Application security

Application security encompasses measures taken throughout the code's life-cycle to prevent gaps in the security policy of an application or the underlying system (vulnerabilities) through flaws in the design, development, deployment, upgrade, or maintenance or database of the application.

Applications only control the kind of resources granted to them, and not which resources are granted to them. They, in turn, determine the use of these resources by users of the application through application security.

Methodology

According to the patterns & practices Improving Web Application Security book, a principle-based approach for application security includes:

• Knowing the threats.
• Securing the network, host and application..
• Incorporating security into your software development process

Note that this approach is technology / platform independent. It is focused on principles, patterns, and practices.

Threats, attacks, vulnerabilities, and countermeasures

According to the patterns & practices Improving Web Application Security book, the following terms are relevant to application security:

• Asset. A resource of value such as the data in a database or on the file system, or a system resource.
• Threat. Anything that can exploit a vulnerability and obtain, damage, or destroy an asset.
• Vulnerability. A weakness or gap in security program that can be exploited by threats to gain unauthorized access to an asset.
• Attack (or exploit). An action taken to harm an asset.
• Countermeasure. A safeguard that addresses a threat and mitigates risk.

Application threats / attacks

According to the patterns & practices Improving Web Application Security book, the following are classes of common application security threats / attacks:

Category	Threats / Attacks
Input Validation	Buffer overflow; cross-site scripting; SQL injection; canonicalization
Software Tampering	Attacker modifies an existing application's runtime behavior to perform unauthorized actions; exploited via binary patching, code substitution, or code extension
Authentication	Network eavesdropping ; Brute force attack; dictionary attacks; cookie replay; credential theft
Authorization	Elevation of privilege; disclosure of confidential data; data tampering; luring attacks
Configuration management	Unauthorized access to administration interfaces; unauthorized access to configuration stores; retrieval of clear text configuration data; lack of individual accountability; over-privileged process and service accounts
Sensitive information	Access sensitive code or data in storage; network eavesdropping; code/data tampering
Session management	Session hijacking; session replay; man in the middle
Cryptography	Poor key generation or key management; weak or custom encryption
Parameter manipulation	Query string manipulation; form field manipulation; cookie manipulation; HTTP header manipulation
Exception management	Information disclosure; denial of service
Auditing and logging	User denies performing an operation; attacker exploits an application without trace; attacker covers his or her tracks

Mobile application security

Main article: Mobile security

The proportion of mobile devices providing open platform functionality is expected to continue to increase in future. The openness of these platforms offers significant opportunities to all parts of the mobile eco-system by delivering the ability for flexible program and service delivery= options that may be installed, removed or refreshed multiple times in line with the user’s needs and requirements. However, with openness comes responsibility and unrestricted access to mobile resources and APIs by applications of unknown or untrusted origin could result in damage to the user, the device, the network or all of these, if not managed by suitable security architectures and network precautions. Application security is provided in some form on most open OS mobile devices (Symbian OS, Microsoft, BREW, etc.). Industry groups have also created recommendations including the GSM Association and Open Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP).

There are several strategies to enhance mobile application security including

• Application white listing
• Ensuring transport layer security
• Strong authentication and authorization
• Encryption of data when written to memory
• Sandboxing of applications
• Granting application access on a per-API level
• Processes tied to a user ID
• Predefined interactions between the mobile application and the OS
• Requiring user input for privileged/elevated access
• Proper session handling

Security testing for applications

Security testing techniques scour for vulnerabilities or security holes in applications. These vulnerabilities leave applications open to exploitation. Ideally, security testing is implemented throughout the entire software development life cycle (SDLC) so that vulnerabilities may be addressed in a timely and thorough manner. Unfortunately, testing is often conducted as an afterthought at the end of the development cycle.

Vulnerability scanners, and more specifically web application scanners, otherwise known as penetration testing tools (i.e. ethical hacking tools) have been historically used by security organizations within corporations and security consultants to automate the security testing of http request/responses; however, this is not a substitute for the need for actual source code review. Physical code reviews of an application's source code can be accomplished manually or in an automated fashion. Given the common size of individual programs (often 500,000 lines of code or more), the human brain can not execute a comprehensive data flow analysis needed in order to completely check all circuitous paths of an application program to find vulnerability points. The human brain is suited more for filtering, interrupting and reporting the outputs of automated source code analysis tools available commercially versus trying to trace every possible path through a compiled code base to find the root cause level vulnerabilities.

The two types of automated tools associated with application vulnerability detection (application vulnerability scanners) are Penetration Testing Tools (often categorized as Black Box Testing Tools) and static code analysis tools (often categorized as White Box Testing Tools).

According to Gartner Research, "...next-generation modern Web and mobile applications requires a combination of SAST and DAST techniques, and new interactive application security testing (IAST) approaches have emerged that combine static and dynamic techniques to improve testing...". Because IAST combines SAST and DAST techniques, the results are highly actionable, can be linked to the specific line of code, and can be recorded for replay later for developers.

Banking and large E-Commerce corporations have been the very early adopter customer profile for these types of tools. It is commonly held within these firms that both Black Box testing and White Box testing tools are needed in the pursuit of application security. Typically sited, Black Box testing (meaning Penetration Testing tools) are ethical hacking tools used to attack the application surface to expose vulnerabilities suspended within the source code hierarchy. Penetration testing tools are executed on the already deployed application. White Box testing (meaning Source Code Analysis tools) are used by either the application security groups or application development groups. Typically introduced into a company through the application security organization, the White Box tools complement the Black Box testing tools in that they give specific visibility into the specific root vulnerabilities within the source code in advance of the source code being deployed. Vulnerabilities identified with White Box testing and Black Box testing are typically in accordance with the OWASP taxonomy for software coding errors. White Box testing vendors have recently introduced dynamic versions of their source code analysis methods; which operates on deployed applications. Given that the White Box testing tools have dynamic versions similar to the Black Box testing tools, both tools can be correlated in the same software error detection paradigm ensuring full application protection to the client company.

The advances in professional Malware targeted at the Internet customers of online organizations has seen a change in Web application design requirements since 2007. It is generally assumed that a sizable percentage of Internet users will be compromised through malware and that any data coming from their infected host may be tainted. Therefore, application security has begun to manifest more advanced anti-fraud and heuristic detection systems in the back-office, rather than within the client-side or Web server code.

Security certifications

There are a number of certifications available for security professionals to demonstrate their knowledge in the subject matter (e.g. Certified Information Systems Security Professional, Certified Information Security Manager, etc.), however the usefulness of security certifications and certifications in general typically receives mixed reviews by experienced professionals.

Security standards and regulations

• Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)
• Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
• IEEE P1074
• ISO/IEC 7064:2003 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Check character systems
• ISO/IEC 9796-2:2002 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Digital signature schemes giving message recovery -- Part 2: Integer factorization based mechanisms
• ISO/IEC 9796-3:2006 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Digital signature schemes giving message recovery -- Part 3: Discrete logarithm based mechanisms
• ISO/IEC 9797-1:1999 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Message Authentication Codes (MACs) -- Part 1: Mechanisms using a block cipher
• ISO/IEC 9797-2:2002 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Message Authentication Codes (MACs) -- Part 2: Mechanisms using a dedicated hash-function
• ISO/IEC 9798-1:1997 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Entity authentication -- Part 1: General
• ISO/IEC 9798-2:1999 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Entity authentication -- Part 2: Mechanisms using symmetric encipherment algorithms
• ISO/IEC 9798-3:1998 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Entity authentication -- Part 3: Mechanisms using digital signature techniques
• ISO/IEC 9798-4:1999 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Entity authentication -- Part 4: Mechanisms using a cryptographic check function
• ISO/IEC 9798-5:2004 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Entity authentication -- Part 5: Mechanisms using zero-knowledge techniques
• ISO/IEC 9798-6:2005 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Entity authentication -- Part 6: Mechanisms using manual data transfer
• ISO/IEC 14888-1:1998 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Digital signatures with appendix -- Part 1: General
• ISO/IEC 14888-2:1999 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Digital signatures with appendix -- Part 2: Identity-based mechanisms
• ISO/IEC 14888-3:2006 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Digital signatures with appendix -- Part 3: Discrete logarithm based mechanisms
• ISO/IEC 27001:2005 and ISO/IEC 27001:2013 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Information security management systems -- Requirements
• ISO/IEC 27002:2005 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Code of practice for information security management
• ISO/IEC 24762:2008 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Guidelines for information and communications technology disaster recovery services - now withdrawn.
• ISO/IEC 27006:2007 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of information security management systems
• ISO/IEC 27031:2011 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Guidelines for ICT readiness for Business Continuity
• ISO/IEC 27034-1:2011 Information technology — Security techniques — Application security -- Part 1: Overview and concepts
• ISO/IEC TR 24772:2013 Information technology — Programming languages — Guidance to avoiding vulnerabilities in programming languages through language selection and use
• Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
• PCI Data Security Standarded (PCI DSS)

See also

• Countermeasure
• Data security
• Database security
• HERAS-AF
• Information security
• Trustworthy Computing Security Development Lifecycle
• Web application
• Web application framework
• XACML

External links

• The Web Application Security Consortium
• The Microsoft Security Development Lifecycle (SDL)
• patterns & practices Security Guidance for Applications