Comparison of crewed space vehicles: Difference between revisions

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A number of different spacecraft have been used to carry people to and from space.

Orbital space vehicles

Legend for below table: [under development] — [retired,canceled] — [operational,inactive]

Spacecraft	Origin	Manufacturer	Range	Launch system	Crew size	Length (m)	Diameter (m)	Launch mass (kg)	Power system	Generated power (W)	First flight*	Last flight	Flights*
Apollo	USA	North American Aviation Grumman and Douglas	Lunar	Saturn IB Saturn V	3		3.91	5,500 CM + 14,700 LM 24,500 Service Module	Fuel cells		1967 (1966)	1975	15 (4)^{[note 1]}
Gemini	USA	McDonnell Aircraft Martin	LEO	Titan II GLV Titan IIIC^{[note 2]}	2	5.56	3.05		Fuel cells		1965 (1964)	1966	10 (2)^{[note 1]}
Mercury	USA	McDonnell Aircraft North American Aviation	LEO attained	Redstone MRLV Atlas LV-3B	1	3.34	1.89		Batteries		1961 (1960)	1963	6 (12)^{[note 3]}
Shenzhou	China		LEO	Chang Zheng 2F	3	9.25	2.80	7,840	Solar panels	1,450	2003 (1999)	Active	5 (5)
Voskhod	Soviet Union	OKB-1	LEO	Voskhod	3^{[note 4]}	5	2.4		Batteries	n/a	1964 (1964)	1965	2 (3)
Vostok	Soviet Union	OKB-1	LEO first	Vostok-K	1	4.4	2.43	4,725	Batteries	n/a	1961 (1960)	1963	6 (7)^{[note 5]}
Soyuz 7K-OK	Soviet Union	OKB-1	LEO	Soyuz	3	7.48	2.72		Solar panels		1967 (1966)	1970	8 (8)^{[note 6]}
Soyuz 7KT-OK	Soviet Union	OKB-1	LEO	Soyuz	3	7.48	2.72		Solar panels		1971	1971	2^{[note 7]}
Soyuz 7K-T	Soviet Union	OKB-1	LEO	Soyuz Soyuz-U	2	7.48	2.72		Batteries		1973	1981	26 (4)^{[note 8]}
Soyuz 7K-T-AF	Soviet Union	OKB-1	LEO	Soyuz	2	7.48	2.72		Solar panels		1973	1973	1
Soyuz 7K-TM	Soviet Union	OKB-1	LEO	Soyuz-U	2	7.48	2.72		Solar panels		1974	1975	2 (2)
Soyuz 7K-MF6	Soviet Union	OKB-1	LEO	Soyuz-U	2	7.48	2.72		Solar panels		1976	1976	1
Soyuz-T	Soviet Union	OKB-1	LEO	Soyuz-U Soyuz-U2	3	7.48	2.72		Solar panels		1978	1986	15 (6)^{[note 9]}
Soyuz-TM	Soviet Union Russia	RKK Energia	LEO	Soyuz-U2 Soyuz-U	3	7.48	2.72		Solar panels		1986	2002	33 (1)
Buran	Soviet Union	RKK Energia	LEO	Energia	10	36.37			Fuel cells		1988	1988	1
Soyuz-TMA 11F732	Russia	RKK Energia	LEO	Soyuz-FG	3	7.48	2.72		Solar panels		2002	2012	22
Soyuz TMA-M 11F747	Russia	RKK Energia	LEO	Soyuz-FG	3	7.48	2.72	7,150	Solar panels	1,000	2010	2016	19
Soyuz MS ?	Russia	RKK Energia	LEO	Soyuz-FG	3	7.48	2.72		Solar panels		2016	Active	1
Biconic Space Vehicle	USA	Blue Origin	LEO	Orbital Reusable Booster System
CST-100	USA	Boeing	LEO	multiple, initially Atlas V	7 ^[1]	5.03 m ^[2]	4.56 m ^[2]				Planned: 2018 (2017)
Dream Chaser Space System	USA	Sierra Nevada Corporation	LEO	multiple, initially Atlas V	7 ^[3]^[4]	9.0 m ^[5]		11,300 kg ^[6]
Federatsiya ?	Russia	RKK Energia	LEO						Solar panels		2021 or later
Space Shuttle orbiter	USA	United Space Alliance	LEO	Space Shuttle	8^{[note 10]}			109,000	Fuel cells		1981	2011	135^{[note 11]}
Orion	USA	Lockheed Martin Astrium	Mars	Delta IV Heavy Space Launch System	4		5	8,900 Capsule 12,300 Service Module	Solar Panels		Planned: 2021 (2014)		0 (1)^{[note 12]}
Dragon V2	USA	SpaceX	Lunar	Falcon 9 full thrust	7^{[note 13]}		3.7		Solar Panels		Planned: 2017 (2016)		0

* - Format: Manned (Unmanned), includes failures

Suborbital space vehicles

Legend for below table: [under development] — [retired,canceled] — [operational,inactive]

Spacecraft	Origin	Manufacturer	Range	Launch system	Crew size	Launch mass (kg)	First flight*	Last flight	Flights*
SpaceShipOne	USA	Scaled Composites	112 km X Prize	White Knight Hybrid Motor	3	3,600	2004	2004	3^{[note 14]}
X-15	USA	North American Aviation	108 km altitude	B-52 Ammonia-LOX	1	15,420	1963	1963	2^{[note 15]}
New Shepard	USA	Blue Origin		N/A			(2015)		0 (2)^{[note 15]}
SpaceShipTwo	USA	The Spaceship Company	110 km Kármán line+10	White Knight Two RocketMotorTwo	8^{[note 16]}	9,740	2016 ?		0^{[note 17]}

* - Format: Manned (Unmanned), includes failures

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b Not including Boilerplate tests
^ One unmanned launch on Titan IIIC ahead of proposed use in MOL programme
^ Including 2 suborbital flights, not including Boilerplate tests
^ Able to carry three cosmonauts without spacesuits, or two with spacesuits; both combinations flown
^ Unmanned flight count includes two launch failures
^ Manned flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 1 lost due to parachute failure upon landing.
^ Manned flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 11 depressurised during reentry.
^ Manned flights include one launch failure - abort during third stage flight, recovered after suborbital flight
^ Manned flights include one launch failure (SAS (launch escape system) used ~70 seconds before planned liftoff due to fire on launch pad - crew survived)
^ No missions carried more than eight astronauts, although higher crew sizes were theoretically possible, for example recovering the crew of a stranded orbiter.
^ Includes two fatal accidents; STS-51-L disintegrated during ascent, STS-107 damaged during ascent, disintegrated during reentry.
^ Including unmanned test around 2014
^ Number of seats will probably be a multiple of the 3 crew member rotations for the ISS
^ Does not include manned atmospheric flights
^ ^a ^b Does not include atmospheric flights, or missions considered spaceflights by the US definition but not the internationally-accepted definition
^ 2 crew + 6 passengers
^ Does not include manned atmospheric flights

References

^ "Commercial Human Spaceflight Plan Unveiled". Aviation Week. July 20, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Burghardt, Mike (August 2011). "Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System" (PDF). Boeing. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
^ "Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden" (Press release). Dryden Flight Research Center: NASA. 2010-12-17. Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2012-08-29. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). "Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA". New York Times. p. D1. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Wade, Mark (2014). "Dream Chaser". Encyclopedia Astronautix. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Sirangelo, Mark (August 2011). "NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation". Spacevidcast. Retrieved 2011-08-16. Sirangelo, Mark (24 August 2014). "Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)". AmericaSpace.

[BP-1] Not including Boilerplate tests

[2] One unmanned launch on Titan IIIC ahead of proposed use in MOL programme

[3] Including 2 suborbital flights, not including Boilerplate tests

[4] Able to carry three cosmonauts without spacesuits, or two with spacesuits; both combinations flown

[5] Unmanned flight count includes two launch failures

[6] Manned flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 1 lost due to parachute failure upon landing.

[7] Manned flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 11 depressurised during reentry.

[8] Manned flights include one launch failure - abort during third stage flight, recovered after suborbital flight

[9] Manned flights include one launch failure (SAS (launch escape system) used ~70 seconds before planned liftoff due to fire on launch pad - crew survived)

[16] No missions carried more than eight astronauts, although higher crew sizes were theoretically possible, for example recovering the crew of a stranded orbiter.

[17] Includes two fatal accidents; STS-51-L disintegrated during ascent, STS-107 damaged during ascent, disintegrated during reentry.

[18] Including unmanned test around 2014

[19] Number of seats will probably be a multiple of the 3 crew member rotations for the ISS

[20] Does not include manned atmospheric flights

[def-21] Does not include atmospheric flights, or missions considered spaceflights by the US definition but not the internationally-accepted definition

[22] 2 crew + 6 passengers

[23] Does not include manned atmospheric flights

[aw20100720-10] "Commercial Human Spaceflight Plan Unveiled". Aviation Week. July 20, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2010.

[boeing201108-11] Burghardt, Mike (August 2011). "Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System" (PDF). Boeing. Retrieved May 8, 2014.

[subNAS-12] "Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden" (Press release). Dryden Flight Research Center: NASA. 2010-12-17. Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2012-08-29. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[AutoIQ-2-13] Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). "Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA". New York Times. p. D1. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[AutoIQ-3-14] Wade, Mark (2014). "Dream Chaser". Encyclopedia Astronautix. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Mark-15] Sirangelo, Mark (August 2011). "NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation". Spacevidcast. Retrieved 2011-08-16. Sirangelo, Mark (24 August 2014). "Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)". AmericaSpace.

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Revision as of 16:57, 30 July 2016

Orbital space vehicles

Suborbital space vehicles

Footnotes

See also

References