Trentepohlia (alga): Difference between revisions
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'''''Trentepohlia''''' is a [[genus (biology)|genus]] of filamentous green [[Chlorophyta|chlorophyte]] [[algae]] in the family [[Trentepohliaceae]], living free on terrestrial supports such as tree trunks and wet rocks or [[symbiosis|symbiotically]] in [[lichen]]s.<ref>See the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=173374 webpage on Trentepohlia]. Data extracted from the {{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/ | title=NCBI taxonomy resources | publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] | accessdate=2007-03-19}}</ref> The filaments of Trentepohlia have a strong orange colour (photograph at right) caused by the presence of large quantities of [[carotenoid]] pigments which mask the green of the [[chlorophyll]]. |
'''''Trentepohlia''''' is a [[genus (biology)|genus]] of filamentous green [[Chlorophyta|chlorophyte]] [[algae]] in the family [[Trentepohliaceae]], living free on terrestrial supports such as tree trunks and wet rocks or [[symbiosis|symbiotically]] in [[lichen]]s.<ref>See the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=173374 webpage on Trentepohlia]. Data extracted from the {{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/ | title=NCBI taxonomy resources | publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] | accessdate=2007-03-19}}</ref> The filaments of Trentepohlia have a strong orange colour (photograph at right) caused by the presence of large quantities of [[carotenoid]] pigments which mask the green of the [[chlorophyll]]. The spores of Trentepohlia annulata was found to be the source of an incident of [[red rain in Kerala]], [[India]]<ref>BAST, F, BHUSHAN, S., JOHN A.A., ACHANKUNJU, J., PANIKKAR N.M.V., HEMETNER, C., AND STOCKER-WÖRGÖTTE, E. 2015 European Species of Subaerial Green Alga Trentepohlia annulata (Trentepohliales, Ulvophyceae) Caused Blood Rain in Kerala, India. J Phylogen Evolution Biol 3: 144 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Felix_Bast/publication/273124757_European_Species_of_Subaerial_Green_Alga_Trentepohlia_annulata_%28Trentepohliales_Ulvophyceae%29_Caused_Blood_Rain_in_Kerala_India/links/54f7dce80cf2ccffe9dbed0f.pdf< URL] </ref> . |
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| last = Sampath |
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| first = S. |author2=Abraham, T. K. |author3=Sasi Kumar, V. |author4=Mohanan, C.N. |
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| title = Colored Rain: A Report on the Phenomenon. |
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| journal = CESS-PR-114-2001 |
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| publisher = Center for Earth Science Studies and Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute |
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| year = 2001 |
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| url = http://web.archive.org/web/20110628201429/http://www.geocities.com/iamgoddard/Sampath2001.pdf |
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| accessdate = 2011-02-08 |
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| format=PDF |
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| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060613135746/http://www.geocities.com/iamgoddard/Sampath2001.pdf |
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| archivedate = June 13, 2006}} |
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</ref> |
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''Trentepohlia'' species form associations with fungal hyphae, and are widespread phycobionts in lichens, such as the "secret writing" crustose lichen genera ''[[Graphis (lichen)|Graphis]]'', ''[[Graphina]]'', ''[[Gyalecta]]'' and ''[[Opegrapha]]''.<ref name=Dobson> F.S. Dobson (2000) Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Richmond publishing Co. ISBN 0-85546-094-6</ref><ref name=Friedl1996>T. Friedl and B. Büdel (1996) Photobionts, in Nash, T.H. (ed.) Lichen biology, pp.8-23, Cambridge University Press.</ref> |
''Trentepohlia'' species form associations with fungal hyphae, and are widespread phycobionts in lichens, such as the "secret writing" crustose lichen genera ''[[Graphis (lichen)|Graphis]]'', ''[[Graphina]]'', ''[[Gyalecta]]'' and ''[[Opegrapha]]''.<ref name=Dobson> F.S. Dobson (2000) Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Richmond publishing Co. ISBN 0-85546-094-6</ref><ref name=Friedl1996>T. Friedl and B. Büdel (1996) Photobionts, in Nash, T.H. (ed.) Lichen biology, pp.8-23, Cambridge University Press.</ref> |
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==Red Rain Mystery== |
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[[File:Red rain Kerala optical microscope.jpg|thumb|left|[[Photomicrograph]] of particles from a sample of red rain from Kerala]] |
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A 2015 study<ref>BAST, F, BHUSHAN, S., JOHN A.A., ACHANKUNJU, J., PANIKKAR N.M.V., HEMETNER, C., AND STOCKER-WÖRGÖTTE, E. 2015 European Species of Subaerial Green Alga Trentepohlia annulata (Trentepohliales, Ulvophyceae) Caused Blood Rain in Kerala, India. J Phylogen Evolution Biol 3: 144 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Felix_Bast/publication/273124757_European_Species_of_Subaerial_Green_Alga_Trentepohlia_annulata_%28Trentepohliales_Ulvophyceae%29_Caused_Blood_Rain_in_Kerala_India/links/54f7dce80cf2ccffe9dbed0f.pdf< URL] </ref> has unambiguously established that the cause of blood rain in [[Kerala]] was the areal spores of green microalgae [[Trentepohlia (alga)|Trentepohlia]]. The study used [[molecular phylogenetics]] to compare the evolution of DNA sequence of T. annulata isolated from blood rain sample with that of T. annulata from [[Austria]]. Results suggest that the isolate from Kerala is, in fact, a recently introduced species from Austria. The research confirmed the likelihood that the introduction happened through clouds over the ocean- a phenomenon of intercontinental [[species dispersal]] previously reported for bacteria and fungi, but first time for the alga. Clouds over ocean dispersal is analogous to the intercontinental flights; spores of this alga from Europe are transported to India via clouds that drift across the [[Arabian Sea]]. [[Spores]] might have been carried first to the clouds for its dispersal. How exactly these lower stratospheric clouds containing algal spores got in Kerala remain unknown. Might be related to monsoon as well, as Kerala is the first state South-West monsoon strikes together with Sri Lanka. Again, trade winds (SE and NE) converge at a region called [[Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone]] (ITCZ), which is located close to Kerala and Sri Lanka, which might be another clue for this puzzle. Authors said <ref>http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/unravelling-the-blood-rain-mystery/article7057859.ece</ref>their steps would be the analysis of intercontinental clouds using High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters, using the similar DNA sequence based technique called “metagenomics”, which would reveal the entire microbial diversity of these clouds. |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
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Revision as of 07:10, 9 September 2015
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| Trentepohlia sp. on Cryptomeria japonica bark | |
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| Genus: | Trentepohlia Mart.
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Trentepohlia is a genus of filamentous green chlorophyte algae in the family Trentepohliaceae, living free on terrestrial supports such as tree trunks and wet rocks or symbiotically in lichens.[1] The filaments of Trentepohlia have a strong orange colour (photograph at right) caused by the presence of large quantities of carotenoid pigments which mask the green of the chlorophyll. The spores of Trentepohlia annulata was found to be the source of an incident of red rain in Kerala, India[2] .
Trentepohlia species form associations with fungal hyphae, and are widespread phycobionts in lichens, such as the "secret writing" crustose lichen genera Graphis, Graphina, Gyalecta and Opegrapha.[3][4]
Red Rain Mystery
A 2015 study[5] has unambiguously established that the cause of blood rain in Kerala was the areal spores of green microalgae Trentepohlia. The study used molecular phylogenetics to compare the evolution of DNA sequence of T. annulata isolated from blood rain sample with that of T. annulata from Austria. Results suggest that the isolate from Kerala is, in fact, a recently introduced species from Austria. The research confirmed the likelihood that the introduction happened through clouds over the ocean- a phenomenon of intercontinental species dispersal previously reported for bacteria and fungi, but first time for the alga. Clouds over ocean dispersal is analogous to the intercontinental flights; spores of this alga from Europe are transported to India via clouds that drift across the Arabian Sea. Spores might have been carried first to the clouds for its dispersal. How exactly these lower stratospheric clouds containing algal spores got in Kerala remain unknown. Might be related to monsoon as well, as Kerala is the first state South-West monsoon strikes together with Sri Lanka. Again, trade winds (SE and NE) converge at a region called Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which is located close to Kerala and Sri Lanka, which might be another clue for this puzzle. Authors said [6]their steps would be the analysis of intercontinental clouds using High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters, using the similar DNA sequence based technique called “metagenomics”, which would reveal the entire microbial diversity of these clouds.
Gallery
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Trentepohlia aurea, Tauberland, Germany
See also
References
- ^ See the NCBI webpage on Trentepohlia. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
- ^ BAST, F, BHUSHAN, S., JOHN A.A., ACHANKUNJU, J., PANIKKAR N.M.V., HEMETNER, C., AND STOCKER-WÖRGÖTTE, E. 2015 European Species of Subaerial Green Alga Trentepohlia annulata (Trentepohliales, Ulvophyceae) Caused Blood Rain in Kerala, India. J Phylogen Evolution Biol 3: 144 < URL
- ^ F.S. Dobson (2000) Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Richmond publishing Co. ISBN 0-85546-094-6
- ^ T. Friedl and B. Büdel (1996) Photobionts, in Nash, T.H. (ed.) Lichen biology, pp.8-23, Cambridge University Press.
- ^ BAST, F, BHUSHAN, S., JOHN A.A., ACHANKUNJU, J., PANIKKAR N.M.V., HEMETNER, C., AND STOCKER-WÖRGÖTTE, E. 2015 European Species of Subaerial Green Alga Trentepohlia annulata (Trentepohliales, Ulvophyceae) Caused Blood Rain in Kerala, India. J Phylogen Evolution Biol 3: 144 < URL
- ^ http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/unravelling-the-blood-rain-mystery/article7057859.ece
External links
Scientific references
Scientific databases
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