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[[File:AAF Bombardier School Deming Field New Mexico-Patch.png|thumb|245px|AAF Bombardier School patch for [[Deming Army Airfield]] with The Witch form of [[Queen (Snow White)#Disney version|the Evil Queen]] from [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Disney's Snow White]]. The school was moved from [[Hobbs Army Airfield]],<ref name=StJohn/> the 1st class graduated March 6, 1943; & Deming had 7 "Bombardier Training Squadrons": 966th, 971st, 972nd, & 974-7th.]]
[[File:AAF Bombardier School Deming Field New Mexico-Patch.png|thumb|245px|AAF Bombardier School patch for [[Deming Army Airfield]] with The Witch form of [[Queen (Snow White)#Disney version|the Evil Queen]] from [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Disney's Snow White]]. The school was moved from [[Hobbs Army Airfield]],<ref name=StJohn/> the 1st class graduated March 6, 1943; & Deming had 7 "Bombardier Training Squadrons": 966th, 971st, 972nd, & 974-7th.]]


A '''Bombardier School''' was a [[United States Army Air Forces]] facility that used bombing ranges for training aircrew. After ground simulator training with the [[Norden bombsight]],<ref name=Zack/> the 12-18 week course recorded each student's scores for approximately 160 [[General-purpose bomb|practice bomb]] drops of "Bomb Dummy Units" (BDU), both in daytime and at night. The elimination rate was 12%, and graduates transferred to a [[Second Air Force|Second]] or [[Third Air Force]] training unit to join a crew being trained for overseas duty. The bombardier trainer used was the Beech [[AT-11 Kansan]].{{Citation needed|reason=this uncited paragraph was originally added to "Cavern City Air Terminal" article on 2 March 2010 by Bwmoll3 (oldid=347302779)|date=July 2012}} With the [[Bradley Plan]] increase in [[Eighth Air Force]] aircrews needed for the [[Combined Bomber Offensive]],<ref>{{Cite report |last=Ramsey |first=John F |year= |origyear=August 1945 |title=The War Against the Luftwaffe: AAF Counter-Air Operations, April 1943-June 1944 |url=http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090522-047.pdf |publisher=[[Air Force Historical Research Agency]] |work=USAF Historical Studies |number=AFHS No. 110--formerly AAFRH-10 |page=84 |accessdate=2009-06-17 |quote= }}</ref> the 17 Army Air Forces Bombardier Schools graduated 47,236.<ref name=StJohn>{{Cite book |last=St. John |first=Philip A |date=April 15, 1998 |title=Bombardiers in WWII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9c6Lc3CA0wUC&lpg=PA66&ots=vLadka_xNf&dq=december%201931%20bombardier%20albuquerque&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q=midland&f=false |volume=Vol II |publisher=Turner Publishing Company |accessdate=2012-07-10 |quote=''Fifty instructors arrived ''[at Barksdale]'' from the first three classes at Lowry Field, in February 1941. These instructors were distributed among three 'section' of cadre who were to be sent the Training Centers, each section to establish a bombardier school. Between 1 May and 29 November 1941 a total of 140 bombardiers were graduated in four classes from Barksdale, with the rating of "Aerial Bombardiers, Third Class." … Following graduation of the last class, the entire school was moved to Kirtland Field, Albuquerque, New Mexico.''}} (Volume I)[http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~hfhm/Training/barksdale.htm]</ref>
A '''Bombardier School''' was a [[United States Army Air Forces]] facility that used bombing ranges for training aircrew. After ground simulator training with the [[Norden bombsight]],<ref name=Zack/> the 12-18 week course recorded each student's scores for approximately 160 [[General-purpose bomb|practice bomb]] drops of "Bomb Dummy Units" (BDU), both in daytime and at night. The elimination rate was 12%, and graduates transferred to a [[Second Air Force|Second]] or [[Third Air Force]] training unit to join a crew being trained for overseas duty. The bombardier trainer used was the Beech [[AT-11 Kansan]].{{Citation needed|reason=this uncited paragraph was originally added to "Cavern City Air Terminal" article on 2 March 2010 by Bwmoll3 (oldid=347302779)|date=July 2012}} With the [[Bradley Plan]] increase in [[Eighth Air Force]] aircrews needed for the [[Combined Bomber Offensive]],<ref>{{Cite report |last=Ramsey |first=John F |year= |origyear=August 1945 |title=The War Against the Luftwaffe: AAF Counter-Air Operations, April 1943-June 1944 |url=http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090522-047.pdf |publisher=[[Air Force Historical Research Agency]] |work=USAF Historical Studies |number=AFHS No. 110--formerly AAFRH-10 |page=84 |accessdate=2009-06-17 |quote= }}</ref> the 17 Army Air Forces Bombardier Schools graduated 47,236.<ref name=StJohn>{{Cite book |last=St. John |first=Philip A |date=April 15, 1998 |title=Bombardiers in WWII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9c6Lc3CA0wUC&lpg=PA66&ots=vLadka_xNf&dq=december%201931%20bombardier%20albuquerque&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q=midland&f=false |volume=Vol II |publisher=Turner Publishing Company |accessdate=2012-07-10 |quote=''Fifty instructors arrived ''[at Barksdale]'' from the first three classes at Lowry Field, in February 1941. These instructors were distributed among three 'section' of cadre who were to be sent the Training Centers, each section to establish a bombardier school. Between 1 May and 29 November 1941 a total of 140 bombardiers were graduated in four classes from Barksdale, with the rating of "Aerial Bombardiers, Third Class." … Following graduation of the last class, the entire school was moved to Kirtland Field, Albuquerque, New Mexico.''}} (Volume I){{cite web|url=http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~hfhm/Training/barksdale.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-07-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419160255/http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com:80/~hfhm/Training/barksdale.htm |archivedate=2012-04-19 |df= }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
A July 1941 attempt at establishing a bombardier school at [[Lowry Field]], [[Colorado]]<ref name=StJohn/> (3 instructor classes with the last graduating 14 March 1941),<ref name=freepages>{{Cite web |title=Bombardier Training: …Overview |url=http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~hfhm/Training/Map.htm |format=transcribed text from various sources, including St. John |publisher=Ancestry.com |accessdate=2012-07-10}}</ref> was replaced by schools at [[Barksdale Air Force Base|Barksdale Field]], [[Louisiana]] (moved to [[Kirtland Field|Albuquerque]])<ref name=StJohn/> and [[Ellington Air Force Base|Ellington Field]], [[Texas]]<ref name=StJohn/> (changed{{When|date=July 2012}} to a navigator school.)<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Craven |editor-first=Wesley Frank |editor2-first=James Lea |editor2-last=Cate |year=1949 |chapter=Chapter 17: Individual Training of Flying Personnel |chapterurl=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/VI/AAF-VI-17.html |title=[[The Army Air Forces in World War II]] |others=Terry Welshan, webpage transcription |location=[[Chicago]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=1-4289-1587-7 |oclc=9828710 |accessdate=2012-06-04 |quote=}}</ref> In June 1942, several classes of cadets were sent for bombardier training at [[Davis-Monthan Field]], Arizona.<ref name=freepages/>
A July 1941 attempt at establishing a bombardier school at [[Lowry Field]], [[Colorado]]<ref name=StJohn/> (3 instructor classes with the last graduating 14 March 1941),<ref name=freepages>{{Cite web|title=Bombardier Training: …Overview |url=http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~hfhm/Training/Map.htm |format=transcribed text from various sources, including St. John |publisher=Ancestry.com |accessdate=2012-07-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614225102/http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com:80/~hfhm/Training/Map.htm |archivedate=2012-06-14 |df= }}</ref> was replaced by schools at [[Barksdale Air Force Base|Barksdale Field]], [[Louisiana]] (moved to [[Kirtland Field|Albuquerque]])<ref name=StJohn/> and [[Ellington Air Force Base|Ellington Field]], [[Texas]]<ref name=StJohn/> (changed{{When|date=July 2012}} to a navigator school.)<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Craven |editor-first=Wesley Frank |editor2-first=James Lea |editor2-last=Cate |year=1949 |chapter=Chapter 17: Individual Training of Flying Personnel |chapterurl=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/VI/AAF-VI-17.html |title=[[The Army Air Forces in World War II]] |others=Terry Welshan, webpage transcription |location=[[Chicago]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=1-4289-1587-7 |oclc=9828710 |accessdate=2012-06-04 |quote=}}</ref> In June 1942, several classes of cadets were sent for bombardier training at [[Davis-Monthan Field]], Arizona.<ref name=freepages/>


Bombardier schools of the [[Gulf Coast Air Corps Training Center]] and the [[West Coast Air Corps Training Center]] included the GCACTC's [[Big Spring Army Airfield|Big Spring]] Army Air Force Bombardier School. Its "first class of cadets (118 men) arrived Sept. 16, 1942".<ref>[http://www.hangar25airmuseum.com/main/history1.html]</ref> The first bombardier training class (42-17) at [[San Angelo Army Airfield]] began in September 1942, and San Angelo's [[34th Flying Training Wing (World War II)|34th Flying Training Wing (Bombardier and Specialized Twin- and Four-Engine)]] activated on January 8, 1943, as one of two dedicated bombardier training wings. The other was WCACTC's [[38th Flying Training Wing (World War II)|38th Flying Training Wing]] at [[Williams Army Airfield]], Arizona—later moved to [[Kirtland Field]], New Mexico).{{Citation needed|reason=from the "San Angelo Army Airfield" article which doesn't identify the source|date=July 2012}}
Bombardier schools of the [[Gulf Coast Air Corps Training Center]] and the [[West Coast Air Corps Training Center]] included the GCACTC's [[Big Spring Army Airfield|Big Spring]] Army Air Force Bombardier School. Its "first class of cadets (118 men) arrived Sept. 16, 1942".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hangar25airmuseum.com/main/history1.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-07-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726142952/http://hangar25airmuseum.com:80/main/history1.html |archivedate=2012-07-26 |df= }}</ref> The first bombardier training class (42-17) at [[San Angelo Army Airfield]] began in September 1942, and San Angelo's [[34th Flying Training Wing (World War II)|34th Flying Training Wing (Bombardier and Specialized Twin- and Four-Engine)]] activated on January 8, 1943, as one of two dedicated bombardier training wings. The other was WCACTC's [[38th Flying Training Wing (World War II)|38th Flying Training Wing]] at [[Williams Army Airfield]], Arizona—later moved to [[Kirtland Field]], New Mexico).{{Citation needed|reason=from the "San Angelo Army Airfield" article which doesn't identify the source|date=July 2012}}


The GCACTC's '''Advanced Twin Engine and Bombardier Training Center''' at [[Midland Army Airfield]] was redesignated an Army Air Forces Bombardier School on September 26, 1942<ref name=Colwell/> ([[John Dale Ryan|Colonel Ryan]] was the Director of Training Jan 1942-Aug 1943).<ref>{{Cite web |title=General John Dale Ryan |url=http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=7005 |format=official biography |publisher=Inside AF.mil |accessdate=2012-07-03}}</ref> The Midland school operated 23 bombing ranges in [[West Texas]], and the '''Central Bombardier Instructor School''' was moved to Midland in August 1943 from [[Carlsbad Army Airfield]].<ref name=Colwell>{{Cite web |last=Colwell |first=James L |date= |title=Midland Army Air Field |url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qbm02 |publisher=[[Texas State Historical Association]] |accessdate=2012-06-13 |quote=''the "West Texas Bombardier Triangle" of bases at [[Big Spring Army Airfield|Big Spring]] (''[15 May]'' 1942), [[San Angelo Army Airfield|San Angelo]] (1942), and [[Childress Municipal Airport|Childress]] (1943), and were instrumental in developing photographic and sonic methods of scoring bomb hits and analyzing bombing proficiency''}}</ref> The WCACTC's [[Kirtland Field]] bombardier school that operated ranges west of [[Albuquerque]]<ref>{{Specify|which AFHRA document has this claim?|date=July 2012}}{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}</ref> was depicted in [[Bombardier (film)|the 1943 ''Bombardier'' film]]. The first graduates with dual ratings as [[Navigator]]/Bombardier were in April 1944.<ref name=Zack>{{Cite report |last=Zack |first=Milton |date= |title=Milt's Military Memoirs: Part II |url=http://www.oocities.org/tempelhof.geo/miltch2.html |publisher=Tempelhof.geo |accessdate=2012-07-10}}</ref>
The GCACTC's '''Advanced Twin Engine and Bombardier Training Center''' at [[Midland Army Airfield]] was redesignated an Army Air Forces Bombardier School on September 26, 1942<ref name=Colwell/> ([[John Dale Ryan|Colonel Ryan]] was the Director of Training Jan 1942-Aug 1943).<ref>{{Cite web |title=General John Dale Ryan |url=http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=7005 |format=official biography |publisher=Inside AF.mil |accessdate=2012-07-03}}</ref> The Midland school operated 23 bombing ranges in [[West Texas]], and the '''Central Bombardier Instructor School''' was moved to Midland in August 1943 from [[Carlsbad Army Airfield]].<ref name=Colwell>{{Cite web |last=Colwell |first=James L |date= |title=Midland Army Air Field |url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qbm02 |publisher=[[Texas State Historical Association]] |accessdate=2012-06-13 |quote=''the "West Texas Bombardier Triangle" of bases at [[Big Spring Army Airfield|Big Spring]] (''[15 May]'' 1942), [[San Angelo Army Airfield|San Angelo]] (1942), and [[Childress Municipal Airport|Childress]] (1943), and were instrumental in developing photographic and sonic methods of scoring bomb hits and analyzing bombing proficiency''}}</ref> The WCACTC's [[Kirtland Field]] bombardier school that operated ranges west of [[Albuquerque]]<ref>{{Specify|which AFHRA document has this claim?|date=July 2012}}{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}</ref> was depicted in [[Bombardier (film)|the 1943 ''Bombardier'' film]]. The first graduates with dual ratings as [[Navigator]]/Bombardier were in April 1944.<ref name=Zack>{{Cite report |last=Zack |first=Milton |date= |title=Milt's Military Memoirs: Part II |url=http://www.oocities.org/tempelhof.geo/miltch2.html |publisher=Tempelhof.geo |accessdate=2012-07-10}}</ref>
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In addition to visual bomb scoring and [[Sound ranging#World War II|sound ranging]] for determining scores for bombardiers,<ref name=Colwell/> [[Radar Bomb Scoring]] (RBS) began during [[World War II]]. On June 6, 1945, "''the 206th Army Air Force Base Unit (RBS) (206th AAFBU), was activated at{{Specify|was this at Peterson Army Airfield?|date=July 2012}} [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]], Colorado for ''[RBS with]'' operational control of the two [[SCR-584 radar]] detachments located at Kansas City and [[Fort Worth Army Airfield|''Fort Worth''" Army Airfield]].<ref name=Summary/> RBS detachments in the Army Air Force were later "''established at [[Lowry Bombing and Gunnery Range|Denver]],<!--Lowry indicated at http://www.bluebookarchive.org/page.aspx?pagecode=MAXW-PBB7-357&tab=2--> Chicago, Omaha, Albuquerque''").<ref name=Summary>{{Cite report |author=author [[tbd]] |date=November 9, 1983 |title=Historical Summary: Radar Bomb Scoring, 1945-1983 |url=http://www.mobileradar.org/Documents/hist_sum_rad_bom_scrg.pdf |publisher=Office of History, [[1st Combat Evaluation Group]] |accessdate=2012-05-21 |quote=''''}}</ref>
In addition to visual bomb scoring and [[Sound ranging#World War II|sound ranging]] for determining scores for bombardiers,<ref name=Colwell/> [[Radar Bomb Scoring]] (RBS) began during [[World War II]]. On June 6, 1945, "''the 206th Army Air Force Base Unit (RBS) (206th AAFBU), was activated at{{Specify|was this at Peterson Army Airfield?|date=July 2012}} [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]], Colorado for ''[RBS with]'' operational control of the two [[SCR-584 radar]] detachments located at Kansas City and [[Fort Worth Army Airfield|''Fort Worth''" Army Airfield]].<ref name=Summary/> RBS detachments in the Army Air Force were later "''established at [[Lowry Bombing and Gunnery Range|Denver]],<!--Lowry indicated at http://www.bluebookarchive.org/page.aspx?pagecode=MAXW-PBB7-357&tab=2--> Chicago, Omaha, Albuquerque''").<ref name=Summary>{{Cite report |author=author [[tbd]] |date=November 9, 1983 |title=Historical Summary: Radar Bomb Scoring, 1945-1983 |url=http://www.mobileradar.org/Documents/hist_sum_rad_bom_scrg.pdf |publisher=Office of History, [[1st Combat Evaluation Group]] |accessdate=2012-05-21 |quote=''''}}</ref>


{{External media |image1=[http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~hfhm/Training/Map.htm Map of schools w/ hyperlinks] }}
{{External media |image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120614225102/http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com:80/~hfhm/Training/Map.htm Map of schools w/ hyperlinks] }}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 08:12, 18 October 2016

1943 AAF Bombardier School patch for Carlsbad Army Airfield with Bugs Bunny
AAF Bombardier School patch for Deming Army Airfield with The Witch form of the Evil Queen from Disney's Snow White. The school was moved from Hobbs Army Airfield,[1] the 1st class graduated March 6, 1943; & Deming had 7 "Bombardier Training Squadrons": 966th, 971st, 972nd, & 974-7th.

A Bombardier School was a United States Army Air Forces facility that used bombing ranges for training aircrew. After ground simulator training with the Norden bombsight,[2] the 12-18 week course recorded each student's scores for approximately 160 practice bomb drops of "Bomb Dummy Units" (BDU), both in daytime and at night. The elimination rate was 12%, and graduates transferred to a Second or Third Air Force training unit to join a crew being trained for overseas duty. The bombardier trainer used was the Beech AT-11 Kansan.[citation needed] With the Bradley Plan increase in Eighth Air Force aircrews needed for the Combined Bomber Offensive,[3] the 17 Army Air Forces Bombardier Schools graduated 47,236.[1]

History

A July 1941 attempt at establishing a bombardier school at Lowry Field, Colorado[1] (3 instructor classes with the last graduating 14 March 1941),[4] was replaced by schools at Barksdale Field, Louisiana (moved to Albuquerque)[1] and Ellington Field, Texas[1] (changed[when?] to a navigator school.)[5] In June 1942, several classes of cadets were sent for bombardier training at Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona.[4]

Bombardier schools of the Gulf Coast Air Corps Training Center and the West Coast Air Corps Training Center included the GCACTC's Big Spring Army Air Force Bombardier School. Its "first class of cadets (118 men) arrived Sept. 16, 1942".[6] The first bombardier training class (42-17) at San Angelo Army Airfield began in September 1942, and San Angelo's 34th Flying Training Wing (Bombardier and Specialized Twin- and Four-Engine) activated on January 8, 1943, as one of two dedicated bombardier training wings. The other was WCACTC's 38th Flying Training Wing at Williams Army Airfield, Arizona—later moved to Kirtland Field, New Mexico).[citation needed]

The GCACTC's Advanced Twin Engine and Bombardier Training Center at Midland Army Airfield was redesignated an Army Air Forces Bombardier School on September 26, 1942[7] (Colonel Ryan was the Director of Training Jan 1942-Aug 1943).[8] The Midland school operated 23 bombing ranges in West Texas, and the Central Bombardier Instructor School was moved to Midland in August 1943 from Carlsbad Army Airfield.[7] The WCACTC's Kirtland Field bombardier school that operated ranges west of Albuquerque[9] was depicted in the 1943 Bombardier film. The first graduates with dual ratings as Navigator/Bombardier were in April 1944.[2]

In addition to visual bomb scoring and sound ranging for determining scores for bombardiers,[7] Radar Bomb Scoring (RBS) began during World War II. On June 6, 1945, "the 206th Army Air Force Base Unit (RBS) (206th AAFBU), was activated at[specify] Colorado Springs, Colorado for [RBS with] operational control of the two SCR-584 radar detachments located at Kansas City and Fort Worth" Army Airfield.[10] RBS detachments in the Army Air Force were later "established at Denver, Chicago, Omaha, Albuquerque").[10]

External image
image icon Map of schools w/ hyperlinks

References

  1. ^ a b c d e St. John, Philip A (April 15, 1998). Bombardiers in WWII. Vol. Vol II. Turner Publishing Company. Retrieved 2012-07-10. Fifty instructors arrived [at Barksdale] from the first three classes at Lowry Field, in February 1941. These instructors were distributed among three 'section' of cadre who were to be sent the Training Centers, each section to establish a bombardier school. Between 1 May and 29 November 1941 a total of 140 bombardiers were graduated in four classes from Barksdale, with the rating of "Aerial Bombardiers, Third Class." … Following graduation of the last class, the entire school was moved to Kirtland Field, Albuquerque, New Mexico. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help) (Volume I)"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2012-07-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ a b Zack, Milton. Milt's Military Memoirs: Part II (Report). Tempelhof.geo. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
  3. ^ Ramsey, John F. The War Against the Luftwaffe: AAF Counter-Air Operations, April 1943-June 1944 (PDF). USAF Historical Studies (Report). Air Force Historical Research Agency. p. 84. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
  4. ^ a b "Bombardier Training: …Overview". Ancestry.com. Archived from the original (transcribed text from various sources, including St. John) on 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2012-07-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea, eds. (1949). "Chapter 17: Individual Training of Flying Personnel". The Army Air Forces in World War II. Terry Welshan, webpage transcription. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 1-4289-1587-7. OCLC 9828710. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-07-26. Retrieved 2012-07-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ a b c Colwell, James L. "Midland Army Air Field". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2012-06-13. the "West Texas Bombardier Triangle" of bases at Big Spring ([15 May] 1942), San Angelo (1942), and Childress (1943), and were instrumental in developing photographic and sonic methods of scoring bomb hits and analyzing bombing proficiency
  8. ^ "General John Dale Ryan" (official biography). Inside AF.mil. Retrieved 2012-07-03.
  9. ^ [specify]Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
  10. ^ a b author tbd (November 9, 1983). Historical Summary: Radar Bomb Scoring, 1945-1983 (PDF) (Report). Office of History, 1st Combat Evaluation Group. Retrieved 2012-05-21. ' {{cite report}}: |author= has generic name (help)
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