Rio Grande Project: Difference between revisions

Rio Grande Project
	Map of the Rio Grande drainage basin
General statistics
Begun	1905
Completed	1952
Dams and reservoirs	Elephant Butte; Caballo; Percha (diversion); Leasburg (diversion); Mesilla (diversion); American (diversion); Riverside (diversion); Picacho North (flood control); Picacho South (flood control)
Power plants	Elephant Butte (27.95 MW)
Operations
Storage capacity	2,453,413 acre⋅ft (3.026240 km3)
Land irrigated	193,000 acres (78,000 ha)
Power plant capacity	27.95 MW
	v; t; e;

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The Rio Grande Project is a United States Bureau of Reclamation irrigation, hydroelectricity, flood control, and interbasin water transfer project serving the upper Rio Grande basin in the southwestern United States. The project irrigates 193,000 acres (780 km²) along the river in the states of New Mexico and Texas.^[1] Approximately 60 percent of this land is in New Mexico. Some water is also allotted to Mexico to irrigate some 25,000 acres (100 km²) on the south side of the river. The project was authorized in 1905,^[2] but its final features were not implemented until the early 1950s.

The project consists of two large storage dams, 6 small diversion dams, two flood-control dams, 596 miles (959 km) of canals and their branches and 465 miles (748 km) of drainage channels and pipes. A small hydroelectric plant at one of the project's dams also supplies electricity to the region.^[3]

History

The first people to use the waters of the Rio Grande were the Pueblo Indians, who used simple irrigation systems that were noted by the Spanish in the 16th century while conducting expeditions from Mexico to North America. In the mid-19th century, American settlers began intensive irrigation development of the Rio Grande watershed. Small dikes, dams, canals, and other irrigation works were constructed along the Rio Grande and its tributaries. The river would take out some of these primitive structures in its annual floods, and a large, coordinated project would be needed to construct permanent replacements. However, investigations to begin this project did not begin until the early twentieth century.

Like many rivers of the American Southwest, runoff in the Rio Grande basin is limited and varies widely from year to year.^[4] By the 1890s, water use in the upper basin was so great that the river's flow near El Paso, Texas, was reduced to a trickle in dry summers. To resolve these problems, plans were drafted up for a large storage dam at Elephant Butte, about 120 miles (190 km) downstream of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The Newlands Reclamation Act was passed in 1902, authorizing the Rio Grande Project as a Bureau of Reclamation undertaking. For the next two years, surveyors and engineers undertook a comprehensive feasibility study for the project's dams and reservoirs.

The first elements of the project to be built were the Leasburg Diversion Dam and about 6 miles (9.7 km) of supporting canal, begun in 1906 and finished in 1908. Elephant Butte Dam, the largest dam on the Rio Grande, was authorized by the United States Congress on February 15, 1905. Construction began in 1908, when groundworks were laid. Conflicts over the lands to be submerged under the future reservoir bogged down the project for a while, but work resumed in 1912 and the reservoir began to fill by 1915. The Franklin Canal was an existing 1890 canal purchased by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1912 and rebuilt from 1914 to 1915. The Mesilla and Percha Diversion Dams, East Side Canal, West Side Canal, Rincon Valley Canal, and an extension of the Leasburg Canal were built in the period between 1914 and 1919.^[3]

In the late 1910s, a problem developed with rising local groundwater levels caused by irrigation. In response, Reclamation began planning for the extensive 465-mile (748 km) drainage system of the Rio Grande Project in 1916. Contracts for the construction of these drainage systems, as well as distribution canals (laterals) were not awarded until the period from 1917 to 1918. Before 1929, the entire irrigation system would be overhauled. This involved repairing, rebuilding and extending old canals; and construction of new laterals. Work is still in progress, as agricultural development in the region continues to grow.^[3]

The last major components of the project were constructed from the 1930s to the early 1950s. Caballo Dam, the second major storage facility of the project located north of Truth or Consequences, New Mexico was built from 1936-1938. Caballo was built to provide flood protection for the projects downstream, stabilize outflows from Elephant Butte, and replace storage lost in Elephant Butte Reservoir due to sedimentation. With the benefit of flow regulation, a small hydroelectric plant was completed in 1940 at the base of Elephant Butte Dam. The construction of power transmission lines was begun in 1940, and was finally completed by 1952.^[3]^[5]

Components of the project

Elephant Butte Dam

The Elephant Butte Dam (also referred to as Elephant Butte Dike) is the main storage facility for the Rio Grande Project. It is a 1,674 ft (510 m) long concrete gravity dam standing 193 ft (59 m) above the river and 301 ft (92 m) high from its foundations. The dam is 228 feet (69 m) thick at the base and tapers to about 18 feet (5.5 m) thick at the crest.^[6] The dam took 629,500 cubic yards (481,300 m³) of material to construct.

The full volume of Elephant Butte Reservoir is some 2,109,423 acre⋅ft (2.601935×10⁹ m³), accounting for about 85% of the project's storage capacity. The outlet works of the dam can release 10,800 cu ft/s (310 m³/s), while the service spillway can release 34,750 cu ft/s (984 m³/s).^[6]

The reservoir and dam receive water from a catchment of 28,900 square miles (75,000 km²), about 16% of the Rio Grande's total drainage area.^[6] The Elephant Butte hydroelectric station is a base load power plant that draws water from the reservoir and has a capacity of 27.95 megawatts.^[7]

Caballo Dam

Caballo Dam is the second major storage dam of the Rio Grande Project, located about 25 miles (40 km) below Elephant Butte. The dam is 78 feet (24 m) high above the river, 96 feet (29 m) high from its foundations, and 4,558 feet (1,389 m) long. It forms the Caballo Reservoir, which can store up to 343,990 acre⋅ft (0.42431 km³) of water.

The outlet works can release 5,000 cubic feet (140 m³) cubic feet per second, while the spillway has a capacity of 33,200 cubic feet (940 m³) per second.^[8] The dam has no power generation facilities, although it has been proposed that a small hydroelectric plant be installed at its base for local irrigation districts.^[9]

Percha Diversion Dam and Rincon Valley Main Canal

Percha Diversion Dam lies downstream from and 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the Caballo Dam. It consists of a concrete overflow section flanked by earthen wing dikes totaling 2,489 ft (759 m) in length, standing 19 feet (5.8 m) high above the riverbed and 29 feet (8.8 m) above its foundations. .^[10] The dam diverts water into the Rincon Valley Main Canal, which is 28.1 miles (45.2 km) long and has a capacity of 350 cu ft/s (9.9 m³/s). Water from the canal irrigates 16,260 acres (6,580 ha) of land in the Rincon Valley.^[3]

Leasburg Diversion Dam and Canal

Leasburg Diversion Dam is downstream and nearly identical in design to the Percha Diversion Dam. It is 7 feet (2.1 m) high above the river and 10 feet (3.0 m) high above its foundations. The dam and adjacent dikes total 3,922.3 feet (1,195.5 m) in length. The dam's spillway is a broad-crested weir about 600 feet (180 m) long with a capacity of 17,000 cu ft/s (480 m³/s).^[11] The dam diverts water into the 13.7-mile (22.0 km) Leasburg Canal, which irrigates 31,600 acres (12,800 ha) of land in the upper Mesilla Valley. The canal has a capacity of 625 cubic feet (17.7 m³) per second.

Pichacho North and South Dams

Pichacho North and Pichacho South dams impound North Pichacho Arroyo and South Pichacho Arroyo, respectively, to provide flood protection for the Leasburg Canal. Both arroyos are ephemeral, and so the dams operate only during storm events. The dams were both built in the 1950s.

Pichacho North is an earthfill dam 38 feet (12 m) high above the streambed, 41 feet (12 m) high above its foundations, and 1,610 feet (490 m) long. It has an uncontrolled crest spillway that is 200 feet (61 m) long. It controls floods from a drainage area of 11 square miles (28 km²).^[12]
Pichacho South stands 26 feet (7.9 m) high above the arroyo and 30 feet (9.1 m) from its foundations. The dam is 3,945 feet (1,202 m) long. Its spillway is of similar design to that of North Pichacho, and is 100 feet (30 m) long. The dam provides flood protection for an area of 6 square miles (16 km²).^[13]

Mesilla Diversion Dam and Canals

Mesilla Diversion Dam, upstream side. The headworks of one of the canals are visible in the center.

The Mesilla Diversion Dam is located about 40 miles (64 km) upstream of El Paso and consists of a gated overflow structure. The dam is 10 feet (3.0 m) high above the Rio Grande, 22 feet (6.7 m) high above its foundations, and measures 303 feet (92 m) long. The spillway has a capacity of 15,000 cu ft/s (420 m³/s).^[14] The dam diverts water into the East Side Canal and West Side Canal, which provide irrigation water to 53,650 acres (21,710 ha) of land in the lower Mesilla Valley. The East Side Canal is 13.5 miles (21.7 km) long, and has a capacity of 300 cu ft/s (8.5 m³/s). The West Side Canal is larger at 23.4 miles (37.7 km) long, and has a capacity of 650 cu ft/s (18 m³/s). Near its end, the West Side Canal crosses underneath the Rio Grande via the Montoya Siphon.^[3]

American Diversion Dam and Canals

The American Diversion Dam is a gated dam flanked by earthen dikes about 2 miles (3.2 km) northwest of El Paso and just above the Mexico – United States border. It is 5 feet (1.5 m) high above the riverbed, and 18 feet (5.5 m) from crest to foundation. The spillway is 286 feet (87 m) long and has a capacity of 12,000 cu ft/s (340 m³/s).^[15] The dam diverts water into the American Canal, which carries up to 1,200 cubic feet per second (34 m³/s) of water for 2.1 miles (3.4 km) to the beginning of the Franklin Canal. The Franklin Canal is 28.4 miles (45.7 km) long and takes water into the El Paso Valle, where it irrigates 17,000 acres (69 km²).^[3]

Riverside Diversion Dam and Canals

Riverside Diversion Dam is the lowermost dam of the Rio Grande Project. The dam is 8 feet (2.4 m) above the streambed, 17.5 feet (5.3 m) above its foundations, and 267 feet (81 m) long. Its service spillway consists of six 16 ft (4.9 m)x8.17 ft (2.49 m) radial gates, and an uncontrolled overflow weir serves as an emergency spillway.^[16] The Riverside Canal carries water 17.2 miles (27.7 km) to the El Paso Valley, and has a capacity of about 900 cu ft/s (25 m³/s). The Tornillo Canal, with a capacity of 325 cu ft/s (9.2 m³/s), branches 12 miles (19 km) off the Riverside Canal. Excess waters from the canals are diverted to irrigate about 18,000 acres (7,300 ha) in Hudspeth County, Texas.^[3]

Effects

Benefits

The Rio Grande Project furnishes irrigation water year-round to a long, narrow area of 178,000 acres (72,000 ha)^[2] in the Rio Grande Valley in south-central New Mexico and western Texas. Crops grown in the region include grain, pecans, alfalfa, cotton, and many types of vegetables. Power generated at the Elephant Butte power plant is distributed through an electrical grid totaling 490 miles (790 km) of 115-kilovolt transmission lines and 11 substations. Originally built by Reclamation, the power grid remained under its ownership until 1977, when it was sold to a local company.^[7]

Caballo and Elephant Butte reservoirs are both popular recreational areas. Elephant Butte Reservoir, with 36,897 acres (149.32 km²) of water at full pool, is popular for swimming, boating, and fishing. Cabins, fishing tackle, and boat rental services are available at the reservoir. Downstream Caballo Reservoir, with an area of 11,500 acres (47 km²), is also a popular site for picnicking, fishing and boating. Elephant Butte Lake State Park and Caballo Lake State Park serve the two reservoirs, respectively.^[3]

Negative impacts

Even before the Rio Grande Project, the waters of the Rio Grande were already overtaxed by human development in the region. At the end of the 19th century, there were some 925 diversions of the river in the state of Colorado alone. In 1896, it was affirmed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) that the river's flow was decreasing by 200,000 acre-feet (250,000,000 m³) annually.^{[dubious – discuss]} The river has run dry many times since the 1950s at Big Bend National Park. At El Paso, Texas, the river is non-existent for much of the year. Tributaries of the river, both on the Mexican and American sides, have been diverted heavily for irrigation. The Rio Grande is said to be "one of the most stressed river basins in the world".^[17] In 2001, the river failed to reach the Gulf of Mexico but instead ended 500 feet (150 m) from the shore behind a sandbar, "not with a roar but with a whimper in the sand".^[18]

The river's decreasing flow has posed problems for international security. In the past, the river was wide, deep and fast-flowing in its section through Texas, where it forms a large section of the Mexico – United States border. Illegal immigrants once had to swim across the river at the border, but with the river so low immigrants need only wade across for most of the year. Other than extensive diversions, exotic introduced, fast-growing and water-consuming plants, such as water hyacinth and hydrilla, are also leading to reduced flows.The United States government has recently attempted to slow or stop the progress of these weeds by introducing insects and fish that feed on the invasive plants.^[18]

References

^ "Rio Grande Project (Third Draft)". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b "Rio Grande Project". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Rio Grande Project: New Mexico and Texas". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Rio Grande Running Dry". Off the Kuff. 2003. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
^ "Rio Grande Project: Home". Retrieved April 10, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Elephant Butte Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b "Elephant Butte Powerplant". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Caballo Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Walkoviak, Larry (August 8, 2011). "Notice of Intent to Accept Proposals, Select Lessee, and Contract for Hydroelectric Power Development at Caballo Dam, Rio Grande Project, New Mexico". Federal Register. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
^ "Percha Diversion Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Leasburg Diversion Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Pichacho North Dam". Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Pichacho South Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Mesilla Diversion Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "American Diversion Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Riverside Diversion Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Mexico, US Suffer as Rio Grande Sucked Dry". Planet Ark. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
^ ^a ^b "US border patrols tackle flood of problems as Rio Grande runs dry". BNET. Retrieved April 10, 2009. ^{[dead link‍]}

External links

[hist-1] "Rio Grande Project (Third Draft)". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[hsw-2] "Rio Grande Project". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved April 10, 2009.

[usbr1-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Rio Grande Project: New Mexico and Texas". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[4] "Rio Grande Running Dry". Off the Kuff. 2003. Retrieved April 10, 2009.

[home-5] "Rio Grande Project: Home". Retrieved April 10, 2009.

[eb-6] "Elephant Butte Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[power-7] "Elephant Butte Powerplant". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[8] "Caballo Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[9] Walkoviak, Larry (August 8, 2011). "Notice of Intent to Accept Proposals, Select Lessee, and Contract for Hydroelectric Power Development at Caballo Dam, Rio Grande Project, New Mexico". Federal Register. Retrieved January 2, 2012.

[10] "Percha Diversion Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[11] "Leasburg Diversion Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[12] "Pichacho North Dam". Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[13] "Pichacho South Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[14] "Mesilla Diversion Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[15] "American Diversion Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[16] "Riverside Diversion Dam". United States Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[17] "Mexico, US Suffer as Rio Grande Sucked Dry". Planet Ark. Retrieved April 10, 2009.

[bnet-18] "US border patrols tackle flood of problems as Rio Grande runs dry". BNET. Retrieved April 10, 2009. ^{[dead link‍]}

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@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 }}
-The '''Rio Grande Project''' is a [[United States Bureau of Reclamation]] [[irrigation]], [[hydroelectricity]], [[flood control]], and [[Interbasin transfer|interbasin water transfer]] project serving the upper [[Rio Grande]] basin in the southwestern [[United States]]. The project irrigates {{convert|193000|acre|km2}} along the river in the states of [[New Mexico]] and [[Texas]].<ref name=hist>
+The '''Rio Grande Project''' is a [[United States Bureau of Reclamation]] [[irrigation]], [[hydroelectricity]], [[flood control]], and [[Interbasin transfer|interbasin water transfer]] project serving the upper [[Rio Grande]] basin in the southwestern [[United States]]. The project irrigates {{convert|193000|acre|km2}} along the river in the states of [[New Mexico]] and [[Texas]].<ref name=hist>{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/riograndeh.html |title=Rio Grande Project (Third Draft) |publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation |accessdate=April 10, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090310121224/http://www.usbr.gov:80/dataweb/html/riograndeh.html |archivedate=March 10, 2009 }}
-{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/riograndeh.html|title=Rio Grande Project (Third Draft)|publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation|accessdate=April 10, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
 </ref> Approximately 60 percent of this land is in New Mexico. Some water is also allotted to [[Mexico]] to irrigate some {{convert|25000|acre|km2}} on the south side of the river. The project was authorized in 1905,<ref name=hsw>
 {{cite web|url=http://reference.howstuffworks.com/rio-grande-project-encyclopedia.htm|title=Rio Grande Project|publisher=HowStuffWorks|accessdate=April 10, 2009}}
 </ref> but its final features were not implemented until the early 1950s.
-The project consists of two large storage dams, 6 small [[diversion dam]]s, two flood-control dams, {{convert|596|mi|km}} of [[canal]]s and their branches and {{convert|465|mi|km}} of drainage channels and pipes. A small [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] plant at one of the project's dams also supplies electricity to the region.<ref name=usbr1>
+The project consists of two large storage dams, 6 small [[diversion dam]]s, two flood-control dams, {{convert|596|mi|km}} of [[canal]]s and their branches and {{convert|465|mi|km}} of drainage channels and pipes. A small [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] plant at one of the project's dams also supplies electricity to the region.<ref name=usbr1>{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/riogrande.html#development |title=Rio Grande Project: New Mexico and Texas |publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation |accessdate=April 10, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090118034123/http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/riogrande.html |archivedate=January 18, 2009 }}
-{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/riogrande.html#development|title=Rio Grande Project: New Mexico and Texas|publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation|accessdate=April 10, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
 </ref>
 {{TOClimit|2}}
@@ Line 74: / Line 72: @@
 [[Image:Elephant butte dike.jpg|thumb|right|Elephant Butte Dam]]
 {{main|Elephant Butte Dam}}
-The Elephant Butte Dam (also referred to as Elephant Butte Dike) is the main storage facility for the Rio Grande Project. It is a {{convert|1674|ft|m|abbr=on}} long concrete gravity dam standing {{convert|193|ft|m|abbr=on}} above the river and {{convert|301|ft|m|abbr=on}} high from its foundations. The dam is {{convert|228|ft|m}} thick at the base and tapers to about {{convert|18|ft|m}} thick at the crest.<ref name=eb>
+The Elephant Butte Dam (also referred to as Elephant Butte Dike) is the main storage facility for the Rio Grande Project. It is a {{convert|1674|ft|m|abbr=on}} long concrete gravity dam standing {{convert|193|ft|m|abbr=on}} above the river and {{convert|301|ft|m|abbr=on}} high from its foundations. The dam is {{convert|228|ft|m}} thick at the base and tapers to about {{convert|18|ft|m}} thick at the crest.<ref name=eb>{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm00129.htm |title=Elephant Butte Dam |publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation |accessdate=April 10, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090118041206/http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm00129.htm |archivedate=January 18, 2009 }}
-{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm00129.htm|title=Elephant Butte Dam|publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation|accessdate=April 10, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
 </ref> The dam took {{convert|629500|yd3|m3}} of material to construct.
 The full volume of [[Elephant Butte Reservoir]] is some {{convert|2109423|acre.ft|m3|abbr=on}}, accounting for about 85% of the project's storage capacity. The [[outlet works]] of the dam can release {{convert|10800|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}, while the service [[spillway]] can release {{convert|34750|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name=eb/>
-The reservoir and dam receive water from a [[Drainage basin|catchment]] of {{convert|28900|sqmi|km2}}, about 16% of the Rio Grande's total drainage area.<ref name=eb/> The Elephant Butte hydroelectric station is a [[base load power plant]] that draws water from the reservoir and has a capacity of 27.95 [[megawatt]]s.<ref name=power>
+The reservoir and dam receive water from a [[Drainage basin|catchment]] of {{convert|28900|sqmi|km2}}, about 16% of the Rio Grande's total drainage area.<ref name=eb/> The Elephant Butte hydroelectric station is a [[base load power plant]] that draws water from the reservoir and has a capacity of 27.95 [[megawatt]]s.<ref name=power>{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/power/data/sites/elephant/elephant.html |title=Elephant Butte Powerplant |publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation |accessdate=April 10, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090118044022/http://www.usbr.gov/power/data/sites/elephant/elephant.html |archivedate=January 18, 2009 }}
-{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/power/data/sites/elephant/elephant.html|title=Elephant Butte Powerplant|publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation|accessdate=April 10, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
 </ref>
@@ Line 89: / Line 85: @@
 Caballo Dam is the second major storage dam of the Rio Grande Project, located about {{convert|25|mi|km}} below Elephant Butte. The dam is {{convert|78|ft|m}} high above the river, {{convert|96|ft|m}} high from its foundations, and {{convert|4558|ft|m}} long. It forms the Caballo Reservoir, which can store up to {{convert|343990|acre feet|km3|abbr=on}} of water.
-The outlet works can release {{convert|5000|ft3|m3}} cubic feet per second, while the spillway has a capacity of  {{convert|33200|ft3|m3}} per second.<ref>
+The outlet works can release {{convert|5000|ft3|m3}} cubic feet per second, while the spillway has a capacity of  {{convert|33200|ft3|m3}} per second.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm00131.htm |title=Caballo Dam |publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation |accessdate=April 10, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090118041732/http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm00131.htm |archivedate=January 18, 2009 }}
-{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm00131.htm|title=Caballo Dam|publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation|accessdate=April 10, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
 </ref> The dam has no power generation facilities, although it has been proposed that a small hydroelectric plant be installed at its base for local irrigation districts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Walkoviak, Larry|url=http://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2011/09/22/2011-24335/notice-of-intent-to-accept-proposals-select-lessee-and-contract-for-hydroelectric-power-development|title=Notice of Intent to Accept Proposals, Select Lessee, and Contract for Hydroelectric Power Development at Caballo Dam, Rio Grande Project, New Mexico|publisher=Federal Register|work=|date=2011-08-08|accessdate=2012-01-02}}</ref>
@@ Line 96: / Line 91: @@
 {{main|Percha Diversion Dam}}
 [[Percha Diversion Dam]] lies downstream from and {{convert|1|mi|km}} west of the Caballo Dam. It consists of a concrete overflow section flanked by earthen wing dikes totaling {{convert|2489|ft|m|abbr=on}} in length, standing {{convert|19|ft|m}} high above the riverbed and {{convert|29|ft|m}} above its foundations.
+.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm82927.htm |title=Percha Diversion Dam |publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation |accessdate=April 10, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090118041719/http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm82927.htm |archivedate=January 18, 2009 }}
-.<ref>
-{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm82927.htm|title=Percha Diversion Dam|publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation|accessdate=April 10, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
 </ref> The dam diverts water into the Rincon Valley Main Canal, which is {{convert|28.1|mi|km}} long and has a capacity of {{convert|350|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Water from the canal irrigates {{convert|16260|acre|ha|abbr=on}} of land in the Rincon Valley.<ref name=usbr1/>
@@ Line 103: / Line 97: @@
 [[Image:Leasburgdiverdam.jpg|thumb|right|Leasburg Diversion Dam]]
 {{main|Leasburg Diversion Dam}}
-[[Leasburg Diversion Dam]] is downstream and nearly identical in design to the Percha Diversion Dam. It is {{convert|7|ft|m}} high above the river and {{convert|10|ft|m}} high above its foundations. The dam and adjacent dikes total {{convert|3922.3|ft|m}} in length. The dam's spillway is a broad-crested [[weir]] about {{convert|600|ft|m}} long with a capacity of {{convert|17000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}.<ref>
+[[Leasburg Diversion Dam]] is downstream and nearly identical in design to the Percha Diversion Dam. It is {{convert|7|ft|m}} high above the river and {{convert|10|ft|m}} high above its foundations. The dam and adjacent dikes total {{convert|3922.3|ft|m}} in length. The dam's spillway is a broad-crested [[weir]] about {{convert|600|ft|m}} long with a capacity of {{convert|17000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm00007.htm |title=Leasburg Diversion Dam |publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation |accessdate=April 10, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090118042924/http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm00007.htm |archivedate=January 18, 2009 }}
-{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm00007.htm|title=Leasburg Diversion Dam|publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation|accessdate=April 10, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
 </ref> The dam diverts water into the {{convert|13.7|mi|km|adj=on}} Leasburg Canal, which irrigates {{convert|31600|acre|ha|abbr=on}} of land in the upper Mesilla Valley. The canal has a capacity of {{convert|625|ft3|m3}} per second.
 ===Pichacho North and South Dams===
 Pichacho North and Pichacho South dams impound North Pichacho Arroyo and South Pichacho Arroyo, respectively, to provide flood protection for the Leasburg Canal. Both arroyos are [[ephemeral]], and so the dams operate only during storm events. The dams were both built in the 1950s.
-*Pichacho North is an earthfill dam {{convert|38|ft|m}} high above the streambed, {{convert|41|ft|m}} high above its foundations, and {{convert|1610|ft|m}} long. It has an uncontrolled crest spillway that is {{convert|200|ft|m}} long. It controls floods from a drainage area of {{convert|11|sqmi|km2}}.<ref>
+*Pichacho North is an earthfill dam {{convert|38|ft|m}} high above the streambed, {{convert|41|ft|m}} high above its foundations, and {{convert|1610|ft|m}} long. It has an uncontrolled crest spillway that is {{convert|200|ft|m}} long. It controls floods from a drainage area of {{convert|11|sqmi|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/picacho_north.htm |title=Pichacho North Dam |accessdate=April 10, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090118043625/http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/picacho_north.htm |archivedate=January 18, 2009 }}
-{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/picacho_north.htm|title=Pichacho North Dam|accessdate=April 10, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
 </ref>
-*Pichacho South stands {{convert|26|ft|m}} high above the arroyo and {{convert|30|ft|m}} from its foundations. The dam is {{convert|3945|ft|m}} long. Its spillway is of similar design to that of North Pichacho, and is {{convert|100|ft|m}} long. The dam provides flood protection for an area of {{convert|6|sqmi|km2}}.<ref>
+*Pichacho South stands {{convert|26|ft|m}} high above the arroyo and {{convert|30|ft|m}} from its foundations. The dam is {{convert|3945|ft|m}} long. Its spillway is of similar design to that of North Pichacho, and is {{convert|100|ft|m}} long. The dam provides flood protection for an area of {{convert|6|sqmi|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/picacho_south.htm |title=Pichacho South Dam |publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation |accessdate=April 10, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090118041358/http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/picacho_south.htm |archivedate=January 18, 2009 }}
-{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/picacho_south.htm|title=Pichacho South Dam|publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation|accessdate=April 10, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
 </ref>
@@ Line 119: / Line 110: @@
 [[Image:Mesilladiverdam.jpg|thumb|right|Mesilla Diversion Dam, upstream side. The headworks of one of the canals are visible in the center.]]
 {{main|Mesilla Diversion Dam}}
-The [[Mesilla Diversion Dam]] is located about {{convert|40|mi|km}} upstream of El Paso and consists of a gated overflow structure. The dam is {{convert|10|ft|m}} high above the Rio Grande, {{convert|22|ft|m}} high above its foundations, and measures {{convert|303|ft|m}} long. The spillway has a capacity of {{convert|15000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}.<ref>
+The [[Mesilla Diversion Dam]] is located about {{convert|40|mi|km}} upstream of El Paso and consists of a gated overflow structure. The dam is {{convert|10|ft|m}} high above the Rio Grande, {{convert|22|ft|m}} high above its foundations, and measures {{convert|303|ft|m}} long. The spillway has a capacity of {{convert|15000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm00008.htm |title=Mesilla Diversion Dam |publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation |accessdate=April 10, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090118043252/http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm00008.htm |archivedate=January 18, 2009 }}
-{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm00008.htm|title=Mesilla Diversion Dam|publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation|accessdate=April 10, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
 </ref> The dam diverts water into the East Side Canal and West Side Canal, which provide irrigation water to {{convert|53650|acre|ha|abbr=on}} of land in the lower Mesilla Valley. The East Side Canal is {{convert|13.5|mi|km}} long, and has a capacity of {{convert|300|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}. The West Side Canal is larger at {{convert|23.4|mi|km}} long, and has a capacity of {{convert|650|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Near its end, the West Side Canal crosses underneath the Rio Grande via the Montoya Siphon.<ref name=usbr1/>
 ===American Diversion Dam and Canals===
 {{main|American Diversion Dam|American Canal}}
-The [[American Diversion Dam]] is a gated dam flanked by earthen dikes about {{convert|2|mi|km}} northwest of El Paso and just above the [[Mexico – United States border]]. It is {{convert|5|ft|m}} high above the riverbed, and {{convert|18|ft|m}} from crest to foundation. The spillway is {{convert|286|ft|m}} long and has a capacity of {{convert|12000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}.<ref>
+The [[American Diversion Dam]] is a gated dam flanked by earthen dikes about {{convert|2|mi|km}} northwest of El Paso and just above the [[Mexico – United States border]]. It is {{convert|5|ft|m}} high above the riverbed, and {{convert|18|ft|m}} from crest to foundation. The spillway is {{convert|286|ft|m}} long and has a capacity of {{convert|12000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm82924.htm |title=American Diversion Dam |publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation |accessdate=April 10, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090118042222/http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm82924.htm |archivedate=January 18, 2009 }}
-{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/nm82924.htm|title=American Diversion Dam|publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation|accessdate=April 10, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
 </ref> The dam diverts water into the American Canal, which carries up to {{convert|1200|cuft/s|m3/s}} of water for {{convert|2.1|mi|km}} to the beginning of the Franklin Canal. The Franklin Canal is {{convert|28.4|mi|km}} long and takes water into the El Paso Valle, where it irrigates {{convert|17000|acre|km2}}.<ref name=usbr1/>
 ===Riverside Diversion Dam and Canals===
 {{main|Riverside Diversion Dam}}
-[[Riverside Diversion Dam]] is the lowermost dam of the Rio Grande Project. The dam is {{convert|8|ft|m}} above the streambed, {{convert|17.5|ft|m}} above its foundations, and {{convert|267|ft|m}} long. Its service spillway consists of six {{convert|16|ft|m|abbr=on}}x{{convert|8.17|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[radial gate]]s, and an uncontrolled overflow weir serves as an emergency spillway.<ref>
+[[Riverside Diversion Dam]] is the lowermost dam of the Rio Grande Project. The dam is {{convert|8|ft|m}} above the streambed, {{convert|17.5|ft|m}} above its foundations, and {{convert|267|ft|m}} long. Its service spillway consists of six {{convert|16|ft|m|abbr=on}}x{{convert|8.17|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[radial gate]]s, and an uncontrolled overflow weir serves as an emergency spillway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/tx00025.htm |title=Riverside Diversion Dam |publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation |accessdate=April 10, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090118041411/http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/tx00025.htm |archivedate=January 18, 2009 }}
-{{cite web|url=http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/tx00025.htm|title=Riverside Diversion Dam|publisher=United States Bureau of Reclamation|accessdate=April 10, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
 </ref> The Riverside Canal carries water {{convert|17.2|mi|km}} to the El Paso Valley, and has a capacity of about {{convert|900|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}. The Tornillo Canal, with a capacity of {{convert|325|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}, branches {{convert|12|mi|km}} off the Riverside Canal. Excess waters from the canals are diverted to irrigate about {{convert|18000|acre|ha|abbr=on}} in [[Hudspeth County, Texas]].<ref name=usbr1/>

v t e Rio Grande dams and diversions
Projects	Rio Grande Project Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District Middle Rio Grande Project San Juan–Chama Project Closed Basin Project
Storage dams	Rio Grande Platoro Heron El Vado Abiquiu Cochiti Galisteo Jemez Canyon Elephant Butte Caballo Amistad Falcon
Diversion dams	Angostura Isleta San Acacia Percha Leasburg Mesilla American International Riverside
Pecos River dams	Sumner Dam Santa Rosa Dam Brantley Dam Avalon Dam Red Bluff Dam