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'''Abdelwahid Aboud Mackaye''' (born 1953)<ref name="JA">{{cite web|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/partenariat/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN10028letrinoille0&part=35|title=- Le triumvirat de la rébellion - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique|date=11 February 2008|work=JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> is a [[Chad]]ian insurgent leader involved in the war to topple the [[Heads of State of Chad|Chadian President]] [[Idriss Déby]]. Originally a fighter in the [[Democratic Revolutionary Council]] (CDR) militia during the first [[Civil war in Chad (1965–1979)|Chadian Civil War]], under Déby he became a civil servant before defecting to the rebels in 2003. After having been for a time first in the [[United Front for Democratic Change|FUC]] and later in the [[Union of Forces for Democracy and Development|UFDD]], he has founded in 2007 the [[UFDD-Fundamental]], which has participated in February 2008 to the unsuccessful [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|attack on N'Djamena]].
'''Abdelwahid Aboud Mackaye''' (born 1953)<ref name="JA">{{cite web|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/partenariat/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN10028letrinoille0&part=35 |title=- Le triumvirat de la rébellion - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique |date=11 February 2008 |work=JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM |accessdate=24 September 2014 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is a [[Chad]]ian insurgent leader involved in the war to topple the [[Heads of State of Chad|Chadian President]] [[Idriss Déby]]. Originally a fighter in the [[Democratic Revolutionary Council]] (CDR) militia during the first [[Civil war in Chad (1965–1979)|Chadian Civil War]], under Déby he became a civil servant before defecting to the rebels in 2003. After having been for a time first in the [[United Front for Democratic Change|FUC]] and later in the [[Union of Forces for Democracy and Development|UFDD]], he has founded in 2007 the [[UFDD-Fundamental]], which has participated in February 2008 to the unsuccessful [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|attack on N'Djamena]].


A [[Missiria Arab]],<ref>http://www.ssrc.org/blog/2008/02/04/making-sense-of-chad/</ref> Abdelwahid was born in 1953 near to [[Oum Hadjer]] in [[Batha Region|Batha]]. He fought as a CDR militian in 1980 in the [[second battle of N'Djamena]] which saw confronted the President [[Goukouni Oueddei]] and his Defence Minister [[Hissène Habré]]; during the confrontation Abdelwahid was wounded, and since then he has always limped. Successively he became a civil servant, and occupying under the government of Idriss Déby the office of subprefect.<ref name="JA"/>
A [[Missiria Arab]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssrc.org/blog/2008/02/04/making-sense-of-chad/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-02-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208233211/http://www.ssrc.org:80/blog/2008/02/04/making-sense-of-chad/ |archivedate=2008-02-08 |df= }}</ref> Abdelwahid was born in 1953 near to [[Oum Hadjer]] in [[Batha Region|Batha]]. He fought as a CDR militian in 1980 in the [[second battle of N'Djamena]] which saw confronted the President [[Goukouni Oueddei]] and his Defence Minister [[Hissène Habré]]; during the confrontation Abdelwahid was wounded, and since then he has always limped. Successively he became a civil servant, and occupying under the government of Idriss Déby the office of subprefect.<ref name="JA"/>


In 2003 Abdelwahid broke with Déby and passed in open rebellion.<ref name="JA"/> He became secretary-general of the [[Chad]]ian [[Rebellion|rebel]] group FIDEL, and, after the group's union with other organizations, one of the leaders of the newly formed [[United Front for Democratic Change]] (FUC) rebel alliance, founded in December 2005 and under the presidency of [[Mahamat Nour Abdelkerim]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://protection.unsudanig.org/data/darfur/papers/ICG%20-%20To%20Save%20Darfur%20(Mar06).pdf.|title=unsudanig.org|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref>
In 2003 Abdelwahid broke with Déby and passed in open rebellion.<ref name="JA"/> He became secretary-general of the [[Chad]]ian [[Rebellion|rebel]] group FIDEL, and, after the group's union with other organizations, one of the leaders of the newly formed [[United Front for Democratic Change]] (FUC) rebel alliance, founded in December 2005 and under the presidency of [[Mahamat Nour Abdelkerim]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://protection.unsudanig.org/data/darfur/papers/ICG%20-%20To%20Save%20Darfur%20(Mar06).pdf.|title=unsudanig.org|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref>


On January 19, 2006, Abdelwahid was arrested, along with nineteen other rebels, after participating in an [[interview]] to [[Radio France Internationale]] in the [[Sudan]]ese capital of [[Khartoum]], in which he stated that "FUC's relations with the Sudanese government are friendly - very close", and argued that this was in line with the tradition under which successive Chadian rebellions had seized power with some degree of support from Khartoum.<ref>{{cite news| title = Rebels admit ‘friendly’ ties with Sudan but deny receiving support| publisher = [[IRIN]] | date = 2006-01-18| url =http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=51203&SelectRegion=West_Africa&SelectCountry=CHAD}}</ref> The Sudanese government repeatedly denied the accusation of [[Chadian President]] [[Idriss Déby]] that the [[Sudanese government]] was providing financial and material support to the FUC. He was released from jail shortly after.<ref>{{cite news | title = Sudan arrests 20 Chadian rebels in Khartoum | publisher = Reuters ([[ReliefWeb]])| date = 2006-01-20| url = http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ABES-6L8S53?OpenDocument}}</ref> His arrest was denounced by the [[Dakar]]-based human rights organization {{Ill|fr|Rencontre africaine pour la défense des droits de l'homme}} (RADDHO)<ref>http://www.panapress.com/freenewspor.asp?code=por028799&dte=25/01/2006</ref>
On January 19, 2006, Abdelwahid was arrested, along with nineteen other rebels, after participating in an [[interview]] to [[Radio France Internationale]] in the [[Sudan]]ese capital of [[Khartoum]], in which he stated that "FUC's relations with the Sudanese government are friendly - very close", and argued that this was in line with the tradition under which successive Chadian rebellions had seized power with some degree of support from Khartoum.<ref>{{cite news| title = Rebels admit ‘friendly’ ties with Sudan but deny receiving support| publisher = [[IRIN]] | date = 2006-01-18| url =http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=51203&SelectRegion=West_Africa&SelectCountry=CHAD}}</ref> The Sudanese government repeatedly denied the accusation of [[Chadian President]] [[Idriss Déby]] that the [[Sudanese government]] was providing financial and material support to the FUC. He was released from jail shortly after.<ref>{{cite news | title = Sudan arrests 20 Chadian rebels in Khartoum | publisher = Reuters ([[ReliefWeb]])| date = 2006-01-20| url = http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ABES-6L8S53?OpenDocument}}</ref> His arrest was denounced by the [[Dakar]]-based human rights organization {{Ill|fr|Rencontre africaine pour la défense des droits de l'homme}} (RADDHO)<ref>http://www.panapress.com/freenewspor.asp?code=por028799&dte=25/01/2006{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


Abdelwahid organized in April together with Nour the [[Battle of N'Djamena (2006)|attack on the capital]], which ended in a defeat for the rebels.<ref name="JA"/> During those days Déby arrested for fear of collusion with the rebels the general Ahmat Fadoul Makaye, the Chadian army's Deputy Chief of Staff and cousin of Abdelwahid. He was cleared of all suspicions and freed three days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN23046lagueeinife0|title=- La guerre est-elle finie ? - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique|date=25 April 2006|work=JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> The latter was removed on September 26 with Issa Moussa Tamboulé from the FUC's political bureau; he was allegedly suspected of secretly plotting with the Déby government.<ref>{{cite news| last = Doud| first = Mahamat Saleh| title = Est du Tchad : Des coups bas aux faits sur le terrain| language = French| publisher = Alwihda | date = 2006-10-05| url =http://www.africatime.com/Tchad/popup.asp?no_nouvelle=283736}}{{fr icon}}</ref> Around the same time Abdelwahid, who represented an Arab faction increasingly hostile to Nour since his failed attack, using his position of secretary-general destituted Nour.<ref>http://www.tchadactuel.com/presse.php?2006/10/01/310-la-nieme-destitution-du-capitaine-mahamat-nour</ref>
Abdelwahid organized in April together with Nour the [[Battle of N'Djamena (2006)|attack on the capital]], which ended in a defeat for the rebels.<ref name="JA"/> During those days Déby arrested for fear of collusion with the rebels the general Ahmat Fadoul Makaye, the Chadian army's Deputy Chief of Staff and cousin of Abdelwahid. He was cleared of all suspicions and freed three days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN23046lagueeinife0|title=- La guerre est-elle finie ? - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique|date=25 April 2006|work=JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> The latter was removed on September 26 with Issa Moussa Tamboulé from the FUC's political bureau; he was allegedly suspected of secretly plotting with the Déby government.<ref>{{cite news| last = Doud| first = Mahamat Saleh| title = Est du Tchad : Des coups bas aux faits sur le terrain| language = French| publisher = Alwihda | date = 2006-10-05| url =http://www.africatime.com/Tchad/popup.asp?no_nouvelle=283736}}{{fr icon}}</ref> Around the same time Abdelwahid, who represented an Arab faction increasingly hostile to Nour since his failed attack, using his position of secretary-general destituted Nour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tchadactuel.com/presse.php?2006%2F10%2F01%2F310-la-nieme-destitution-du-capitaine-mahamat-nour |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-02-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204025843/http://www.tchadactuel.com:80/presse.php?2006/10/01/310-la-nieme-destitution-du-capitaine-mahamat-nour |archivedate=2008-02-04 |df= }}</ref>


Following this, Abdelwahid with a group of FUC dissidents united with [[Acheikh ibn Oumar]]'s Democratic Revolutionary Council (CDR) and [[Mahamat Nouri]]'s [[Union of Forces for Progress and Democracy]] (UFPD) to found on October 22 the [[Union of Forces for Democracy and Development]] (UFDD).<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20628450-1702,00.html</ref>
Following this, Abdelwahid with a group of FUC dissidents united with [[Acheikh ibn Oumar]]'s Democratic Revolutionary Council (CDR) and [[Mahamat Nouri]]'s [[Union of Forces for Progress and Democracy]] (UFPD) to found on October 22 the [[Union of Forces for Democracy and Development]] (UFDD).<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20628450-1702,00.html</ref>


In April 2007, a major crisis shook the UFDD, when the Vice-President Acheikh ibn Oumar demanded Nouri a major role to his men in movement's apparatus. Nouri refused and expelled Acheikh and consolidated the control of his ethnic group, the [[Gorane]], over the UFDD<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN29047lesretnerih0|title=- Les rebelles se déchirent - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique|date=30 April 2007|work=JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref>
In April 2007, a major crisis shook the UFDD, when the Vice-President Acheikh ibn Oumar demanded Nouri a major role to his men in movement's apparatus. Nouri refused and expelled Acheikh and consolidated the control of his ethnic group, the [[Gorane]], over the UFDD<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN29047lesretnerih0 |title=- Les rebelles se déchirent - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique |date=30 April 2007 |work=JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM |accessdate=24 September 2014 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


After Acheikh, also Abdelwahid, anxious to retake his freedom of movement from Nouri, left the UFDD and founded in May with Acheikh a new armed group, the [[Union of Forces for Democracy and Development-Fundamental]] (UFDD-F),<ref name="JA"/> an Arab-dominated group<ref>"Une alliance de circonstance entre les groupes rebelles tchadiens", ''[[Le Monde]]'', 4-2-2008.</ref> estimated to count on about 500 militians.<ref>http://www.apanews.net/apa.php/apa.php?page=ido_show_article&id_article=48768</ref><ref name="arms">http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/files/portal/spotlight/sudan/Sudan_pdf/SIB%209%20Chadian%20instability.pdf</ref>
After Acheikh, also Abdelwahid, anxious to retake his freedom of movement from Nouri, left the UFDD and founded in May with Acheikh a new armed group, the [[Union of Forces for Democracy and Development-Fundamental]] (UFDD-F),<ref name="JA"/> an Arab-dominated group<ref>"Une alliance de circonstance entre les groupes rebelles tchadiens", ''[[Le Monde]]'', 4-2-2008.</ref> estimated to count on about 500 militians.<ref>http://www.apanews.net/apa.php/apa.php?page=ido_show_article&id_article=48768</ref><ref name="arms">http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/files/portal/spotlight/sudan/Sudan_pdf/SIB%209%20Chadian%20instability.pdf</ref>


Abdelwahid took part to the peace talks held through [[Libya]]n mediation in [[Tripoli]] between the Chadian government and the leaders of four rebel movements, the UFDD with Nouri, the [[Rassemblement des Forces pour le Changement]] (RFC) with [[Timane Erdimi]], The [[Chadian National Concord]] with [[Hassan Saleh al-Djinedi]] and the UFDD-F. At the beginning of the talks on June 23, Abdelwahid stated that the "problem is mostly of a constitutional order", adding that they "demand a [[Constitution of Chad|revision of the constitution]] to reopen the road to transition".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/debut-negociations-a87232.html|title=D but des négociations à Tripoli entre gouvernement et rebelles tchadiens Atlasvista Maroc|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> An important stage in the talks was reached on October 3 when the government and the four rebel groups signed an accord in Tripoli on power-sharing in the government and the integration of the rebel forces in the [[Military of Chad|Chadian army]]. Among the rebel leaders, Abdelwahid was the only one to call the paper signed a "definitive accord", while the others only considered it provisional.<ref>http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=APA34427pouvoerreug0</ref> Due to the latters objection the four rebel leaders signed on October 25 a new [[Surt accord|accord in Surt]], presumed to be definitive, under which the armed movements would disarm in November and become political parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afrik.com/article12766.html|title=Gouvernement et rebelles tchadiens signent un accord de paix en Libye|date=26 October 2007|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref>
Abdelwahid took part to the peace talks held through [[Libya]]n mediation in [[Tripoli]] between the Chadian government and the leaders of four rebel movements, the UFDD with Nouri, the [[Rassemblement des Forces pour le Changement]] (RFC) with [[Timane Erdimi]], The [[Chadian National Concord]] with [[Hassan Saleh al-Djinedi]] and the UFDD-F. At the beginning of the talks on June 23, Abdelwahid stated that the "problem is mostly of a constitutional order", adding that they "demand a [[Constitution of Chad|revision of the constitution]] to reopen the road to transition".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/debut-negociations-a87232.html|title=D but des négociations à Tripoli entre gouvernement et rebelles tchadiens Atlasvista Maroc|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> An important stage in the talks was reached on October 3 when the government and the four rebel groups signed an accord in Tripoli on power-sharing in the government and the integration of the rebel forces in the [[Military of Chad|Chadian army]]. Among the rebel leaders, Abdelwahid was the only one to call the paper signed a "definitive accord", while the others only considered it provisional.<ref>http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=APA34427pouvoerreug0{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Due to the latters objection the four rebel leaders signed on October 25 a new [[Surt accord|accord in Surt]], presumed to be definitive, under which the armed movements would disarm in November and become political parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afrik.com/article12766.html|title=Gouvernement et rebelles tchadiens signent un accord de paix en Libye|date=26 October 2007|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref>


The accord was broken already on November 26, giving way to violent fighting between the rebels and the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN02127pourqsirper0|title=- Pourquoi la guerre a repris - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique|date=3 December 2007|work=JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> In December, due to Sudanese pressures, reapproached himself to Nouri and Erdimi,<ref name="JA"/> forming with them in mid-December a Unified Military Command with [[Abderahman Koulamallah]] as spokesman. Abdelwahit claimed that after his bases within Sudan were attacked twice by the [[Chad Air Force]], first on December 28 and later on January 6, 2008.<ref>"Chad declares right to pursue rebels in Sudan after bombings", AFP, 8-1-2008.</ref>
The accord was broken already on November 26, giving way to violent fighting between the rebels and the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN02127pourqsirper0|title=- Pourquoi la guerre a repris - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique|date=3 December 2007|work=JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> In December, due to Sudanese pressures, reapproached himself to Nouri and Erdimi,<ref name="JA"/> forming with them in mid-December a Unified Military Command with [[Abderahman Koulamallah]] as spokesman. Abdelwahit claimed that after his bases within Sudan were attacked twice by the [[Chad Air Force]], first on December 28 and later on January 6, 2008.<ref>"Chad declares right to pursue rebels in Sudan after bombings", AFP, 8-1-2008.</ref>

Revision as of 11:01, 2 October 2016

Abdelwahid Aboud Mackaye (born 1953)[1] is a Chadian insurgent leader involved in the war to topple the Chadian President Idriss Déby. Originally a fighter in the Democratic Revolutionary Council (CDR) militia during the first Chadian Civil War, under Déby he became a civil servant before defecting to the rebels in 2003. After having been for a time first in the FUC and later in the UFDD, he has founded in 2007 the UFDD-Fundamental, which has participated in February 2008 to the unsuccessful attack on N'Djamena.

A Missiria Arab,[2] Abdelwahid was born in 1953 near to Oum Hadjer in Batha. He fought as a CDR militian in 1980 in the second battle of N'Djamena which saw confronted the President Goukouni Oueddei and his Defence Minister Hissène Habré; during the confrontation Abdelwahid was wounded, and since then he has always limped. Successively he became a civil servant, and occupying under the government of Idriss Déby the office of subprefect.[1]

In 2003 Abdelwahid broke with Déby and passed in open rebellion.[1] He became secretary-general of the Chadian rebel group FIDEL, and, after the group's union with other organizations, one of the leaders of the newly formed United Front for Democratic Change (FUC) rebel alliance, founded in December 2005 and under the presidency of Mahamat Nour Abdelkerim.[3]

On January 19, 2006, Abdelwahid was arrested, along with nineteen other rebels, after participating in an interview to Radio France Internationale in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum, in which he stated that "FUC's relations with the Sudanese government are friendly - very close", and argued that this was in line with the tradition under which successive Chadian rebellions had seized power with some degree of support from Khartoum.[4] The Sudanese government repeatedly denied the accusation of Chadian President Idriss Déby that the Sudanese government was providing financial and material support to the FUC. He was released from jail shortly after.[5] His arrest was denounced by the Dakar-based human rights organization fr [Rencontre africaine pour la défense des droits de l'homme] (RADDHO)[6]

Abdelwahid organized in April together with Nour the attack on the capital, which ended in a defeat for the rebels.[1] During those days Déby arrested for fear of collusion with the rebels the general Ahmat Fadoul Makaye, the Chadian army's Deputy Chief of Staff and cousin of Abdelwahid. He was cleared of all suspicions and freed three days later.[7] The latter was removed on September 26 with Issa Moussa Tamboulé from the FUC's political bureau; he was allegedly suspected of secretly plotting with the Déby government.[8] Around the same time Abdelwahid, who represented an Arab faction increasingly hostile to Nour since his failed attack, using his position of secretary-general destituted Nour.[9]

Following this, Abdelwahid with a group of FUC dissidents united with Acheikh ibn Oumar's Democratic Revolutionary Council (CDR) and Mahamat Nouri's Union of Forces for Progress and Democracy (UFPD) to found on October 22 the Union of Forces for Democracy and Development (UFDD).[10]

In April 2007, a major crisis shook the UFDD, when the Vice-President Acheikh ibn Oumar demanded Nouri a major role to his men in movement's apparatus. Nouri refused and expelled Acheikh and consolidated the control of his ethnic group, the Gorane, over the UFDD[11]

After Acheikh, also Abdelwahid, anxious to retake his freedom of movement from Nouri, left the UFDD and founded in May with Acheikh a new armed group, the Union of Forces for Democracy and Development-Fundamental (UFDD-F),[1] an Arab-dominated group[12] estimated to count on about 500 militians.[13][14]

Abdelwahid took part to the peace talks held through Libyan mediation in Tripoli between the Chadian government and the leaders of four rebel movements, the UFDD with Nouri, the Rassemblement des Forces pour le Changement (RFC) with Timane Erdimi, The Chadian National Concord with Hassan Saleh al-Djinedi and the UFDD-F. At the beginning of the talks on June 23, Abdelwahid stated that the "problem is mostly of a constitutional order", adding that they "demand a revision of the constitution to reopen the road to transition".[15] An important stage in the talks was reached on October 3 when the government and the four rebel groups signed an accord in Tripoli on power-sharing in the government and the integration of the rebel forces in the Chadian army. Among the rebel leaders, Abdelwahid was the only one to call the paper signed a "definitive accord", while the others only considered it provisional.[16] Due to the latters objection the four rebel leaders signed on October 25 a new accord in Surt, presumed to be definitive, under which the armed movements would disarm in November and become political parties.[17]

The accord was broken already on November 26, giving way to violent fighting between the rebels and the government.[18] In December, due to Sudanese pressures, reapproached himself to Nouri and Erdimi,[1] forming with them in mid-December a Unified Military Command with Abderahman Koulamallah as spokesman. Abdelwahit claimed that after his bases within Sudan were attacked twice by the Chad Air Force, first on December 28 and later on January 6, 2008.[19]

By the end of January, the three rebels leaders put on the ground 3,000 men for an attack on the capital to deal onca and for all with Déby. The forces reach the capital, but are defeated after a battle that leaves 160 dead on the ground, forcing the rebels to retreat.[20]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f "- Le triumvirat de la rébellion - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique". JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2014.[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2008-02-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ "unsudanig.org". Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  4. ^ "Rebels admit 'friendly' ties with Sudan but deny receiving support". IRIN. 2006-01-18.
  5. ^ "Sudan arrests 20 Chadian rebels in Khartoum". Reuters (ReliefWeb). 2006-01-20.
  6. ^ http://www.panapress.com/freenewspor.asp?code=por028799&dte=25/01/2006[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ "- La guerre est-elle finie ? - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique". JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM. 25 April 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  8. ^ Doud, Mahamat Saleh (2006-10-05). "Est du Tchad : Des coups bas aux faits sur le terrain" (in French). Alwihda.Template:Fr icon
  9. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-02-04. Retrieved 2008-02-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ^ http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20628450-1702,00.html
  11. ^ "- Les rebelles se déchirent - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique". JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM. 30 April 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2014.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ "Une alliance de circonstance entre les groupes rebelles tchadiens", Le Monde, 4-2-2008.
  13. ^ http://www.apanews.net/apa.php/apa.php?page=ido_show_article&id_article=48768
  14. ^ http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/files/portal/spotlight/sudan/Sudan_pdf/SIB%209%20Chadian%20instability.pdf
  15. ^ "D but des négociations à Tripoli entre gouvernement et rebelles tchadiens Atlasvista Maroc". Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  16. ^ http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=APA34427pouvoerreug0[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ "Gouvernement et rebelles tchadiens signent un accord de paix en Libye". 26 October 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  18. ^ "- Pourquoi la guerre a repris - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique". JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM. 3 December 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  19. ^ "Chad declares right to pursue rebels in Sudan after bombings", AFP, 8-1-2008.
  20. ^ "- La bataille de N'Djamena - Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique". JEUNEAFRIQUE.COM. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
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