "Part 3 and 4 Context and sources (pdf, 492kb)" 4.1 Previous research, page 21

[Koch395396-56] Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 395–396. ISBN 1-85109-440-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[57] The modern antiquarian, Julian Cope, Thorsons 1998

[58] Curtis, Thomas (ed.) (1829). The London Encyclopaedia: Or, Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature, and Practical Mechanics, Comprising a Popular View of the Present State of Knowledge. Illustrated by Numerous Engravings, a General Atlas, and Appropriate Diagrams. Thomas Tegg. p. 768. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)

[59] Britton, John; et al. (1803). The Beauties of England and Wales, Or, Delineations, Topographical, Historical, and Descriptive, of Each County. Thomas Maiden, for Vernor and Hood. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)

[sd-60] Cerne Abbas Giant at Sacred Destinations

[61] Grinsell, Leslie (1980). "The Cerne Abbas Giant: 1764–1980". Antiquity. 54 (210): 30.

[62] "Hill figure called The Giant", List entry Number: 1003202, at english-heritage.org.uk, retrieved 20 October 2012

[63] Lucy Cockcroft, "Cerne Abbas giant in danger of disappearing", The Telegraph, 19 June 2008, retrieved 6 October 2012

[64] "Volunteers restore historic giant of Cerne Abbas to his former glory", The Guardian, Tuesday 16 September 2008, retrieved 6 October 2012

[65] "Cerne Abbas Giant", National Trust, retrieved 29 June 2011 (via the Internet Archive WayBackMachine)

[66] Cockcroft, Lucy (19 June 2008). "Cerne Abbas giant in danger of disappearing". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 June 2008. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[67] BBC (20 June 2008). "Sheep shortage hits Giant's look". BBC. Retrieved 20 June 2008. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[68] Morris, Steven (16 September 2008). "Volunteers restore historic giant of Cerne Abbas to his former glory". The Guardian. Guardian Newspapers. Retrieved 17 September 2008.

[69] Richard Savill, "Giant can help rare wildlife to flourish", The Telegraph, 23 June 2006, retrieved 7 October 2012

[70] Brian Fagan, Archaeologists: Explorers of the Human Past, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0195119460, 9780195119466, 192 pages, page 72

[71] Leslie Grinsel, "The Cern Abbas Giant 1764–1980", Antiquity, Vol.54 No.210, March 1980, page 29

[petrie1926-72] W. M. F. Petrie, The Hill Figures of England, "III. The Giant of Cerne", Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Occasional Paper No. 7, 1926

[73] Stuart Piggott, "The Hercules Myth—beginnings and ends", Antiquity Vol.12 No.47, September 1938, Pages 326–327

[74] Julia De Wolf Addison, Classic Myths in Art: An Account of Greek Myths as Illustrated by Great Artists, Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2003 ISBN 0766176703, 9780766176706, 360 pages, page 188

[75] "Cerne Giant", 1979 Resistivity survey by A J Clark, A D H Bartlett and A E U David, English Heritage, National Monuments Record 1058724

[76] "Cerne Giant", 1995 Resistivity survey by A J Clark, A D H Bartlett and A E U David, English Heritage, 1066313

[NTADStrendle-77] "The Trendle, Possible Roman Rectangular Earthwork Enclosure", National Trust Archaeological Data Service

[78] "Earthworks on Giant Hill", List entry Number: 1002725, The National Heritage List for England

[79] Hutchins (1742), quoted in Dr Wake Smart, "The Cerne Giant", Journal of the British Archaeological Association, Volume: 28, 1872, page 65

[80] James Dyer, Southern England: an archaeological guide, publisher Noyes Press, 1973, pp. 81-82

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[83] "Wish for rain to wash away Homer", BBC News, Monday, 16 July 2007

[84] "Giant's blue jeans stunt faces a pounds 5,000 demand", The Birmingham Post, 15 May 1998

[85] Tina Rowe, "Giant cover-up is a stroke of pure jean-ius...;", Western Daily Press, 15 May 1998, page 3

[86] BLAC Agency for the Family Planning Association, campaign overview, retrieved 11 October 2012

[87] "Diary: Arnold covers back in giant condom assault with UFO spotters ruse", Campaign, Friday, 9 August 2002

[Pagans_have_a_cow_over_Homer-88] "Pagans have a cow over Homer". The Sun Online. 16 July 2007.

[Wish_for_rain_to_wash_away_Homer-89] "Wish for rain to wash away Homer". BBC News. 16 July 2007.

[90] Giant daubed by 'vigilante'

[91] "Filming locations for Comrades" at imdb.com, retrieved 12 October 2012

[92] "Maybe Baby" end scene on YouTube.com, retrieved 12 October 2012

[93] See the individuals productions, and "The South-Central Region On Screen", retrieved 12 October 2012.

[94] Ruth Meech, "Youngsters recreate Olympic torch on Cerne Abbas' chalk giant", Dorset Echo, Tuesday 29 May 2012, retrieved 27 October 2012

[95] Emily Fairbairn, "Cerne Abbas Giant is biggest Olympic torchbearer", The Sun, 29 May 2012, retrieved 27 October 2012

[96] "Cerne Giant Watch our Cerne Giant Movember video". National Trust. National Trust. 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2015. |Note: The measurements are taken from the video clip, entitled, Watch our Cerne Giant Movember video Starting at 39 seconds into the video, Richard Brown, from British Seed Houses, says, "The moustache is 12 metres long by three metres deep and it took five of us four and a half hours to construct it on the day."

[97] "Giant support for Movember is a sight to behold". National Trust. 1 November 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2015.

[98] "Cerne Abbas Giant sports moustache for Movember". BBC News. BBC. 1 November 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2015.

[99] Annabel Ferriman, "Objections to hill figure", The Times, issue No. 60571, Monday, 10 March 1980, page 2.

[100] Rodney Castleden, The Cerne Giant, Dorset Publishing Company, 1996, ISBN 0948699558, 9780948699559, page 37

[101] Naomi West, "The world of...", The Telegraph, 17 February 2007, retrieved 11 October 2012

[102] "Grayson Perry at the British Museum", The Vintage, Thursday, 15 December 2011

[103] "Saucy tips for the ladies who lunch", London Evening Standard, 10 March 2011, retrieved 11 October 2012

[104] Jack O'Sullivan, "So you still want to send the kids to boarding school?", The Independent, Thursday 18 March 1999, retrieved 12 October 2012

[105] Molly Watson, "Mystery of the Aboriginal man leads to Dorset", The Evening Standard (London), 21 January 1999, page 18

[106] Christopher Zinn, "English giants hold key to big Maree mystery", The Guardian, Wednesday 20 January 1999

[107] "Pranksters Create A Naked Giant Imposter", Western Daily Press, 15 April 2003, page 23

[108] "Huge deodorant advert washed away", BBC News, Tuesday, 26 July 2005, retrieved 27 October 2012

[109] Peter John Hardwick, "The Two Dancers with the Cerne Abbas Giant, with Apologies to Picasso", BBC Your Paintings, retrieved 12 October 2012

[110] "Cerne Abbas Giant given red nose", BBC News Dorsets, 12 February 2009, retrieved 12 October 2012

[111] The Brothers McLeod, "Funny in 15: Cerne Abbas", 29 September 2011, retrieved 12 October 2012

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@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ==Description==
 [[File:cerne-abbas-giant-1891-ordnance-survey.jpg|thumb|Cerne Abbas Giant on 1891 [[Ordnance Survey]] map (1:10,560)<ref>"England - Dorset", Ordnance Survey map 1:10,560, Epoch 1 (1891)</ref>]]
-The Cerne Abbas Giant is located just outside the small village of [[Cerne Abbas]] in [[Dorset]], about {{Convert|30|mi}} west of [[Bournemouth]] and {{Convert|16|mi}} north of [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]]. The figure depicts a huge naked man, about {{convert|55|m|disp=flip}} high and {{convert|51|m|disp=flip}} wide. It is carved into the white chalk rock <ref name="antiquity" /> on the steep west-facing side of a hill known as Giant Hill<ref name="heritage">"[http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1003202 Hill figure called The Giant]", Scheduled Monument record number 1003202, The National Heritage List for England, at English Heritage, retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref> or Trendle Hill.<ref name="hiddenhistory2009">Haughton, Brian, ''Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries'', publisher ReadHowYouWant.com, 2009, ISBN 1442952601, 9781442952607, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AWhGmlxrad0C&lpg=PA258&ots=qJNOr9ut1x&dq=cerne%20giant%20%22trendle%20hill%22%20%22giant%20hill%22&pg=PA258#v=onepage&q=giant%20hill%20trendle&f=false page 258]</ref><ref name="holloway">William Holloway, "The Giant of Trendle Hill", The minor minstrel: or, Poetical pieces, chiefly familiar and descriptive, Printed for W. Suttaby, 1808,     182 pages, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UpkuAAAAYAAJ&dq=cerne%20giant&pg=PA140#v=onepage&q=cerne%20giant&f=false page 140]</ref> Atop the hill is another landmark, the Iron Age [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthwork]] known as the "Trendle" or "Frying Pan".<ref name=hutchins>{{cite book |last=Hutchins |first=John |others=Robert Douch (Contributor) |title=The History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset |origdate= |origyear=1742 |month= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=1973 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location=Oxford |language= |isbn=0-87471-336-6 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref> The carving is formed by outlines cut into the turf about {{convert|0.6|m|disp=flip}} deep, and filled with crushed [[chalk]].<ref name="heritage" /> In his right hand the giant holds a knobbled [[Club (weapon)|club]] {{convert|120|ft}} in length,<ref>Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", ''Proceedings'', Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol.22, 1901, [http://archive.org/stream/proceedings22dorsuoft#page/108/mode/2up page 108]</ref> and adding {{convert|35|ft}} to the total height of the figure.<ref name="antiquity">Stuart Piggott, "The Hercules Myth—beginnings and ends", ''Antiquity'' [http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/012/47/default.htm Vol.12 No.47], September 1938, Page 327</ref> A line across the waist is considered to be a belt.<ref>Timothy Darvill, "[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gzEclkBq0u0C&pg=PT208&lpg=PT208&dq=cerne+giant Cerne Giant, Dorset, England]", in ''Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology'', publisher: Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 0199534047, 9780199534043, 544 pages.</ref> Writing in 1901 in the ''Proceedings'' of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Henry Colley March noted that: "The Cerne Giant presents five characteristics: (1) It is [[petrographic]] ... It is, therefore, a rock carving ... (2) It is colossal ... (3) It is nude. ... (4) It is [[ithyphallic]] ... (5) The Giant is clavigerous. It bears a weapon in its right hand."<ref>Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", ''Proceedings'', Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol.22, 1901, [http://archive.org/stream/proceedings22dorsuoft#page/106/mode/2up pages 107-108]</ref>
+The Cerne Abbas Giant is located just outside the small village of [[Cerne Abbas]] in [[Dorset]], about {{Convert|30|mi|abbr=on}} west of [[Bournemouth]] and {{Convert|16|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]]. The figure depicts a huge naked man, about {{convert|55|m|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|51|m|abbr=on}} wide. It is carved into the white chalk rock <ref name="antiquity" /> on the steep west-facing side of a hill known as Giant Hill<ref name="heritage">"[http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1003202 Hill figure called The Giant]", Scheduled Monument record number 1003202, The National Heritage List for England, at English Heritage, retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref> or Trendle Hill.<ref name="hiddenhistory2009">Haughton, Brian, ''Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries'', publisher ReadHowYouWant.com, 2009, ISBN 1442952601, 9781442952607, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AWhGmlxrad0C&lpg=PA258&ots=qJNOr9ut1x&dq=cerne%20giant%20%22trendle%20hill%22%20%22giant%20hill%22&pg=PA258#v=onepage&q=giant%20hill%20trendle&f=false page 258]</ref><ref name="holloway">William Holloway, "The Giant of Trendle Hill", The minor minstrel: or, Poetical pieces, chiefly familiar and descriptive, Printed for W. Suttaby, 1808,     182 pages, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UpkuAAAAYAAJ&dq=cerne%20giant&pg=PA140#v=onepage&q=cerne%20giant&f=false page 140]</ref> Atop the hill is another landmark, the Iron Age [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthwork]] known as the "Trendle" or "Frying Pan".<ref name=hutchins>{{cite book |last=Hutchins |first=John |others=Robert Douch (Contributor) |title=The History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset |origdate= |origyear=1742 |month= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=1973 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location=Oxford |language= |isbn=0-87471-336-6 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref> The carving is formed by outlines cut into the turf about {{convert|0.6|m|abbr=on}} deep, and filled with crushed [[chalk]].<ref name="heritage" /> In his right hand the giant holds a knobbled [[Club (weapon)|club]] {{convert|120|ft|abbr=on|disp=flip}} in length,<ref>Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", ''Proceedings'', Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol.22, 1901, [http://archive.org/stream/proceedings22dorsuoft#page/108/mode/2up page 108]</ref> and adding {{convert|35|ft|abbr=on|disp=flip}} to the total height of the figure.<ref name="antiquity">Stuart Piggott, "The Hercules Myth—beginnings and ends", ''Antiquity'' [http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/012/47/default.htm Vol.12 No.47], September 1938, Page 327</ref> A line across the waist is considered to be a belt.<ref>Timothy Darvill, "[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gzEclkBq0u0C&pg=PT208&lpg=PT208&dq=cerne+giant Cerne Giant, Dorset, England]", in ''Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology'', publisher: Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 0199534047, 9780199534043, 544 pages.</ref> Writing in 1901 in the ''Proceedings'' of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Henry Colley March noted that: "The Cerne Giant presents five characteristics: (1) It is [[petrographic]] ... It is, therefore, a rock carving ... (2) It is colossal ... (3) It is nude. ... (4) It is [[ithyphallic]] ... (5) The Giant is clavigerous. It bears a weapon in its right hand."<ref>Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", ''Proceedings'', Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol.22, 1901, [http://archive.org/stream/proceedings22dorsuoft#page/106/mode/2up pages 107-108]</ref>
 A 1996 study found that some features have changed over time, concluding that the figure originally held a cloak in its left arm and stood over a disembodied head.<ref name=Koch395>{{Cite book|last= Koch|first= John T.|coauthors= |title= Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia| publisher= ABC-CLIO|year= 2006|page= 395|isbn=1-85109-440-7}}</ref> The former presence of a cloak was corroborated in 2008 when a team of [[archaeology|archaeologists]] using special equipment determined that part of the carving had been allowed to be obliterated. The cloak may have been a depiction of an animal skin, giving credence to the theory that the giant was a depiction of a hunter, or alternatively, [[Hercules]] with the skin of the [[Nemean lion]] over his arm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weymouth.gov.uk/home.asp?sv=295 |title=Cerne Abbas Giant & Cerne Abbas, Dorset |accessdate=2010-10-03 |publisher=Weymouth & Portland Borough Council |date= }}{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref> Additionally, reviewing historical depictions of the giant, it has been suggested that the Giant's current large erection is, in fact, the result of merging a circle representing his [[navel]] with a smaller penis during a re-cut.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Grinsell |first1= Leslie |year= 1980 |title= The Cerne Abbas Giant: 1764–1980 | journal= Antiquity |volume= 54 |issue= 210 |pages= 29–33 |publisher= |doi= |url= }}</ref> In 1993, the National Trust gave the Giant a "nose job" after years of erosion had worn it away.<ref>Chris Court, "Nose Job for Chalk Giant", Press Association, Sunday 11 April 1993, Home News</ref><ref>Raphael Samuel, ''Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture'', Publisher: Verso Books, 2012, ISBN 1844678695, 9781844678693, 508 pages, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ptjYXlhmyP0C&lpg=PA172&dq=cerne%20giant&pg=PA172#v=onepage&q=cerne%20giant&f=false page 172]</ref>
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 ===Representations===
-In 1980, Devon artist Kenneth Evans-Loud, planned to produce a companion {{Convert|230|ft|adj=on}} female figure on the opposite hill, featuring [[Marilyn Monroe]] in her iconic pose from the film ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]'' where her dress is blown by a subway grating.<ref>Annabel Ferriman, "Objections to hill figure", ''The Times'', issue No. 60571, Monday, 10 March 1980, page 2.</ref><ref>Rodney Castleden, ''The Cerne Giant'', Dorset Publishing Company, 1996, ISBN 0948699558, 9780948699559, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=du2fAAAAMAAJ&q=%22kenneth+evans-loude%22&dq=%22kenneth+evans-loude%22&source=bl&ots=wJwUXS54hg&sig=m_fkcrMwkaQH14Fnp_pRJ3zwVDU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hnt5ULaAGMvK0AWQooDIBw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA page 37]</ref>
+In 1980, Devon artist Kenneth Evans-Loud, planned to produce a companion {{Convert|230|ft|adj=on|disp=flip}} female figure on the opposite hill, featuring [[Marilyn Monroe]] in her iconic pose from the film ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]'' where her dress is blown by a subway grating.<ref>Annabel Ferriman, "Objections to hill figure", ''The Times'', issue No. 60571, Monday, 10 March 1980, page 2.</ref><ref>Rodney Castleden, ''The Cerne Giant'', Dorset Publishing Company, 1996, ISBN 0948699558, 9780948699559, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=du2fAAAAMAAJ&q=%22kenneth+evans-loude%22&dq=%22kenneth+evans-loude%22&source=bl&ots=wJwUXS54hg&sig=m_fkcrMwkaQH14Fnp_pRJ3zwVDU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hnt5ULaAGMvK0AWQooDIBw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA page 37]</ref>
-In 1989, Turner Prize winning artist, [[Grayson Perry]] designed a set of motorbike leathers, inspired by the Cerne Abbas Giant.<ref>Naomi West, "[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3663237/The-world-of....html The world of...]", ''The Telegraph'', 17 February 2007, retrieved 11 October 2012</ref><ref>"Grayson Perry at the British Museum", ''The Vintage'', Thursday, 15 December 2011</ref><ref>"[http://liveweb.archive.org/http://londonersdiary.standard.co.uk/2011/03/saucy-tips-for-the-ladies-who-lunch.html Saucy tips for the ladies who lunch]", London Evening Standard, 10 March 2011, retrieved 11 October 2012</ref> In 1994, girls from [[Roedean School]] painted an {{convert|80|ft|adj=on}} replica of the Giant on their playing field, the day before sports day.<ref>Jack O'Sullivan, "[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/so-you-still-want-to-send-the-kids-to-boarding-school-1081328.html So you still want to send the kids to boarding school?]", ''The Independent'', Thursday 18 March 1999, retrieved 12 October 2012</ref> In 1999, a plaque was discovered near the nose of the [[Marree Man]], a modern [[geoglyph]] discovered a year earlier, "claiming that a clue to its origins are to be found buried in a sealed container near the Cerne Giant".<ref>Molly Watson, "Mystery of the Aboriginal man leads to Dorset", ''The Evening Standard'' (London), 21 January 1999, page 18</ref><ref>Christopher Zinn, "English giants hold key to big Maree mystery", ''The Guardian'', Wednesday 20 January 1999</ref>
+In 1989, Turner Prize winning artist, [[Grayson Perry]] designed a set of motorbike leathers, inspired by the Cerne Abbas Giant.<ref>Naomi West, "[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3663237/The-world-of....html The world of...]", ''The Telegraph'', 17 February 2007, retrieved 11 October 2012</ref><ref>"Grayson Perry at the British Museum", ''The Vintage'', Thursday, 15 December 2011</ref><ref>"[http://liveweb.archive.org/http://londonersdiary.standard.co.uk/2011/03/saucy-tips-for-the-ladies-who-lunch.html Saucy tips for the ladies who lunch]", London Evening Standard, 10 March 2011, retrieved 11 October 2012</ref> In 1994, girls from [[Roedean School]] painted an {{convert|80|ft|adj=on|disp=flip}} replica of the Giant on their playing field, the day before sports day.<ref>Jack O'Sullivan, "[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/so-you-still-want-to-send-the-kids-to-boarding-school-1081328.html So you still want to send the kids to boarding school?]", ''The Independent'', Thursday 18 March 1999, retrieved 12 October 2012</ref> In 1999, a plaque was discovered near the nose of the [[Marree Man]], a modern [[geoglyph]] discovered a year earlier, "claiming that a clue to its origins are to be found buried in a sealed container near the Cerne Giant".<ref>Molly Watson, "Mystery of the Aboriginal man leads to Dorset", ''The Evening Standard'' (London), 21 January 1999, page 18</ref><ref>Christopher Zinn, "English giants hold key to big Maree mystery", ''The Guardian'', Wednesday 20 January 1999</ref>
-In 2003, pranksters created their own {{convert|75|ft|adj=on}} version of the Giant on a hill in [[English Bicknor]], but "wearing wellies, an ear of corn hanging from its mouth and a tankard of ale in its hand".<ref>"[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-23020884_ITM Pranksters Create A Naked Giant Imposter]",  ''Western Daily Press'', 15 April 2003, page 23</ref> In 2005, the makers of Lynx deodorant created a {{convert|100,000|sqft|m2}} advert on a field near Gatwick, featuring a copy of the Giant wearing underpants, frolicking with two scantily-clad women.<ref>"Huge deodorant advert washed away", ''BBC News'', Tuesday, 26 July 2005, retrieved 27 October 2012</ref> In 2006, artist Peter John Hardwick produced a painting "The Two Dancers with the Cerne Abbas Giant, with Apologies to Picasso" that is on display at Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.<ref>Peter John Hardwick, "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/paintings/the-two-dancers-with-the-cerne-abbas-giant-with-apologies-59905 The Two Dancers with the Cerne Abbas Giant, with Apologies to Picasso]", BBC Your Paintings, retrieved 12 October 2012</ref> In 2009, the Giant was given a red nose, to publicize the BBC's Comic Relief charity event.<ref>"Cerne Abbas Giant given red nose", BBC News Dorsets, 12 February 2009, retrieved 12 October 2012</ref> In 2011, English animators [[The Brothers McLeod]] produced a 15-second cartoon giving their take on what the Giant does when no one is watching.<ref>The Brothers McLeod, "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/clips/p00krgw1/funny_in_15_seconds_funny_in_15_cerne_abbas/ Funny in 15: Cerne Abbas]", 29 September 2011, retrieved 12 October 2012</ref>
+In 2003, pranksters created their own {{convert|75|ft|adj=on|disp=flip}} version of the Giant on a hill in [[English Bicknor]], but "wearing wellies, an ear of corn hanging from its mouth and a tankard of ale in its hand".<ref>"[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-23020884_ITM Pranksters Create A Naked Giant Imposter]",  ''Western Daily Press'', 15 April 2003, page 23</ref> In 2005, the makers of Lynx deodorant created a {{convert|100,000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} advert on a field near Gatwick, featuring a copy of the Giant wearing underpants, frolicking with two scantily-clad women.<ref>"Huge deodorant advert washed away", ''BBC News'', Tuesday, 26 July 2005, retrieved 27 October 2012</ref> In 2006, artist Peter John Hardwick produced a painting "The Two Dancers with the Cerne Abbas Giant, with Apologies to Picasso" that is on display at Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.<ref>Peter John Hardwick, "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/paintings/the-two-dancers-with-the-cerne-abbas-giant-with-apologies-59905 The Two Dancers with the Cerne Abbas Giant, with Apologies to Picasso]", BBC Your Paintings, retrieved 12 October 2012</ref> In 2009, the Giant was given a red nose, to publicize the BBC's Comic Relief charity event.<ref>"Cerne Abbas Giant given red nose", BBC News Dorsets, 12 February 2009, retrieved 12 October 2012</ref> In 2011, English animators [[The Brothers McLeod]] produced a 15-second cartoon giving their take on what the Giant does when no one is watching.<ref>The Brothers McLeod, "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/clips/p00krgw1/funny_in_15_seconds_funny_in_15_cerne_abbas/ Funny in 15: Cerne Abbas]", 29 September 2011, retrieved 12 October 2012</ref>
 ==Gallery==