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===Diet===
===Diet===
Based on an analysis of its body mass, low aspect ratio, and low relative wing loading, the species is predicted to be carnivorous.<ref>Norberg & Fenton 1988</ref> Observations in Kyrgyzstan indicate that the bat forages close to the ground, using echolocation to detect large flying or surface-dwelling [[invertebrates]], and feeding mostly on [[arachnids]] and [[orthopterans]] that are seized directly from the ground.<ref>Arlettaz et al. 1995; Horacek 1991</ref> A study in Israel found that up to 70% of the bat's dropping contain scorpion fragments, including the highly venomous [[Palestine yellow scorpion]] as well as other less venomous species. Laboratory observations indicate that the bats detect the scorpions by the noises they make as they walk. Once caught the bats bite the heads of the scorpion and frequently get stuck in the face by the scorpion's sting. When this occurs, no signs of toxicity have been recorded, suggesting that the bats are immune to the scorpion venom.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holderied | first1 = M. | last2 = Korine | first2 = C. | last3 = Moritz | first3 = T. | title = Hemprich's long-eared bat (Otonycteris hemprichii) as a predator of scorpions: Whispering echolocation, passive gleaning and prey selection | journal = Journal of Comparative Physiology A | volume = 197 | issue = 5 | pages = 425–433 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1007/s00359-010-0608-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19791-zoologger-the-hardest-bat-in-the-world.html|title=The hardest bat in the world|date=2010-12-01|publisher=New Scientist|author=Michael Marshall|accessdate=2011-06-22|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5zdGQnyJa|archivedate=2011-06-22}}</ref>
Based on an analysis of its body mass, low aspect ratio, and low relative wing loading, the species is predicted to be carnivorous.<ref>Norberg & Fenton 1988</ref> Observations in Kyrgyzstan indicate that the bat forages close to the ground, using echolocation to detect large flying or surface-dwelling [[invertebrates]], and feeding mostly on [[arachnids]] and [[orthopterans]] that are seized directly from the ground.<ref>Arlettaz et al. 1995; Horacek 1991</ref> A study in Israel found that up to 70% of the bat's dropping contain scorpion fragments, including the highly venomous [[Palestine yellow scorpion]] as well as other less venomous species. Laboratory observations indicate that the bats detect the scorpions by the noises they make as they walk. Once caught the bats bite the heads of the scorpion and frequently get stuck in the face by the scorpion's sting. When this occurs, no signs of toxicity have been recorded, suggesting that the bats are immune to the scorpion venom.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holderied | first1 = M. | last2 = Korine | first2 = C. | last3 = Moritz | first3 = T. | title = Hemprich's long-eared bat (Otonycteris hemprichii) as a predator of scorpions: Whispering echolocation, passive gleaning and prey selection | journal = Journal of Comparative Physiology A | volume = 197 | issue = 5 | pages = 425–433 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1007/s00359-010-0608-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19791-zoologger-the-hardest-bat-in-the-world.html |title=The hardest bat in the world |date=2010-12-01 |publisher=New Scientist |author=Michael Marshall |accessdate=2011-06-22 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5zdGQnyJa?url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19791-zoologger-the-hardest-bat-in-the-world.html |archivedate=2011-06-22 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>


===Courtship and breeding===
===Courtship and breeding===
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==Sources==
==Sources==
* Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/15663/all Otonycteris hemprichii]. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ] Downloaded on 9 July 2007.
* Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/15663/all Otonycteris hemprichii]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140627000000/http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ] Downloaded on 9 July 2007.
* Walker's Mammals of the World Sixth Edition pg. 453-454
* Walker's Mammals of the World Sixth Edition pg. 453-454
{{Vespertilionidae|V.|Pl.}}
{{Vespertilionidae|V.|Pl.}}

Revision as of 16:18, 11 December 2016

Desert long-eared bat
Otonycteris hemprichii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Chiroptera
Family:
Vespertilionidae
Genus:
Otonycteris

Peters, 1859
Species:
O. hemprichii
Binomial name
Otonycteris hemprichii
Peters, 1859

The desert long-eared bat (Otonycteris hemprichii) is a species of vesper bat.

Distribution and range

The single species, O. hemprichi, occurs in the desert zone from Morocco and northern Niger through Egypt and the Arabian peninsula to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Pakistan to as far east as north-west India.[1]

Taxonomy

The systematic position of Otonycteris is unclear, but chromosomal analysis suggests close affinity to Barbastella and Plecotus[2]

Description

Head and body length is about 73–81 mm, tail length is about 47–70 mm, and forearm length is 57–67 mm. Several authorities[3] gave the weight of two adult males as 18 to 20 grams. The large ears, about 40 mm in length, are directed nearly horizontally and are connected across the forehead by a low band of skin. Five female specimens revealed two pairs of pectoral mammae, a unique condition in mammals. It is not known if both pairs are functional.

The coloration above is pale sandy to dark brown; the underparts are usually whitish. The skull and teeth of Otonycteris resemble those of Eptesicus

Ecology and behavior

This bat occurs normally inhabiting extremely barren and arid regions.[4] Its habitat are xeric, sparsely vegetated and rocky. In the Negev Desert a pair was found roosting in a rocky crevice on a hill. This bat has also been found in buildings.

Otonycteris hemprichii reportedly has a slow, floppy flight.[citation needed]

Diet

Based on an analysis of its body mass, low aspect ratio, and low relative wing loading, the species is predicted to be carnivorous.[5] Observations in Kyrgyzstan indicate that the bat forages close to the ground, using echolocation to detect large flying or surface-dwelling invertebrates, and feeding mostly on arachnids and orthopterans that are seized directly from the ground.[6] A study in Israel found that up to 70% of the bat's dropping contain scorpion fragments, including the highly venomous Palestine yellow scorpion as well as other less venomous species. Laboratory observations indicate that the bats detect the scorpions by the noises they make as they walk. Once caught the bats bite the heads of the scorpion and frequently get stuck in the face by the scorpion's sting. When this occurs, no signs of toxicity have been recorded, suggesting that the bats are immune to the scorpion venom.[7][8]

Courtship and breeding

Breeding colonies of 3-15 females have been found, and seven pregnant females, most with two embryos, have been collected in central Asia.[9] Three pregnant females, each with two embryos, were found in a deserted hut in Jordan.[10]

Notes

  1. ^ Aulagnier & Mein 1985; Corbet 1978; Fairon 1980; Horacek 1991; Roberts 1977; Shaimardanov 1982
  2. ^ Qumsiyeh & Bickham 1993
  3. ^ Gaisler, Madkour, & Pelikan 1972
  4. ^ Harrison 1964
  5. ^ Norberg & Fenton 1988
  6. ^ Arlettaz et al. 1995; Horacek 1991
  7. ^ Holderied, M.; Korine, C.; Moritz, T. (2010). "Hemprich's long-eared bat (Otonycteris hemprichii) as a predator of scorpions: Whispering echolocation, passive gleaning and prey selection". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 197 (5): 425–433. doi:10.1007/s00359-010-0608-3.
  8. ^ Michael Marshall (2010-12-01). "The hardest bat in the world". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2011-06-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Horacek 1991; Roberts 1977
  10. ^ Atallah 1977

Sources

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