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Coordinates: 63°27′46.6103″N 142°47′13.0895″E / 63.462947306°N 142.786969306°E / 63.462947306; 142.786969306
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==Climate==
==Climate==
With an extreme [[subarctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dwd''), Oymyakon is known as one of the candidates for the Northern [[Pole of Cold]], the other being the [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] of [[Verkhoyansk]]. The ground there is permanently frozen (continuous [[permafrost]]).
With an extreme [[subarctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dwd''), Oymyakon is known as one of the candidates for the Northern [[Pole of Cold]], the other being the [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] of [[Verkhoyansk]]. The ground there is permanently frozen (continuous [[permafrost]]). Oymyakon is the coldest inhabited place in the world, and a has a large temperature variation throughout the year.


On February 6, 1933, a temperature of {{convert|−67.7|C|0}} was recorded at Oymyakon's weather station.<ref name="Stepanova">{{cite web
In 1924, a temperature of {{convert|−71.2|C|0}} was recorded at Oymyakon's weather station.<ref name="The Weather Channel">{{cite web
|author=N.A. Stepanova
|author=The Weather Channel
|title=On the Lowest Temperatures on Earth
|title=Breathtaking photos of the coldest city in the world
|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/086/mwr-086-01-0006.pdf
|url=http://www.weather.com/travel/news/breathtaking-photos-coldest-city-world-20140128
|publisher=Docs.lib.noaa.gov
|publisher=The Weather Channel
|accessdate=2015-03-10
|accessdate=2015-07-04
}}</ref><ref name="wmo">{{cite web
}}</ref><ref name="wmo">{{cite web
| url = http://wmo.asu.edu/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature
| url = http://wmo.asu.edu/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature
Line 92: Line 92:
This is, along with the same reading at Verkhoyansk, the lowest recorded temperature for any permanently inhabited location on Earth. It is also the lowest temperature recorded in the [[Northern Hemisphere]].<ref name="wmo"/> Only [[Antarctica]] has recorded lower official temperatures (the lowest being {{convert|-89.2|C|F}}, recorded at [[Vostok Station]] on 21 July 1983.)<ref>{{cite web|title=World:Lowest Temperature|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-temperature|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Weather & Climate Extremes|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#global|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref>
This is, along with the same reading at Verkhoyansk, the lowest recorded temperature for any permanently inhabited location on Earth. It is also the lowest temperature recorded in the [[Northern Hemisphere]].<ref name="wmo"/> Only [[Antarctica]] has recorded lower official temperatures (the lowest being {{convert|-89.2|C|F}}, recorded at [[Vostok Station]] on 21 July 1983.)<ref>{{cite web|title=World:Lowest Temperature|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-temperature|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Weather & Climate Extremes|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#global|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref>


The weather station is in a valley between Oymyakon and [[Tomtor, Oymyakonsky District, Sakha Republic|Tomtor]]. The station is at {{convert|750|m|sp=us}} and the surrounding mountains at {{convert|1100|m|sp=us}}, causing cold air to pool in the valley: in fact, recent studies show that winter temperatures in the area ''increase'' with altitude by as much as 10°C (18°F).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igsoc.org/annals/v52/58/a58A068.pdf |title=International Glaciological Society (IGS) |publisher=Igsoc.org |date=2012-02-13 |accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref>
The weather station is in a valley between Oymyakon and [[Tomtor, Oymyakonsky District, Sakha Republic|Tomtor]]. The station is at {{convert|750|m|sp=us}} and the surrounding mountains at {{convert|1100|m|sp=us}}, causing cold air to pool in the valley.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igsoc.org/annals/v52/58/a58A068.pdf |title=International Glaciological Society (IGS) |publisher=Igsoc.org |date=2012-02-13 |accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref>


Sometimes the temperature drops below {{convert|0|C|0}} in late September and may remain below freezing until mid-May. In Oymyakon sometimes the average minimum temperature for January, February and December remains below {{convert|-50|C|0}}. Sometimes summer months can also be quite cold, but June and July are the only months where temperature has never dropped below {{convert|-10|C|0}}. Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk are the only two permanently inhabited places in the world that have recorded temperatures below {{convert|-60.0|C|0}} for every day in January.<ref name="climate">{{cite web|url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24688&month=1&year=2013 |title=Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе |publisher=Pogodaiklimat.ru |date= |accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref><ref name="climate-verkhoyansk">{{cite web|url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24266&month=1&year=2013 |title=Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Верхоянске |publisher=Pogodaiklimat.ru |date= |accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref>
Sometimes the temperature drops below {{convert|0|C|0}} in late September and may remain below freezing until mid-May. In Oymyakon sometimes the average minimum temperature for January, February and December remains below {{convert|-50|C|0}}. Sometimes summer months can also be quite cold, but June and July are the only months where temperature has never dropped below {{convert|-10|C|0}}. Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk are the only two permanently inhabited places in the world that have recorded temperatures below {{convert|-60.0|C|0}} for every day in January.<ref name="climate">{{cite web|url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24688&month=1&year=2013 |title=Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе |publisher=Pogodaiklimat.ru |date= |accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref><ref name="climate-verkhoyansk">{{cite web|url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24266&month=1&year=2013 |title=Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Верхоянске |publisher=Pogodaiklimat.ru |date= |accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref>
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Oymyakon has never recorded an above freezing temperature between October 25 and March 17. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24688&month=10&year=2013 |title=Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе |publisher=Pogodaiklimat.ru |date= |accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref>
Oymyakon has never recorded an above freezing temperature between October 25 and March 17. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24688&month=10&year=2013 |title=Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе |publisher=Pogodaiklimat.ru |date= |accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref>


Although winters in Oymyakon are long and excessively cold, summers are mild, sometimes with hot, and very hot, days.
Although winters in Oymyakon are long and excessively cold, summers are mild, short and sometimes have hot or even very hot days.
The warmest month on record is July 2010 with an average temperature of {{convert|+18.7|°C|°F}}.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} In June, July and August temperatures over {{convert|30|C|0}} are not rare during the day. On July 28,&nbsp;2010, Oymyakon recorded a record high temperature of {{convert|34.6|C|0}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=24688&month=7&year=2010 |title=Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |date= |accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref> yielding a temperature range of 102.3 °C (184.1 °F). Verkhoyansk and [[Yakutsk]] are the only other places in the world with a temperature amplitude higher than 100 °C (180 °F).{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}
The warmest month on record is July 2010 with an average temperature of {{convert|+18.7|°C|°F}}.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} In summer, temperatures over {{convert|30|C|0}} are not rare during the day. On July 28,&nbsp;2010, Oymyakon recorded a record high temperature of {{convert|34.6|C|0}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=24688&month=7&year=2010 |title=Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |date= |accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref> yielding an all-time temperature range of 105.8 °C. Verkhoyansk and [[Yakutsk]] are the only other places in the world with an all-time temperature range higher than 100 °C (180 °F).{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}


The climate is quite dry, but as average monthly temperatures are below freezing for seven months of the year, substantial evaporation occurs only in summer months. Summers are much wetter than winters.
The climate is quite dry, but as average monthly temperatures are below freezing for seven months of the year, substantial evaporation occurs only in summer months. Summers are much wetter than winters.
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|year low C = −22.6
|year low C = −22.6
|Jan record low C = −65.4
|Jan record low C = −65.4
⚫
|Feb record low C = −71.2
|Feb record low C = −67.7 <!-- This record comes from the WMO record page (source labeled "February record low" below) and was recorded in 1933. The main source http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/ does not include records before about 1943, but the -67.7C is valid. Please consult the talk page before changing this figure. -->
|Mar record low C = −60.6
|Mar record low C = −60.6
|Apr record low C = −46.4
|Apr record low C = −46.4
Line 171: Line 171:
|Nov record low C = −58.5
|Nov record low C = −58.5
|Dec record low C = −62.8
|Dec record low C = −62.8
⚫
|year record low C = −67.7
|Jan precipitation mm = 6
|Jan precipitation mm = 6
|Feb precipitation mm = 7
|Feb precipitation mm = 7

Revision as of 18:04, 5 July 2015

Oymyakon
Оймякон
Selo
Other transcription(s)
 • SakhaӨймөкөөн
Oymyakon in February 2013
Oymyakon in February 2013
Location of Oymyakon
Map
Oymyakon is located in Russia
Oymyakon
Oymyakon
Location of Oymyakon
Oymyakon is located in Sakha Republic
Oymyakon
Oymyakon
Oymyakon (Sakha Republic)
Coordinates: 63°27′46.6103″N 142°47′13.0895″E / 63.462947306°N 142.786969306°E / 63.462947306; 142.786969306
CountryRussia
Federal subjectSakha Republic
Administrative districtOymyakonsky District
Elevation
745 m (2,444 ft)
Population
 • Estimate 
(July 17, 2011)[1]
500
 • Municipal districtOymyakonsky Municipal District
Time zoneUTC+10 (MSK+7 Edit this on Wikidata[2])
Postal code(s)[3]
678752
Dialing code(s)+7 41154
OKTMO ID98639405101

Oymyakon (Russian: Оймяко́н, Yakut: Өймөкөөн, Öymököön) is a rural locality (a selo) in Oymyakonsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located along the Indigirka River, 30 kilometers (19 mi) northwest of Tomtor on the Kolyma Highway.

Etymology

It is named after the Oymyakon River, whose name reportedly comes from the Even word kheium, meaning 'unfrozen patch of water; place where fish spend the winter'.[5] However, another source states that the Even word heyum (hэjум) (kheium may be a misspelling) means 'frozen lake'.[6]

Geography

Oymyakon, population 500, is in eastern Yakutia at approximately 750 meters above sea level. At the village's northerly position, day length varies from 3 hours in December to 21 hours in June.

History

During World War II an airfield was built here for the Alaska-Siberian (ALSIB) air route used to ferry American Lend-Lease aircraft to the Eastern Front.[7]

Climate

With an extreme subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dwd), Oymyakon is known as one of the candidates for the Northern Pole of Cold, the other being the town of Verkhoyansk. The ground there is permanently frozen (continuous permafrost). Oymyakon is the coldest inhabited place in the world, and a has a large temperature variation throughout the year.

In 1924, a temperature of −71.2 °C (−96 °F) was recorded at Oymyakon's weather station.[8][9][10] This is, along with the same reading at Verkhoyansk, the lowest recorded temperature for any permanently inhabited location on Earth. It is also the lowest temperature recorded in the Northern Hemisphere.[9] Only Antarctica has recorded lower official temperatures (the lowest being −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), recorded at Vostok Station on 21 July 1983.)[11][12]

The weather station is in a valley between Oymyakon and Tomtor. The station is at 750 meters (2,460 ft) and the surrounding mountains at 1,100 meters (3,600 ft), causing cold air to pool in the valley.[13]

Sometimes the temperature drops below 0 °C (32 °F) in late September and may remain below freezing until mid-May. In Oymyakon sometimes the average minimum temperature for January, February and December remains below −50 °C (−58 °F). Sometimes summer months can also be quite cold, but June and July are the only months where temperature has never dropped below −10 °C (14 °F). Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk are the only two permanently inhabited places in the world that have recorded temperatures below −60.0 °C (−76 °F) for every day in January.[14][15]

Oymyakon has never recorded an above freezing temperature between October 25 and March 17. [16]

Although winters in Oymyakon are long and excessively cold, summers are mild, short and sometimes have hot or even very hot days. The warmest month on record is July 2010 with an average temperature of +18.7 °C (65.7 °F).[citation needed] In summer, temperatures over 30 °C (86 °F) are not rare during the day. On July 28, 2010, Oymyakon recorded a record high temperature of 34.6 °C (94 °F),[17] yielding an all-time temperature range of 105.8 °C. Verkhoyansk and Yakutsk are the only other places in the world with an all-time temperature range higher than 100 °C (180 °F).[citation needed]

The climate is quite dry, but as average monthly temperatures are below freezing for seven months of the year, substantial evaporation occurs only in summer months. Summers are much wetter than winters.

Climate data for Oymyakon
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) −16.6
(2.1) 		−12.5
(9.5) 		2.0
(35.6) 		11.7
(53.1) 		26.2
(79.2) 		31.1
(88.0) 		34.6
(94.3) 		33.1
(91.6) 		23.7
(74.7) 		11.3
(52.3) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		34.6
(94.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −44.1
(−47.4) 		−37.2
(−35.0) 		−20.1
(−4.2) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		9.4
(48.9) 		18.9
(66.0) 		23.3
(73.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		8.5
(47.3) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−30
(−22) 		−41.1
(−42.0) 		−8.8
(16.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −47.4
(−53.3) 		−43.3
(−45.9) 		−30.1
(−22.2) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		12.3
(54.1) 		15.8
(60.4) 		10.9
(51.6) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−14.2
(6.4) 		−34.2
(−29.6) 		−44.4
(−47.9) 		−15.1
(4.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −51.4
(−60.5) 		−50
(−58) 		−40
(−40) 		−24.7
(−12.5) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		3.3
(37.9) 		6.2
(43.2) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−20.7
(−5.3) 		−39.3
(−38.7) 		−48.5
(−55.3) 		−22.6
(−8.7)
Record low °C (°F) −65.4
(−85.7) 		−71.2
(−96.2) 		−60.6
(−77.1) 		−46.4
(−51.5) 		−28.9
(−20.0) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−9.3
(15.3) 		−17.1
(1.2) 		−25.3
(−13.5) 		−47.6
(−53.7) 		−58.5
(−73.3) 		−62.8
(−81.0) 		−71.2
(−96.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 6
(0.2) 		7
(0.3) 		5
(0.2) 		6
(0.2) 		13
(0.5) 		34
(1.3) 		45
(1.8) 		39
(1.5) 		23
(0.9) 		14
(0.6) 		12
(0.5) 		8
(0.3) 		215
(8.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 3.0 2.6 1.4 1.8 3.2 6.6 8.7 7.7 5.1 4.9 4.0 3.0 52.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 28 118 244 284 282 304 298 236 151 113 58 13 2,129
Source 1: Погода и Климат,[18] February record low[9][19]
Source 2: NOAA (precipitation days and sunshine hours)[20]

In the media

Oymyakon has been featured in a number of television series:

  • The episode "The Winter's Tale" of the 1996 PBS weather documentary series Savage Skies.
  • The season two episode "Siberia" of the documentary series World's Most Dangerous Roads.
  • Oxford geographer Nick Middleton's television series and accompanying book Going to Extremes, in which he discusses his visit to this village and describes ways in which inhabitants cope with the extreme cold. Middleton describes how Oymyakon lies between two mountain ranges, trapping cold air between throughout the year.[21] In the winter, once every two days, the village's cattle's herd bull was harnessed between the shafts of a sledge with a big water tank on it and led to the spring. The men broke the ice on the spring, let the bull drink its fill, filled the water tank from the spring, and let the bull pull the tanker sledge back into the warm. The water spring was naturally warm and so stayed liquid below the surface ice.
  • Cameraman Geoff Mackley along with Rachael Wilson and Mark Whetu from New Zealand, made an episode for Discovery Channel series Dangerman. They were accompanied by translator Rob Walker (USA) and Vyacheslav Ipatiev (TourServiceCenter). Geoff rode the water bull to the spring, and spent a night outside in a tent.[22][23]
  • The episode "Hot and Cold" in the 2010 BBC series Extreme World features the village.[24]
  • The episode "Chilling Out" in the 1 April 2012 Episode of Australia's "60 Minutes".[25]
  • The travel series Departures Season 3 Episode 2 "Russia: The Bull of Winter" March 13, 2010. Travelers Scott Wilson and Justin Lukach, Director of Photography/Director Andre Dupuis, Translator Bogdan Almazov.[26]
  • The episode of Discovery Channel show "Driven to extremes" - "The coldest road" starring Tom Hardy

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Coldest Inhabited Place on Earth: Oymyakon, Russia". Retrieved November 4, 2014.
  2. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  3. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  4. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  5. ^ Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира". Москва, 1998, p. 307.
  6. ^ Tsintsius, V. I. (1977), Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков : материалы к этимологическому словарю, vol. 2, Leningrad: Nauka, p. 361
  7. ^ Lebedev, Igor Aviation Lend-Lease to Russia Nova Publishers (1997) pp.44-49
  8. ^ The Weather Channel. "Breathtaking photos of the coldest city in the world". The Weather Channel. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
  9. ^ a b c "Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature". WMO. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
  10. ^ Herrera, Maximiliano. "Extreme Temperatures Around the World". Mherrara.org. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  11. ^ "World:Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  12. ^ "Global Weather & Climate Extremes". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  13. ^ "International Glaciological Society (IGS)" (PDF). Igsoc.org. February 13, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  14. ^ "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  15. ^ "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Верхоянске". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  16. ^ "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  17. ^ "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  18. ^ "Погода и Климат - Климат Оймякона". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  19. ^ "Погода в Оймяконе. Температура воздуха и осадки. Февраль 2014 г." Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  20. ^ "Ojmjakon Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
  21. ^ Bijal P. Trivedi, Life Is a Chilling Challenge in Subzero Siberia, National Geographic Channel, May 12, 2004.
  22. ^ "Geoff Mackley - Siberia -Oymyakon expedition Jan 2004". Rambocam.com. January 29, 2004. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  23. ^ "Events 2005-2010 | Sakha Yakutia – Heart of Siberia". Yakutiatravel.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  24. ^ "Extreme world - How great are the world's divides?". BBC News. November 25, 2010.
  25. ^ "Chilling Out". Sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au. March 29, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  26. ^ "Episode Guide". Departureentertainment.coms. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Oymyakon.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oymyakon.

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