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rvv. This desc. of the Sundaland origin hypothesis has been copypasted over and over, and it's wrongly worded. OOS is identical to the OOT hypothesis actually, except for an older timeline and a different landmass origin.
This is a 2011 study. So I think it's important that it's mentioned.
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Polynesians, including [[Samoans]], [[Tongans]], [[Niueans]], [[Cook Islanders|Cook Islands Māori]], [[Tahitians|Tahitian Mā'ohi]], [[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiian Māoli]], [[Marquesas Islands|Marquesans]] and [[Māori people|New Zealand Māori]], are a subset of the [[Austronesian peoples]]. They share the same origins as the indigenous peoples of [[maritime Southeast Asia]], [[Madagascar]], and [[Taiwanese aborigines|Taiwan]]. This is supported by [[DNA evidence|genetic]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = | first1 = | year = 2005 | title = Mitochondrial DNA Provides a Link between Polynesians and Indigenous Taiwanese | url = | journal = PLoS Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 8| page = e281 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030281 }}</ref> linguistic<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090122141146.htm|title=Pacific People Spread From Taiwan, Language Evolution Study Shows|date=27 January 2009|work=ScienceDaily|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> and archaeological evidence.
Polynesians, including [[Samoans]], [[Tongans]], [[Niueans]], [[Cook Islanders|Cook Islands Māori]], [[Tahitians|Tahitian Mā'ohi]], [[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiian Māoli]], [[Marquesas Islands|Marquesans]] and [[Māori people|New Zealand Māori]], are a subset of the [[Austronesian peoples]]. They share the same origins as the indigenous peoples of [[maritime Southeast Asia]], [[Madagascar]], and [[Taiwanese aborigines|Taiwan]]. This is supported by [[DNA evidence|genetic]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = | first1 = | year = 2005 | title = Mitochondrial DNA Provides a Link between Polynesians and Indigenous Taiwanese | url = | journal = PLoS Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 8| page = e281 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030281 }}</ref> linguistic<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090122141146.htm|title=Pacific People Spread From Taiwan, Language Evolution Study Shows|date=27 January 2009|work=ScienceDaily|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> and archaeological evidence.


The most widely accepted theory is that modern Austronesians originated from migrations out of [[Taiwanese aborigines|Taiwan]] between 3000 and 1000 BC. However, Soares ''et al.'' (2008) have argued for an older pre-[[Holocene]] [[Sundaland]] origin within Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) based on [[mitochondrial DNA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news130761648.html |title=Climate Change and Postglacial Human Dispersals in Southeast Asia | author=Dr. Martin Richards |publisher=Oxford Journals | accessdate=2010}}</ref>
The most widely accepted theory is that modern Austronesians originated from migrations out of [[Taiwanese aborigines|Taiwan]] between 3000 and 1000 BC. However, Soares ''et al.'' (2008) have argued for an older pre-[[Holocene]] [[Sundaland]] origin within Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) based on [[mitochondrial DNA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news130761648.html |title=Climate Change and Postglacial Human Dispersals in Southeast Asia | author=Dr. Martin Richards |publisher=Oxford Journals | accessdate=2010}}</ref> Polynesians may have arrived in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea at least 6,000 to 8,000 years ago, via Indonesia, and presumably left the mainland about 10,000 years ago.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/science/08obpolynesia.html</ref>


Paternal [[Y chromosome]] analysis by Kayser ''et al.'' (2000) also showed that Polynesians have significant [[Melanesia]]n genetic admixture.<ref>M. Kayser, S. Brauer, G. Weiss, P.A. Underhill, L. Roewer, W. Schiefenhövel, and M. Stoneking, "Melanesian origin of Polynesian Y chromosomes," ''Current Biology'', vol. 10, no. 20, pages 1237-1246 (19 Oct. 2000). See also correction in: ''Current Biology'', vol. 11, no. 2, pages 141-142 (23 Jan. 2001).</ref> However, a follow-up study by Kayser ''et al.'' (2008) discovered that only 21% of the Polynesian autosomal gene pool is of Melanesian origin, with the rest (79%) being of East Asian origin.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kayser | first1 = Manfred | last2 = Lao | first2 = Oscar | last3 = Saar | first3 = Kathrin | last4 = Brauer | first4 = Silke | last5 = Wang | first5 = Xingyu | last6 = Nürnberg | first6 = Peter | last7 = Trent | first7 = Ronald J. | last8 = Stoneking | first8 = Mark | year = 2008 | title = Genome-wide analysis indicates more Asian than Melanesian ancestry of Polynesians | url = | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 82 | issue = 1| pages = 194–198 | doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.010}}</ref> Another study by Friedlaender ''et al.'' (2008) also confirmed that Polynesians are closer genetically to Micronesians, Taiwanese Aborigines, and East Asians, than to Melanesians. The study concluded that Polynesians moved through Melanesia fairly rapidly, allowing only limited admixture between Austronesians and Melanesians.<ref>Friedlaender, Jonathan S., Françoise R. Friedlaender, Floyd A. Reed, Kenneth K. Kidd, Judith R. Kidd, Geoffrey K. Chambers, Rodney A. Lea et al. "The genetic structure of Pacific Islanders." PLoS genetics 4, no. 1 (2008): e19.</ref> Thus the high frequencies of B4a1a1 are the result of drift and represents the descendants of a very few successful East Asian females.<ref>Assessing Y-chromosome Variation in the South Pacific Using Newly Detected, By Krista Erin Latham [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wSeSv6qWoroC&pg=PA105&dq=very+few+successful+East+Asian+women+polynesian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mIHbVKjqM8ndPeCEgbAM&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=very%20few%20successful%20East%20Asian%20women%20polynesian&f=false]</ref>
Paternal [[Y chromosome]] analysis by Kayser ''et al.'' (2000) also showed that Polynesians have significant [[Melanesia]]n genetic admixture.<ref>M. Kayser, S. Brauer, G. Weiss, P.A. Underhill, L. Roewer, W. Schiefenhövel, and M. Stoneking, "Melanesian origin of Polynesian Y chromosomes," ''Current Biology'', vol. 10, no. 20, pages 1237-1246 (19 Oct. 2000). See also correction in: ''Current Biology'', vol. 11, no. 2, pages 141-142 (23 Jan. 2001).</ref> However, a follow-up study by Kayser ''et al.'' (2008) discovered that only 21% of the Polynesian autosomal gene pool is of Melanesian origin, with the rest (79%) being of East Asian origin.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kayser | first1 = Manfred | last2 = Lao | first2 = Oscar | last3 = Saar | first3 = Kathrin | last4 = Brauer | first4 = Silke | last5 = Wang | first5 = Xingyu | last6 = Nürnberg | first6 = Peter | last7 = Trent | first7 = Ronald J. | last8 = Stoneking | first8 = Mark | year = 2008 | title = Genome-wide analysis indicates more Asian than Melanesian ancestry of Polynesians | url = | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 82 | issue = 1| pages = 194–198 | doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.010}}</ref> Another study by Friedlaender ''et al.'' (2008) also confirmed that Polynesians are closer genetically to Micronesians, Taiwanese Aborigines, and East Asians, than to Melanesians. The study concluded that Polynesians moved through Melanesia fairly rapidly, allowing only limited admixture between Austronesians and Melanesians.<ref>Friedlaender, Jonathan S., Françoise R. Friedlaender, Floyd A. Reed, Kenneth K. Kidd, Judith R. Kidd, Geoffrey K. Chambers, Rodney A. Lea et al. "The genetic structure of Pacific Islanders." PLoS genetics 4, no. 1 (2008): e19.</ref> Thus the high frequencies of B4a1a1 are the result of drift and represents the descendants of a very few successful East Asian females.<ref>Assessing Y-chromosome Variation in the South Pacific Using Newly Detected, By Krista Erin Latham [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wSeSv6qWoroC&pg=PA105&dq=very+few+successful+East+Asian+women+polynesian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mIHbVKjqM8ndPeCEgbAM&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=very%20few%20successful%20East%20Asian%20women%20polynesian&f=false]</ref>

Revision as of 04:27, 1 October 2015

Polynesians
Total population
2,000,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
 New Zealand350,000[2]
 USA300,000
Languages
English and Polynesian languages (Tahitian, Samoan, Tongan, Māori, Hawaiian and others)
Religion
Christianity (96.1%)[3] and Polynesian mythology[4]

The Polynesian people consists of various ethnic groups that speak Polynesian languages, a branch of the Oceanic languages, and inhabit Polynesia. The native Polynesian people of New Zealand and Hawaii are minorities in their homelands.

Origins

See also: Austronesian peoples and Polynesia § History of the Polynesian people
The Polynesian spread of colonization in the Pacific
Polynesian warrior canoes

Polynesians, including Samoans, Tongans, Niueans, Cook Islands Māori, Tahitian Mā'ohi, Hawaiian Māoli, Marquesans and New Zealand Māori, are a subset of the Austronesian peoples. They share the same origins as the indigenous peoples of maritime Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and Taiwan. This is supported by genetic,[5] linguistic[6] and archaeological evidence.

The most widely accepted theory is that modern Austronesians originated from migrations out of Taiwan between 3000 and 1000 BC. However, Soares et al. (2008) have argued for an older pre-Holocene Sundaland origin within Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) based on mitochondrial DNA.[7] Polynesians may have arrived in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea at least 6,000 to 8,000 years ago, via Indonesia, and presumably left the mainland about 10,000 years ago.[8]

Paternal Y chromosome analysis by Kayser et al. (2000) also showed that Polynesians have significant Melanesian genetic admixture.[9] However, a follow-up study by Kayser et al. (2008) discovered that only 21% of the Polynesian autosomal gene pool is of Melanesian origin, with the rest (79%) being of East Asian origin.[10] Another study by Friedlaender et al. (2008) also confirmed that Polynesians are closer genetically to Micronesians, Taiwanese Aborigines, and East Asians, than to Melanesians. The study concluded that Polynesians moved through Melanesia fairly rapidly, allowing only limited admixture between Austronesians and Melanesians.[11] Thus the high frequencies of B4a1a1 are the result of drift and represents the descendants of a very few successful East Asian females.[12]

Peoples

Female dancers of the Hawaii Islands depicted by Louis Choris, c. 1816
A portrait of Māori man, by Gottfried Lindauer.
Kava ('ava) makers (aumaga) of Samoa. A woman seated between two men with the round tanoa (or laulau) wooden bowl in front. Standing is a third man, distributor of the 'ava, holding the coconut shell cup (tauau) used for distributing the beverage.

The Polynesian peoples are shown below in their distinctive cultural groupings (populations of the larger groups are shown):

Eastern Polynesia

Western Polynesia

Polynesian outliers

Estimated total population: 2 million[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Polynesian men a global sports commodity - Stuff.co.nz
  2. ^ Population Movement in the Pacific: A Perspective on Future Prospects. Wellington: New Zealand Department of Labour
  3. ^ Christianity in its Global Context, 1970–2020 Society, Religion, and Mission, Center for the Study of Global Christianity
  4. ^ Victoria University of Wellington, New view of Polynesian conversion to Christianity, 4 Apr 2014
  5. ^ "Mitochondrial DNA Provides a Link between Polynesians and Indigenous Taiwanese". PLoS Biology. 3 (8): e281. 2005. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030281.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ "Pacific People Spread From Taiwan, Language Evolution Study Shows". ScienceDaily. 27 January 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  7. ^ Dr. Martin Richards. "Climate Change and Postglacial Human Dispersals in Southeast Asia". Oxford Journals. Retrieved 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  8. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/science/08obpolynesia.html
  9. ^ M. Kayser, S. Brauer, G. Weiss, P.A. Underhill, L. Roewer, W. Schiefenhövel, and M. Stoneking, "Melanesian origin of Polynesian Y chromosomes," Current Biology, vol. 10, no. 20, pages 1237-1246 (19 Oct. 2000). See also correction in: Current Biology, vol. 11, no. 2, pages 141-142 (23 Jan. 2001).
  10. ^ Kayser, Manfred; Lao, Oscar; Saar, Kathrin; Brauer, Silke; Wang, Xingyu; Nürnberg, Peter; Trent, Ronald J.; Stoneking, Mark (2008). "Genome-wide analysis indicates more Asian than Melanesian ancestry of Polynesians". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 194–198. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.010.
  11. ^ Friedlaender, Jonathan S., Françoise R. Friedlaender, Floyd A. Reed, Kenneth K. Kidd, Judith R. Kidd, Geoffrey K. Chambers, Rodney A. Lea et al. "The genetic structure of Pacific Islanders." PLoS genetics 4, no. 1 (2008): e19.
  12. ^ Assessing Y-chromosome Variation in the South Pacific Using Newly Detected, By Krista Erin Latham [1]

External links

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