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{{for|the villages in Iran|Fadak, Iran (disambiguation)}}
{{for|the villages in Iran|Fadak, Iran (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}
'''Fadak''' ({{lang-ar|فدك}}) was a garden oasis in [[Khaybar]], a tract of land in northern [[Arabia]]; it is now part of [[Saudi Arabia]]. Situated approximately thirty miles from [[Medina]], Fadak was known for its water-wells, dates, and handicrafts.<ref>Veccia Vaglieri, L. "Fadak." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', Second Edition. Edited by: [[P. Bearman]]; , Th. Bianquis; , [[C. E. Bosworth]]; , E. van Donzel; and [[W. P. Heinrichs]]. Brill, 2010. Brill Online. University of Toronto. 8 August 2010 <http://www.brillonline.nl.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-2218></ref> When the [[Muslim]]s defeated the people of [[Khaybar]] at the [[Battle of Khaybar]]; the oasis of Fadak was part of the bounty given to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Fadak became the object of dispute between Fatimah and the caliph [[Abu Bakr]] after Muhammad died.
'''Fadak''' ({{lang-ar|فدك}}) was a garden oasis in [[Khaybar]], a tract of land in northern [[Arabia]]; it is now part of [[Saudi Arabia]]. Situated approximately thirty miles from [[Medina]], Fadak was known for its water-wells, dates, and handicrafts.<ref>Veccia Vaglieri, L. "Fadak." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', Second Edition. Edited by: [[P. Bearman]]; , Th. Bianquis; , [[C. E. Bosworth]]; , E. van Donzel; and [[W. P. Heinrichs]]. Brill, 2010. Brill Online. University of Toronto. 8 August 2010 <http://www.brillonline.nl.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-2218></ref> When the [[Muslim]]s defeated the people of [[Khaybar]] at the [[Battle of Khaybar]]; the oasis of Fadak was part of the bounty given to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Fadak became the object of dispute between Fatimah and the caliph [[Abu Bakr]] after Muhammad


== History ==


The reality is though that the prophet had decreed that the prophets do not leave inheritance.
=== Pre-Islamic Khaybar ===
This can be proven both from Shia and Sunni sources
In the 7th century, the [[Khaybar]] oasis was inhabited by [[Arab Jews]], who pioneered the cultivation of the oasis and made their living growing [[Phoenix dactylifera|date palm trees]], as well as through commerce and craftsmanship, accumulating considerable wealth. Some objects found by the Muslims in a redoubt at Khaybar &mdash; a siege-engine, 20 [[:wikt:bale#Etymology 3|bale]]s of [[Yemen]]ite cloth, and 500 cloaks &mdash; point out to an intense trade carried out by the Jews.<ref name="veccia">Veccia Vaglieri, L. "Khaybar". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Ed. P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912</ref>
The oasis was divided into three regions: al-Natat, al-Shiqq الشِّق, and al-Katiba الكتيبة, probably separated by natural diversions, such as the desert, [[lava]] drifts, and swamps. Each of these regions contained several fortresses or redoubts containing homes, storehouses and stables. Each fortress was occupied by a clan and surrounded by cultivated fields and palm-groves. In order to improve their defensive capabilities, the fortresses were raised up on hills or [[basalt]] rocks.<ref name="veccia"/>


===Shia view of inheritance and doubts over Fadak===
=== Muhammad’s era (629-632 CE) ===
The irony is that although Fatima may have laid claim to Fadak, revered shia literature states that woman are not allowed to inherit land of property
{{Main|Conquest of Fidak}}
Muhammad quietly led the march on Khaybar oasis on 7 May AH/ 629 CE with approximately 1500 men and 100-200 horses. Primary sources including the ''[[Sirah Rasul Allah]]'' (Biography of the Prophet) of Ibn Ishaq describe the conquest of Khaybar, detailing the agreement of Muhammad with the Jews to remain in Fadak and cultivate their land, retaining one-half of the produce of the oasis.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040625103910/http://www.hraic.org/hadith/ibn_ishaq.html#khaybar Sirat Rasulullah, Chapter 'Khaybar']</ref> This agreement was distinct from the agreement with the Jews of Khaybar, which essentially entailed the practice of [[share-cropping]]. Muhammad retained the revenues of the Fadak region for the poor as ''ṣadaqa'', travelers in need, and for his family.
It is not entirely clear how Muhammad managed his possession of Fadak. [[Ibn Taimiyya]] wrote in his [[Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah|Minhaj al-Sunnah]] that Muhammad appointed [[Amr ibn al-As]] as the governor of the Khaybar [[oasis]]<ref>[[Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah]] by [[Ibn Taimiyya]], volume 4 page 460</ref>
Following the death of Muhammad, scholars disagreed as to whether Fadak was exclusively his property.
Some Muslim commentators agree that following the conquest of Fadak, the property belonged exclusively to Muhammad, while several others reject this view.<ref name="Taymiyyah">A Shah Waliullah in [[Quratul Ain]] p228 and [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] in [[Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah|Minhaj al-Sunnah]], Dhikr of Fadak</ref> Various primary sources describe the acquisition of Fadak in the following way:
<blockquote>
Half the Land of Fadak, which was given by Jews after the peace treaty, was purely the property of Rasool Allah (s). Similarly, 1/3rd of the Valley of Qari and 2 castles of Khaybar were the exclusive property of the Prophet (s) and no one else had a share of it.<ref>[[Al Minhaj bi Sharh Sahih Muslim]] Volume 2, 92.</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>
The Apostle of Allah received three things exclusively to himself: Banu an-Nadir, Khaybar and Fadak. The Banu an-Nadir property was kept for his emergent needs, Fadak for travellers, and Khaybar was divided by the Apostle of Allah into three sections: two for Muslims, and one as a contribution for his family. If anything remained after making the contribution of his family, he divided it among the poor Emigrants.<ref>Sunan Abi Dawood [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/abudawud/019.sat.html#019.2961 Book 19, Number 2961]</ref></blockquote>
Another primary account describes eleven fruit trees in Fadak, planted by Muhammad himself.<ref name="Hadeed">[[Sharh Ibn Abi Al-Hadeed]], v4, p108</ref> Other scholars who accept the view of Fadak as belonging exclusively to Muhammad after the conquest of Khaybar include:
*[[Ali bn Ahmad al-Samhudi]]<ref>[[Wafa al-Wafa]], v4, p1280</ref>
*[[Ibn Hisham]]<ref>[[Sirah Rasul Allah]] by [[Ibn Hisham]], v3, p353</ref>
*[[Abu al-Fida]]<ref>[[The Concise History of Humanity or Chronicles]], p140, Dhikr Ghazwa Khaybar</ref>


The Author of al Kafi sheikh al kulayni made an entire chapter in Volume Seven called-
=== Fatimah ===
Chapter That Women inherit nothing from real-estateLand
{{see also|Sermon of Fadak}}
Upon the death of Muhmmad, his daughter Fatimah declared her claim to inherit Fadak as the estate of her father. The claim was rejected by the ruling caliph, Abu Bakr, on the grounds that Fadak was public property and arguing that Muhammad had no heirs. Sources report that Ali together with [[Umm Ayman]] testified to the fact that Muhammad granted it to Fatimah Zahra, when Abu Bakr requested Fatima to summon witnesses for her claim.<ref>* Ordoni (1990) p. 211</ref> Various primary sources contend that Fadak was gifted by Muhammad to Fatima, drawing on the Qur'an as evidence.<ref>Q Al-Hashr, 7</ref> These include narrations of [[Ibn 'Abbas]] who argued that when the Qur'anic verse on giving rights to kindred was revealed, Muhammad called to his daughter and gifted the land of Fadak to her.<ref>[[Dur al-Manthur]] [http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/fadak/tafseer_dur_almanthur_v4_p177.jpg Vol. 4, page 177]</ref>


(Ali from his Father from Ibn Abu Umayr from Jameel from Zurarah and Muhammad bin Muslim from the Imam Abu Ja’afar PBUH that he said: Women do not inherit anything of land or fixed property.
Various scholars commenting on the Qur'an, Chapter Al-Hashr, verse 7, write that the [[Angel]] [[Gabriel]] came to Muhammad and commanded him to give the appropriate rights to the ''“Dhul Qurba”'' (near kin). When asked by Muhammad, who the "Dhul Qurba" referred to, Gabriel replied "Fatima" and that by "rights" was meant "Fadak", upon which Muhammad called Fatima and presented Fadak to her.<ref>*[[Ruzatul Safa]] as quoted in [[Tashdheed-ul-Mathaeen]] page 102.</ref>


Allamah al Bahbudi placed it in His SAHIH AL KAFI 3/285 and said SAHIH.
Besides the above Quranic verses, there some authenticated references for this issue. For example, [[Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani|Ali Ibn Burhanu'd-din Halabi Shafi'i]] writes in his [[Sirat al-Halbiya|Siratu'l-Halabiyya]], p.&nbsp;39 that at first Fatimah complained to abu bakr about the fact that she was given the fadak as a gift by the holy prophet of Islam, as the witnesses were unavailable she was forced to allege her right based on the inheritance law. Also it is mentioned in [[Mu'jam Al-Buldan]] of [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]], [[Tafsir al-Kabir (al-Razi)|Tafsir al-Kabir]] of [[Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi|Imam Fakhru'd-din Razi]], [[Al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqah|Sawa'iq al-Muhriqa]] of [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami|Ibn Hajar]] p.&nbsp;21, [[Comments on the Peak of Eloquence (Ibn Abi al-Hadid)|Sharh al-Nahju'l-Balagha]] of [[Izz al-Din ibn Hibatullah ibn Abi l-Hadid|Ibn Abi'l-Hadid Mu'tazali]] Vol 4, p.&nbsp;80 that Fatima firstly claimed she was given the fadak as a gift but they rejected her witnesses and she suffered and angrily said that she would not talk to [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]] again.<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/peshawar-nights-sultan-al-waadhim-sayyid-muhammad-al-musawi-ash-shirazi/eighth-session-thursday#fadak-was-gift-not-legacy Peshawar Nights, Sultan al-Wa’adhim As-Sayyid Muhammad al-Musawi ash-Shirazi]</ref>
Allamah al Majlisi said the chain of narrators is Good in Mira’at al Uqool 23/189.
So this narration is regarded as authentic according to the Shia


In another Shia narration it is mentioned
=== After the death of Muhammad ===
[[Lesley Hazleton]] describes the dispute between [[Fatimah]] and [[Abu Bakr]] as follows: «[Fatimah] sent a message to Abu Bakr asking for her share of her father's estate -date palm orchards in the huge oases of Khaybar and Fadak to the north of Medina. His response left her dumbfounded. Muhammad's estate belonged to the community, not to any individual, Abu Bakr replied. It was part of the Muslim charitable trust to be administered by him as Caliph. [...] There was no denying the populist appeal of the message Abu Bakr sent by denying Fatima's claim: the House of Muhammad was the House of Islam, and all were equal within it. But as ever, some were more equal than others. Even as he turned down Fatima, Abu Bakr made a point of providing generously for Muhammad's widows - and particularly for his own daughter Aisha, who received valuable property in Medina as well as on the other side of the Arabian Peninsula, in Bahrain.»<ref>After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam By Lesley Hazleton, pp. 71-73</ref>


Humaid bin Ziad from al Hassan bin Muhammad bin Sama’ah from his uncle Ja’afar bin Sama’ah from al Muthna from Abdul Malik bin A’ayyun from one of the Two Imams may Allah be pleased with them:Women will have nothing of houses or land.
When [[Umar]] became Caliph, the value of the land of Fadak along with its dates was 50,000 dirhams.<ref name="Hadeed"/> Ali again claimed Fatima’s inheritance during Umar's era, but was denied with the same argument as in the time of Abu Bakr. Umar however, restored the estates in Medina to [[`Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib]] and Ali, as representatives of Muhammad's clan, the [[Banu Hashim]].
During [[Uthman]]'s caliphate, [[Marwan I|Marwan ibn al-Hakâm]], who was his cousin, was made trustee of the Fadak.<ref>Wafa al Wafa (vol 3 p 1000), Tarikh Abu al-Fida (vol 1 p 168)</ref>
After Uthman, ‘Ali became caliph, but did not overturn the decision of his predecessor. He maintained [[Marwan I|Marwan]]'s position as trustee of the Fadak. This was interpreted not as an act of dissimulation ''([[taqiyya]])'', as regardless Fadak was now under the authority of the state and therefore during'Ali's Caliphate, came under the authority of 'Ali himself, Fatima and his two sons, al-Hasan and al-Husayn.
Therefore, 'Ali deemed it satisfactory that Fadak was now under the control of the Prophet's family, and did not make a formal declaration of personal possession, to avoid resurrecting the old feud, and causing disunity ''(fitna)'' regarding the decision of the first Caliph.


Al Allamah al Bahbudi says SAHIH and places it in his book SAHIH AL KAFI 3/285.
=== Fadak under the Umayyads (661 &ndash; 750) ===
[[Mu'awiyah]], the first [[Ummayad|Umayyad Caliph]] did not return Fadak to [[Fatimah]]'s descendants. This way was continued by later [[Ummayad|Umayyad Caliphs]] until [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]] seized power.
When [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]], known as [[Umar II]], became Caliph in 717 CE, the income from the property of Fadak was 40,000 dinars.<ref>[[Sunan Abu Dawud]], v3, p144, Dhikr Fa'y</ref> Fadak was returned to Fatima's descendants by an edict given by [[Umar II]],<ref>[[Wafa al-Wafa]], page 99</ref> but this decision was renounced by later caliphs.[[Umar II]]'s successor, [[Yazid II|Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik]] (known as [[Yazid II]]) overturned his decision, and Fadak was again made public trust. Fadak was then managed this way until the [[Ummayad Caliphate]] expired.


=== Fadak under the Abbasids (750 &ndash; 1258) ===
=== After dispute over Fadak ===

In year 747 CE, a huge revolt against the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] occurred. The Umayyad's were eventually defeated by the [[Abbasid]] army under the rule of [[As-Saffah|Abu Abbas Abdullah al-Saffah]] (see [[Battle of the Zab]]) in year 750. The last [[Umayyad]] Caliph, [[Marwan II]], was killed in a lesser battle a few months after the [[Battle of the Zab]], thus ending the [[Umayyad Caliphate]].
After the misunderstanding between Abu bakr and Fatima, they reconciled over this matter.
Historical accounts differs on what happened to Fadak under the early Abbasid caliphs. There is however consensus among [[Islamic scholar]]s that Fadak was granted to the descendants of Fatimah during [[Al-Ma'mun]]'s reign as Caliph (831-833 CE). Al-Ma’mun even decreed this to be recorded in his ''(dīwāns)''.

Al-Ma’mun’s successor, [[Al-Mutawakkil]] (847-861) recaptured Fadak from the progeny of Fatimah, decreeing it to be used for the purposes initially outlined by Abu Bakr. [[Al-Muntasir]] (861-862), however, apparently maintained the decision of [[Al-Ma'mun]], thus allowing Fatimah's progeny to manage Fadak.<ref>As stated in Tarikh Yaqubi (2:199, 3:48), Wafa al Wafa vol 3 p 999-1000, Tarikh ul Khulafa, p 231-32</ref>
Kitaabul Muwaafiqah narrates that Anaani said:
What happened hereafter is uncertain, but Fadak was probably seized by the Caliph again and managed exclusively by the ruler of the time as his private property.

“ Abu Bakr (radhiallahu anhu) came to the door of Fatima (radhiallahu anha) in the midday sun and said: ‘I shall not leave from here as long as the daughter of Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) remains displeased with me. Hadrat Ali (radhiallahu anhu) came to Fatima (radhiallahu anha) and giving her an oath urged her to become pleased. Then she became pleased (with Hadrat Abu Bakr).”

Further narrations state: [as quoted above]

When Hadrat Fatima (radhiallahu anha) fell sick Abu Bakr Siddiq (radhiallahu anhu) came and asked permission to see her.

Ali said: “Fatima, here is Abu Bakr asking permission to see you.” She said: “Would you like me to give him permission?” (Al-Dhahabi said in the Siyar (Al Arna’ut ed. 2:121): “She applied the Sunna by not giving permission to anyone to enter her husbands house except by his command.”)

He said yes, whereupon she gave him permission. He entered to see her, seeking her good pleasure, and said: “By Allah! I did not leave my house, property, family, and tribe except to please Allah, and to please His Prophet, and to please you, the People of the House (ahl al bayt)! He continued to seek her good pleasure until she was pleased.


==Fadak in literature==
The dispute over Fadak was narrated in various sources, some of which became almost legendary. Among these is the tale of the famed caliph of the ''[[Arabian Nights]]'' tales, [[Harun al Rashid]], narrated in the 16th-century work ''Laṭā’if al-Tawā’if'' ''The Subtleties of People'', in which Harun is described as feeling regret over the denial of Fadak to Muhammad's family. Harun inquired about the boundaries of the oasis from a descendant of Fatima in order to return it to its rightful possessors. The descendent cautioned that after drawing the borders of the garden of Fadak, Harun would no longer want to relinquish it. Nevertheless Harun pressed on. The descendant replied that the first boundary of Fadak was [[Aden]], the second [[Samarqand]], the third the [[Maghrib]], and the fourth the [[Armenia]]n Sea. These borders outlined virtually the entire empire of Harun. That Harun himself initiated the process of returning Fadak and was not pressed by Muhammad’s descendants reveals that in the Shi’i conception, worldly possessions are of little to no importance to Muhammad's family or to the authority of the Imams.<ref>Virani, Shafique N. ''The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 165-167.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 64: Line 52:


==External links==
==External links==
https://islamistruth.wordpress.com/2010/11/27/fadak-truth-vs-falsehood/
* [http://www.seratonline.com/9923/a-quranic-proof-on-the-inheritance-of-janabe-zahras-a/ Fadak belonged to Hazrat Fatima (s.a.) - Proof from Quran]
https://youpuncturedtheark.wordpress.com/2014/09/11/9-sunni-answers-to-shiapens-article-on-fadak-and-inheritance-of-prophetsaw-chapter-nine/
* [http://www.seratonline.com/924/why-hazrat-zahra-s-a-demanded-fadak-from-the-government/ Why Hazrat Fatima (s.a.) demanded Fadak?]
* [http://www.al-islam.org/gallery/photos/fadak.gif A picture of Fadak]
* [http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/fatima_the_gracious/49.htm Shia Viewpoint]
* {{PDF|[http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/fadak/fadak_of_al_zahra.pdf Fadak; The property of Fatimah Al-Zahra]|1.60&nbsp;MB}}
* http://imfi.ir/english/lib/pro_ahl/fatima/fadak_in_history/index.htm
* [http://www.amazon.com/After-Prophet-Story-Shia-Sunni-Split/dp/0385523947 After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam], By [[Lesley Hazleton]]


{{Saudi Arabia topics}}
{{Saudi Arabia topics}}

Revision as of 04:58, 20 August 2015

For the villages in Iran, see Fadak, Iran (disambiguation).

Fadak (Arabic: فدك) was a garden oasis in Khaybar, a tract of land in northern Arabia; it is now part of Saudi Arabia. Situated approximately thirty miles from Medina, Fadak was known for its water-wells, dates, and handicrafts.[1] When the Muslims defeated the people of Khaybar at the Battle of Khaybar; the oasis of Fadak was part of the bounty given to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Fadak became the object of dispute between Fatimah and the caliph Abu Bakr after Muhammad


The reality is though that the prophet had decreed that the prophets do not leave inheritance. This can be proven both from Shia and Sunni sources

Shia view of inheritance and doubts over Fadak

The irony is that although Fatima may have laid claim to Fadak, revered shia literature states that woman are not allowed to inherit land of property

The Author of al Kafi sheikh al kulayni made an entire chapter in Volume Seven called- 

Chapter That Women inherit nothing from real-estateLand

(Ali from his Father from Ibn Abu Umayr from Jameel from Zurarah and Muhammad bin Muslim from the Imam Abu Ja’afar PBUH that he said: Women do not inherit anything of land or fixed property.

Allamah al Bahbudi placed it in His SAHIH AL KAFI 3/285 and said SAHIH. Allamah al Majlisi said the chain of narrators is Good in Mira’at al Uqool 23/189. So this narration is regarded as authentic according to the Shia

In another Shia narration it is mentioned

Humaid bin Ziad from al Hassan bin Muhammad bin Sama’ah from his uncle Ja’afar bin Sama’ah from al Muthna from Abdul Malik bin A’ayyun from one of the Two Imams may Allah be pleased with them:Women will have nothing of houses or land.

Al Allamah al Bahbudi says SAHIH and places it in his book SAHIH AL KAFI 3/285.

After dispute over Fadak

After the misunderstanding between Abu bakr and Fatima, they reconciled over this matter.

Kitaabul Muwaafiqah narrates that Anaani said:

“ Abu Bakr (radhiallahu anhu) came to the door of Fatima (radhiallahu anha) in the midday sun and said: ‘I shall not leave from here as long as the daughter of Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) remains displeased with me. Hadrat Ali (radhiallahu anhu) came to Fatima (radhiallahu anha) and giving her an oath urged her to become pleased. Then she became pleased (with Hadrat Abu Bakr).”

Further narrations state: [as quoted above]

When Hadrat Fatima (radhiallahu anha) fell sick Abu Bakr Siddiq (radhiallahu anhu) came and asked permission to see her.

Ali said: “Fatima, here is Abu Bakr asking permission to see you.” She said: “Would you like me to give him permission?” (Al-Dhahabi said in the Siyar (Al Arna’ut ed. 2:121): “She applied the Sunna by not giving permission to anyone to enter her husbands house except by his command.”)

He said yes, whereupon she gave him permission. He entered to see her, seeking her good pleasure, and said: “By Allah! I did not leave my house, property, family, and tribe except to please Allah, and to please His Prophet, and to please you, the People of the House (ahl al bayt)! He continued to seek her good pleasure until she was pleased.


See also

References

  1. ^ Veccia Vaglieri, L. "Fadak." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman; , Th. Bianquis; , C. E. Bosworth; , E. van Donzel; and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010. Brill Online. University of Toronto. 8 August 2010 <http://www.brillonline.nl.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-2218>

https://islamistruth.wordpress.com/2010/11/27/fadak-truth-vs-falsehood/ https://youpuncturedtheark.wordpress.com/2014/09/11/9-sunni-answers-to-shiapens-article-on-fadak-and-inheritance-of-prophetsaw-chapter-nine/

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