Jump to content

Judenfrei: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
unrelated, speculation, WP:CRISTAL
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta8)
Line 16: Line 16:
* [[Banat (1941–44)|Banat]], [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|German-occupied territory of Serbia]] - reported ''judenfrei'' on 19 August 1941 in ''Völkische Beobachter'' (lit. ''People's Observer'').<ref name="Drndić2009">{{cite book|last=Drndić|first=Daša|title=April u Berlinu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZxNAQAAMAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Fraktura|isbn=978-953-266-095-1|page=24|quote=Njemački list Völkische Beobachter objavio je 19. kolovoza 1941. da je Banat konačno Juden frei.}}</ref> On 20 August 1941 Banat was declared ''judenfrei'' by its German administrators.<ref name="Muth2009">{{cite book |last=Muth|first=Thorsten |title=Das Judentum: Geschichte und Kultur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcA-AQAAIAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Pressel |isbn=978-3-937950-28-0 |page=452 |quote=Am 20. August konnte die deutsche Führung das Banat für Judenfrei" erklären.}}</ref>
* [[Banat (1941–44)|Banat]], [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|German-occupied territory of Serbia]] - reported ''judenfrei'' on 19 August 1941 in ''Völkische Beobachter'' (lit. ''People's Observer'').<ref name="Drndić2009">{{cite book|last=Drndić|first=Daša|title=April u Berlinu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZxNAQAAMAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Fraktura|isbn=978-953-266-095-1|page=24|quote=Njemački list Völkische Beobachter objavio je 19. kolovoza 1941. da je Banat konačno Juden frei.}}</ref> On 20 August 1941 Banat was declared ''judenfrei'' by its German administrators.<ref name="Muth2009">{{cite book |last=Muth|first=Thorsten |title=Das Judentum: Geschichte und Kultur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcA-AQAAIAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Pressel |isbn=978-3-937950-28-0 |page=452 |quote=Am 20. August konnte die deutsche Führung das Banat für Judenfrei" erklären.}}</ref>
* German-occupied [[Luxembourg]] – reported ''judenfrei'' by the press on October 17, 1941.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 3, 2005 |url=http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/actualite/2005/07/03asselborn_shoah/index.html |title=Commémoration de la Shoah au Luxembourg |trans_title=Commemoration of the Shoah in Luxembourg |publisher=Government of Luxembourg |language=fr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930055730/http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/actualite/2005/07/03asselborn_shoah/index.html |archivedate=September 30, 2007}}</ref>
* German-occupied [[Luxembourg]] – reported ''judenfrei'' by the press on October 17, 1941.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 3, 2005 |url=http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/actualite/2005/07/03asselborn_shoah/index.html |title=Commémoration de la Shoah au Luxembourg |trans_title=Commemoration of the Shoah in Luxembourg |publisher=Government of Luxembourg |language=fr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930055730/http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/actualite/2005/07/03asselborn_shoah/index.html |archivedate=September 30, 2007}}</ref>
* German-occupied [[Estonia]] – December 1941.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/einsatzArep.htm |title=Extract from Report by Einsatzgruppe A |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112165947/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/einsatzArep.htm |archivedate=November 12, 2007}} Partial Translation of Document 2273-PS Source: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV. USGPO, Washington, 1946, pp. 944–949</ref> Reported as ''judenfrei'' at the [[Wannsee Conference]] on January 20, 1942.<ref>{{cite web |title=Estonian Jews |publisher=[[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] |url=http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x07/xr0707.html |archiveurl=http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x07/xr0707.html |archivedate=September 28, 2007}} sourced to {{cite encyclopedia |work=Encyclopedia of the Holocaust |year=1990 |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company |location=New York}}</ref>
* German-occupied [[Estonia]] – December 1941.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/einsatzArep.htm |title=Extract from Report by Einsatzgruppe A |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112165947/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/einsatzArep.htm |archivedate=November 12, 2007}} Partial Translation of Document 2273-PS Source: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV. USGPO, Washington, 1946, pp. 944–949</ref> Reported as ''judenfrei'' at the [[Wannsee Conference]] on January 20, 1942.<ref>{{cite web|title=Estonian Jews |publisher=[[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] |url=http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x07/xr0707.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003632/http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x07/xr0707.html |archivedate=September 28, 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} sourced to {{cite encyclopedia |work=Encyclopedia of the Holocaust |year=1990 |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company |location=New York}}</ref>
* [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|German-occupied territory of Serbia]] – May 1942, reported in the SS-Standartenführer [[Emanuel Schäfer]] cable sent to the [[Reich Main Security Office]] in Berlin; Schäfer was the ''Der Bafehlshaber der SIPO und des SD'' head that time in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lituchy|first1=Barry M.|title=Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: analyses and survivor testimonies|isbn=978-0-97534-320-3|publisher=Jasenovac Research Institute|pages=xxxiii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Manoschek|first=Walter|title="Serbien ist judenfrei": militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42|isbn= 9783486561371|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|page=184}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lebel|first=G'eni|title=Until "the Final Solution": The Jews in Belgrade 1521 - 1942|isbn= 9781886223332|publisher=Avotaynu|year=2007|page=329}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Herbert|first1=Ulrich|last2=Schildt|first2= Axel|title=Kriegsende in Europa|isbn= 9783884745113|publisher=Klartext|year=1998|page=149}}</ref>
* [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|German-occupied territory of Serbia]] – May 1942, reported in the SS-Standartenführer [[Emanuel Schäfer]] cable sent to the [[Reich Main Security Office]] in Berlin; Schäfer was the ''Der Bafehlshaber der SIPO und des SD'' head that time in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lituchy|first1=Barry M.|title=Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: analyses and survivor testimonies|isbn=978-0-97534-320-3|publisher=Jasenovac Research Institute|pages=xxxiii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Manoschek|first=Walter|title="Serbien ist judenfrei": militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42|isbn= 9783486561371|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|page=184}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lebel|first=G'eni|title=Until "the Final Solution": The Jews in Belgrade 1521 - 1942|isbn= 9781886223332|publisher=Avotaynu|year=2007|page=329}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Herbert|first1=Ulrich|last2=Schildt|first2= Axel|title=Kriegsende in Europa|isbn= 9783884745113|publisher=Klartext|year=1998|page=149}}</ref>
* [[Vienna]] – reported ''judenfrei'' by [[Alois Brunner]] on October 9, 1942.<!-- from German Wiki article on Brunner-->
* [[Vienna]] – reported ''judenfrei'' by [[Alois Brunner]] on October 9, 1942.<!-- from German Wiki article on Brunner-->

Revision as of 20:48, 28 April 2017

Synagogue in German-occupied Bydgoszcz. The inscription reads: "This city is free of Jews"
German map showing the number of Jewish executions carried out by Einsatzgruppe A in: Estonia (declared "Judenfrei"), Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Russia

The German words judenfrei (lit: "free of Jews") and judenrein (lit: "clean of Jews") are Nazi terms to designate an area that was "cleansed" of Jews during The Holocaust.[1]

While judenfrei referred merely to "freeing" an area of all of its Jewish inhabitants, the term judenrein (literally "clean of Jews") was also used. This had the stronger connotation that any trace of Jewish blood had been removed as an impurity.[2]

Locations declared judenfrei

Establishments, villages, cities, and regions were declared judenfrei or judenrein after they were cleansed of Jews.

Usage in Israeli–Palestinian conflict

In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a fear among many Israelis which has been reflected by Israeli government officials such as Benjamin Netanyahu[15] is that the proposed removal of Israeli Jewish settlements in the West Bank according to the wishes of Palestinian officials is tantamount to rendering these areas Judenrein, or clean of Jews.

On July 9, 2009, Benjamin Netanyahu, in a discussion with the German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier is reported to have said, using the Israeli terms of the area, "Judea and Samaria cannot be judenrein."[16]

In 1952 Pesach Lev, first mayor of Lod after it was resettled by Israelis, said that Lod was transformed from 'a neglected Arab town that was judenrein to a "Hebraic city."'[17]

References

  1. ^ Scheffler, Wolfgang (2007). "Judenrein". Encyclopaedia Judaica (2 ed.). Thomson Gale. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Aryanization: Judenrein & Judenfrei". shoaheducation.com.
  3. ^ "'Gelnhausen endlich judenfrei': Zur Geschichte der Juden während der Nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; September 28, 2007 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Blumenkranz, Bernhard; Catane, Moshe (2007). "Alsace". Encyclopaedia Judaica (2 ed.). Thomson Gale. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Drndić, Daša (2009). April u Berlinu. Fraktura. p. 24. ISBN 978-953-266-095-1. Njemački list Völkische Beobachter objavio je 19. kolovoza 1941. da je Banat konačno Juden frei.
  6. ^ Muth, Thorsten (2009). Das Judentum: Geschichte und Kultur. Pressel. p. 452. ISBN 978-3-937950-28-0. Am 20. August konnte die deutsche Führung das Banat für Judenfrei" erklären.
  7. ^ "Commémoration de la Shoah au Luxembourg" (in French). Government of Luxembourg. July 3, 2005. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Extract from Report by Einsatzgruppe A". Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Partial Translation of Document 2273-PS Source: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV. USGPO, Washington, 1946, pp. 944–949
  9. ^ "Estonian Jews". Simon Wiesenthal Center. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) sourced to . New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 1990. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ^ Lituchy, Barry M. Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: analyses and survivor testimonies. Jasenovac Research Institute. pp. xxxiii. ISBN 978-0-97534-320-3.
  11. ^ Manoschek, Walter (1995). "Serbien ist judenfrei": militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42. Walter de Gruyter. p. 184. ISBN 9783486561371.
  12. ^ Lebel, G'eni (2007). Until "the Final Solution": The Jews in Belgrade 1521 - 1942. Avotaynu. p. 329. ISBN 9781886223332.
  13. ^ Herbert, Ulrich; Schildt, Axel (1998). Kriegsende in Europa. Klartext. p. 149. ISBN 9783884745113.
  14. ^ "Was war am 19. Mai 1943" (in German). chroniknet. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Dan Williams (July 9, 2009). "Judenrein! Israel adopts Nazi term to back settlers". Reuters.
  16. ^ "German FM: Settlements Remain Obstacle to Peace; Frank-Walter Steinmeier says is encouraged by Israel's acceptance of a two-state solution". Haaretz. Reuters and DPA. July 9, 2009.
  17. ^ Reference 102 in http://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr/1948%20Palestinian%20exodus%20from%20Lydda%20and%20Ramla/en-en/
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judenfrei&oldid=777718852"