Jump to content

Gezer calendar: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
+source
Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.2.7.1)
Line 16: Line 16:
The '''Gezer calendar''' is a small inscribed limestone tablet discovered in 1908 by Irish archaeologist [[R. A. Stewart Macalister]] in the ancient [[Canaan]]ite city of [[Gezer]], 20 miles west of [[Jerusalem]]. It is commonly dated to the 10th-century BCE, although the excavation was [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)|unstratified]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tappy |first1=Ron E. |first2=P. Kyle |last2=McCarter |first3=Marilyn J. |last3=Lundberg |first4=Bruce |last4=Zuckerman |year=2006 |title=An abecedary of the mid-tenth century B.C.E. from the Judaean Shephelah |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research]] |volume=344 |pages=41|jstor=25066976 |ref=harv|url=http://www.academia.edu/9206107/An_Abecedary_of_the_Mid-Tenth_Century_B.C.E._from_the_Judaean_Shephelah|quote=...compromised archaeological contexts (e.g. the unstratified Gezer calendar...}}</ref> and its identification during the excavations was not in a "secure archaeological context", presenting uncertainty around the dating.<ref>Aaron Demsky (2007), [http://www.academia.edu/7692617/Reading_Northwest_Semitic_Inscriptions Reading Northwest Semitic Inscriptions], Near Eastern Archaeology 70/2. Quote: "The first thing to consider when examining an ancient inscription is whether it was discovered in context or not. It is obvious that a document purchased on the antiquities market is suspect. If it was found in an archeological site, one should note whether it was found in its primary context, as with the [[Ekron inscription|inscription of King Achish from Ekron]], or in secondary use, as with the Tel Dan inscription. Of course texts that were found in an archaeological site, but not in a secure archaeological context present certain problems of exact dating, as with the Gezer Calendar."</ref>
The '''Gezer calendar''' is a small inscribed limestone tablet discovered in 1908 by Irish archaeologist [[R. A. Stewart Macalister]] in the ancient [[Canaan]]ite city of [[Gezer]], 20 miles west of [[Jerusalem]]. It is commonly dated to the 10th-century BCE, although the excavation was [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)|unstratified]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tappy |first1=Ron E. |first2=P. Kyle |last2=McCarter |first3=Marilyn J. |last3=Lundberg |first4=Bruce |last4=Zuckerman |year=2006 |title=An abecedary of the mid-tenth century B.C.E. from the Judaean Shephelah |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research]] |volume=344 |pages=41|jstor=25066976 |ref=harv|url=http://www.academia.edu/9206107/An_Abecedary_of_the_Mid-Tenth_Century_B.C.E._from_the_Judaean_Shephelah|quote=...compromised archaeological contexts (e.g. the unstratified Gezer calendar...}}</ref> and its identification during the excavations was not in a "secure archaeological context", presenting uncertainty around the dating.<ref>Aaron Demsky (2007), [http://www.academia.edu/7692617/Reading_Northwest_Semitic_Inscriptions Reading Northwest Semitic Inscriptions], Near Eastern Archaeology 70/2. Quote: "The first thing to consider when examining an ancient inscription is whether it was discovered in context or not. It is obvious that a document purchased on the antiquities market is suspect. If it was found in an archeological site, one should note whether it was found in its primary context, as with the [[Ekron inscription|inscription of King Achish from Ekron]], or in secondary use, as with the Tel Dan inscription. Of course texts that were found in an archaeological site, but not in a secure archaeological context present certain problems of exact dating, as with the Gezer Calendar."</ref>


Scholars are divided as to whether the language is [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] or [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and whether the script is [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] (or [[Proto-Canaanite alphabet|Proto-Canaanite]]) or [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|paleo-Hebrew]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Smith|first1= Mark S.|year=2002 |title= The Early History of God: Yahweh and the other deities in ancient Israel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&pg=PA20&dq=Gezer+calendar+phoenician&hl=en&ei=0PJqTYylDoiahQfR7-zsDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gezer%20calendar%20phoenician&f=false |pages= 20|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co |isbn=978-0-8028-3972-5}}</ref><ref>[http://esr.academia.edu/AdamBean/Papers/443200/The_Calendar_Tablet_from_Gezer The Calendar Tablet from Gezer, Adam L Bean, Emmanual School of Religion]</ref><ref>[http://www.bib-arch.org/scholars-study/jezebel-seal-06.asp Is it “Tenable”?, Hershel Shanks, Biblical Archaeology Review]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IhFxx8eQIDsC&pg=PA56&dq=pardee+gezer&hl=en&ei=D7NzTYfVLsuZhQeFjPlT&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=gezer&f=false Spelling in the Hebrew Bible: Dahood memorial lecture, By Francis I. Andersen, A. Dean Forbes, p56]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Pardee|first1= Dennis|year= |title= A Brief Case for the Language of the ‘Gezer Calendar’ as Phoenician|journal= Linguistic Studies in Phoenician, ed. Robert D. Holmstedt and Aaron Schade|pages= 43|publisher= Winona Lake}}</ref><ref name="Rollston2010">{{cite book|author=Chris A. Rollston|title=Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&pg=PA30|year=2010|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=978-1-58983-107-0|pages=30–}}</ref>
Scholars are divided as to whether the language is [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] or [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and whether the script is [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] (or [[Proto-Canaanite alphabet|Proto-Canaanite]]) or [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|paleo-Hebrew]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Smith|first1= Mark S.|year=2002 |title= The Early History of God: Yahweh and the other deities in ancient Israel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&pg=PA20&dq=Gezer+calendar+phoenician&hl=en&ei=0PJqTYylDoiahQfR7-zsDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gezer%20calendar%20phoenician&f=false |pages= 20|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co |isbn=978-0-8028-3972-5}}</ref><ref>[http://esr.academia.edu/AdamBean/Papers/443200/The_Calendar_Tablet_from_Gezer The Calendar Tablet from Gezer, Adam L Bean, Emmanual School of Religion] {{wayback|url=http://esr.academia.edu/AdamBean/Papers/443200/The_Calendar_Tablet_from_Gezer |date=20110302090228 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.bib-arch.org/scholars-study/jezebel-seal-06.asp Is it “Tenable”?, Hershel Shanks, Biblical Archaeology Review] {{wayback|url=http://www.bib-arch.org/scholars-study/jezebel-seal-06.asp |date=20101225054108 }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IhFxx8eQIDsC&pg=PA56&dq=pardee+gezer&hl=en&ei=D7NzTYfVLsuZhQeFjPlT&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=gezer&f=false Spelling in the Hebrew Bible: Dahood memorial lecture, By Francis I. Andersen, A. Dean Forbes, p56]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Pardee|first1= Dennis|year= |title= A Brief Case for the Language of the ‘Gezer Calendar’ as Phoenician|journal= Linguistic Studies in Phoenician, ed. Robert D. Holmstedt and Aaron Schade|pages= 43|publisher= Winona Lake}}</ref><ref name="Rollston2010">{{cite book|author=Chris A. Rollston|title=Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&pg=PA30|year=2010|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=978-1-58983-107-0|pages=30–}}</ref>


==Inscription==
==Inscription==

Revision as of 08:56, 11 January 2017

Gezer calendar
The calendar in its current location
MaterialLimestone
Size11.1 x 7.2 cm
WritingPhoenician or paleo-Hebrew
Createdc. 925 BCE
Discovered1908
Present locationIstanbul Archaeology Museums
Identification2089 T
Replica of the Gezer calendar in Israel Museum, Israel.

The Gezer calendar is a small inscribed limestone tablet discovered in 1908 by Irish archaeologist R. A. Stewart Macalister in the ancient Canaanite city of Gezer, 20 miles west of Jerusalem. It is commonly dated to the 10th-century BCE, although the excavation was unstratified[1] and its identification during the excavations was not in a "secure archaeological context", presenting uncertainty around the dating.[2]

Scholars are divided as to whether the language is Phoenician or Hebrew and whether the script is Phoenician (or Proto-Canaanite) or paleo-Hebrew.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

Inscription

The calendar is inscribed on a limestone plaque and describes monthly or bi-monthly periods and attributes to each a duty such as harvest, planting, or tending specific crops.

The inscription is in Phoenician or paleo-Hebrew script, which in equivalent square Hebrew letters is as follows: Template:Hebrew

It has been translated as:

  • Two months gathering (September, October)
  • Two months planting (November, December)
  • Two months late sowing (January, February)
  • One month cutting flax (March)
  • One month reaping barley (April)
  • One month reaping and measuring grain (May)
  • Two months pruning (June, July)
  • One month summer fruit (August)[9]

Scholars have speculated that the calendar could be a schoolboy's memory exercise, the text of a popular folk song or a children's song. Another possibility is something designed for the collection of taxes from farmers.

The scribe of the calendar is probably "Abijah", which means "Yah (a shortened form of the Tetragrammaton) is my father". This name appears in the Bible for several individuals, including a king of Judah (1 Kings 14:31).

History

The calendar was discovered in 1908 by R.A.S. Macalister of the Palestine Exploration Fund while excavating the ancient Canaanite city of Gezer, 20 miles west of Jerusalem.

The Gezer calendar is currently displayed at the Museum of the Ancient Orient, a Turkish archaeology museum,[10][11] as is the Siloam inscription and other archaeological artefacts unearthed before World War I. A replica of the Gezer calendar is on display at the Israel Museum, Israel.

See also

References

  1. ^ Tappy, Ron E.; McCarter, P. Kyle; Lundberg, Marilyn J.; Zuckerman, Bruce (2006). "An abecedary of the mid-tenth century B.C.E. from the Judaean Shephelah". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 344: 41. JSTOR 25066976. ...compromised archaeological contexts (e.g. the unstratified Gezer calendar... {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  2. ^ Aaron Demsky (2007), Reading Northwest Semitic Inscriptions, Near Eastern Archaeology 70/2. Quote: "The first thing to consider when examining an ancient inscription is whether it was discovered in context or not. It is obvious that a document purchased on the antiquities market is suspect. If it was found in an archeological site, one should note whether it was found in its primary context, as with the inscription of King Achish from Ekron, or in secondary use, as with the Tel Dan inscription. Of course texts that were found in an archaeological site, but not in a secure archaeological context present certain problems of exact dating, as with the Gezer Calendar."
  3. ^ Smith, Mark S. (2002). The Early History of God: Yahweh and the other deities in ancient Israel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8028-3972-5.
  4. ^ The Calendar Tablet from Gezer, Adam L Bean, Emmanual School of Religion Template:Wayback
  5. ^ Is it “Tenable”?, Hershel Shanks, Biblical Archaeology Review Template:Wayback
  6. ^ Spelling in the Hebrew Bible: Dahood memorial lecture, By Francis I. Andersen, A. Dean Forbes, p56
  7. ^ Pardee, Dennis. "A Brief Case for the Language of the 'Gezer Calendar' as Phoenician". Linguistic Studies in Phoenician, ed. Robert D. Holmstedt and Aaron Schade. Winona Lake: 43.
  8. ^ Chris A. Rollston (2010). Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age. Society of Biblical Lit. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-1-58983-107-0.
  9. ^ Coogan, Michael D. (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context. Oxford University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0199830114.
  10. ^ Gezer calendar
  11. ^ Istanbul Archaeological Museums, Artifacts

Further reading

  • Albright, W.F. "The Gezer Calendar" in Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (BASOR). 1943. Volume 92:16–26. Original description of the find.
  • Sivan, Daniel "The Gezer calendar and Northwest Semitic linguistics", Israel Exploration Journal 48,1-2 (1998) 101–105. An up-to-date linguistic analysis of this text.
  • Dever, William G. “Gezer”. In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East vol. 2, Editor in Chief Eric M. Meyers, 396–400. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Pardee, Dennis. “Gezer Calendar”. In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East vol. 2, Editor in Chief Eric M. Meyers, 396–400. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Gezer Calendar.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gezer_calendar&oldid=759463796"