Oymyakon: Difference between revisions
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On February 6, 1933, a temperature of {{convert|−67.7|C|1}} was recorded at Oymyakon's weather station.<ref name="Stepanova">{{cite web|author=N.A. Stepanova |title=On the Lowest Temperatures on Earth|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/086/mwr-086-01-0006.pdf |publisher=Docs.lib.noaa.gov |
On February 6, 1933, a temperature of {{convert|−67.7|C|1}} was recorded at Oymyakon's weather station.<ref name="Stepanova">{{cite web|author=N.A. Stepanova |title=On the Lowest Temperatures on Earth|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/086/mwr-086-01-0006.pdf |publisher=Docs.lib.noaa.gov |
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|accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref><ref>Weather Underground - Christopher C. Burt - The Coldest Places on Earth https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-coldest-places-on-earth</ref> This was the coldest officially recorded temperature in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Only [[Antarctica]] has recorded lower official temperatures (the lowest being {{convert|-89.2|C|F}}, recorded at [[Vostok Station]] on 21 July 1983.)<ref>{{cite web|title=World:Lowest Temperature|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-temperature|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Weather & Climate Extremes|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#global|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref> |
|accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref><ref>Weather Underground - Christopher C. Burt - The Coldest Places on Earth https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-coldest-places-on-earth</ref> This was the coldest officially recorded temperature in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Only [[Antarctica]] has recorded lower official temperatures (the lowest being {{convert|-89.2|C|F}}, recorded at [[Vostok Station]] on 21 July 1983.)<ref>{{cite web|title=World:Lowest Temperature |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-temperature |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]] |accessdate=4 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616025722/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-temperature |archivedate=June 16, 2010 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Weather & Climate Extremes|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#global|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref> |
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The weather station is in a valley between Oymyakon and [[Tomtor, Oymyakonsky District, Sakha Republic|Tomtor]]. The station is at {{convert|750|m|sp=us}} and the surrounding mountains at {{convert|1100|m|sp=us}}, causing cold air to pool in the valley: in fact, recent studies show that winter temperatures in the area ''increase'' with altitude by as much as 10 °C (18 °F).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igsoc.org/annals/v52/58/a58A068.pdf |title=International Glaciological Society (IGS) |publisher=Igsoc.org |date=2012-02-13 |accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref> |
The weather station is in a valley between Oymyakon and [[Tomtor, Oymyakonsky District, Sakha Republic|Tomtor]]. The station is at {{convert|750|m|sp=us}} and the surrounding mountains at {{convert|1100|m|sp=us}}, causing cold air to pool in the valley: in fact, recent studies show that winter temperatures in the area ''increase'' with altitude by as much as 10 °C (18 °F).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igsoc.org/annals/v52/58/a58A068.pdf |title=International Glaciological Society (IGS) |publisher=Igsoc.org |date=2012-02-13 |accessdate=2015-03-10}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 01:52, 22 May 2017
Oymyakon
Оймякон | |
|---|---|
| Other transcription(s) | |
| • Sakha | Өймөкөөн |
 Oymyakon in February 2013 | |
Location of Oymyakon  | |
  Oymyakon Location of Oymyakon  Oymyakon Oymyakon (Sakha Republic) | |
| Coordinates: 63°27′46.6103″N 142°47′13.0895″E / 63.462947306°N 142.786969306°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Sakha Republic |
| Administrative district | Oymyakonsky District |
| Elevation | 745 m (2,444 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Estimate (July 17, 2011)[1] | 500 |
| • Municipal district | Oymyakonsky Municipal District |
| Time zone | UTC+10 (MSK+7  [2]) |
| Postal code(s)[3] | 678752 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 41154 |
| OKTMO ID | 98639405101 |
Oymyakon (Russian: Оймяко́н, pronounced [ɐjmʲɪˈkon]; Yakut: Өймөкөөн, Öymököön, IPA: [øjmøˈkøːn]) is a rural locality (a selo) in Oymyakonsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located along the Indigirka River, 30 kilometers (19 mi) northwest of Tomtor on the Kolyma Highway. Oymyakon is one of the coldest permanently inhabited locales on Earth.
Etymology
It is named after the Oymyakon River, whose name reportedly comes from the Even word kheium, meaning "unfrozen patch of water; place where fish spend the winter."[5] However, another source states that the Even word heyum (hэjум) (kheium may be a misspelling) means "frozen lake".[6]
Geography
Oymyakon, population of 500 people, is in eastern Yakutia at approximately 750 meters above sea level. At the village's northerly position, day length varies from three hours in December to twenty-one hours in June.
History
During World War II, an airfield was built here for the Alaska-Siberian (ALSIB) air route used to ferry American Lend-Lease aircraft to the Eastern Front.[7]
Climate
With an extreme subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dwd), Oymyakon is known as one of the candidates for the Northern Pole of Cold, the other being the town of Verkhoyansk, located 629 km (391 miles) away by air. The ground there is permanently frozen (continuous permafrost).
On February 6, 1933, a temperature of −67.7 °C (−89.9 °F) was recorded at Oymyakon's weather station.[8][9] This was the coldest officially recorded temperature in the Northern Hemisphere. Only Antarctica has recorded lower official temperatures (the lowest being −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), recorded at Vostok Station on 21 July 1983.)[10][11]
The weather station is in a valley between Oymyakon and Tomtor. The station is at 750 meters (2,460 ft) and the surrounding mountains at 1,100 meters (3,600 ft), causing cold air to pool in the valley: in fact, recent studies show that winter temperatures in the area increase with altitude by as much as 10 °C (18 °F).[12]
Sometimes the temperature drops below 0 °C (32 °F) in late September and may remain below freezing until mid-May. In Oymyakon sometimes the average minimum temperature for January, February and December remains below −50 °C (−58 °F). Sometimes summer months can also be quite cold, but June and July are the only months where temperature has never dropped below −10 °C (14 °F). Oymyakon, Verkhoyansk and Yakutsk are the only three permanently inhabited places in the world that have recorded temperatures below −60.0 °C (−76 °F) for every day in January.[13][14]
Oymyakon has never recorded an above freezing temperature between October 25 and March 17.[15]
Although winters in Oymyakon are long and excessively cold, summers are mild to warm, sometimes hot. The warmest month on record is July 2010 with an average temperature of +18.7 °C (65.7 °F).[citation needed] In June, July and August temperatures over 30 °C (86 °F) are not rare during the day. On July 28, 2010, Oymyakon recorded a record high temperature of 34.6 °C (94 °F),[16] yielding a temperature range of 102.3 °C (184.1 °F). Verkhoyansk and Yakutsk are the only other places in the world with a temperature amplitude higher than 100 °C (180 °F).[citation needed]
The climate is quite dry, but as average monthly temperatures are below freezing for seven months of the year, substantial evaporation occurs only in summer months. Summers are much wetter than winters.
| Climate data for Oymyakon (1981-2010), extremes 1891-present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −16.6 (2.1) |
−15.3 (4.5) |
2.0 (35.6) |
11.7 (53.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
31.1 (88.0) |
34.6 (94.3) |
33.1 (91.6) |
23.7 (74.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
34.6 (94.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −42.5 (−44.5) |
−35.4 (−31.7) |
−20.8 (−5.4) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
9.1 (48.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.7 (72.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
8.9 (48.0) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−30.7 (−23.3) |
−42 (−44) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −46.4 (−51.5) |
−42 (−44) |
−31.2 (−24.2) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
2.7 (36.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
14.9 (58.8) |
10.3 (50.5) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−14.8 (5.4) |
−35.2 (−31.4) |
−45.5 (−49.9) |
−15.5 (4.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −50 (−58) |
−47.3 (−53.1) |
−40 (−40) |
−23.9 (−11.0) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
4.0 (39.2) |
6.2 (43.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
−20.4 (−4.7) |
−39.3 (−38.7) |
−48.8 (−55.8) |
−22.1 (−7.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −65.4 (−85.7) |
−67.7 (−89.9) |
−60.6 (−77.1) |
−46.4 (−51.5) |
−28.9 (−20.0) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
−17.1 (1.2) |
−25.3 (−13.5) |
−47.6 (−53.7) |
−58.5 (−73.3) |
−62.8 (−81.0) |
−67.7 (−89.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 6 (0.2) |
7 (0.3) |
5 (0.2) |
6 (0.2) |
13 (0.5) |
34 (1.3) |
45 (1.8) |
39 (1.5) |
23 (0.9) |
14 (0.6) |
12 (0.5) |
8 (0.3) |
215 (8.5) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 3.0 | 2.6 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 6.6 | 8.7 | 7.7 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 52.0 |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.4 | 10 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 76 |
| Average snowy days | 23 | 23 | 16 | 10 | 9 | 1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 9 | 21 | 23 | 20 | 156 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 74 | 72 | 68 | 60 | 59 | 65 | 70 | 73 | 79 | 77 | 74 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 28 | 118 | 244 | 284 | 282 | 304 | 298 | 236 | 151 | 113 | 58 | 13 | 2,129 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат,[17] February record low[18][19] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (precipitation days and sunshine hours)[20] | |||||||||||||
In the media
Oymyakon has been featured in a number of television series:
- The episode "The Winter's Tale" of the 1996 PBS weather documentary series Savage Skies.
- The season two episode "Siberia" of the documentary series World's Most Dangerous Roads.
- Oxford geographer Nick Middleton's television series and accompanying book Going to Extremes, in which he discusses his visit to this village and describes ways in which inhabitants cope with the extreme cold. Middleton describes how Oymyakon lies between two mountain ranges, trapping cold air between throughout the year.[21] In the winter, once every two days, the village's cattle's herd bull was harnessed between the shafts of a sledge with a big water tank on it and led to the spring. The men broke the ice on the spring, let the bull drink its fill, filled the water tank from the spring, and let the bull pull the tanker sledge back into the warm. The water spring was naturally warm and so stayed liquid below the surface ice.
- Cameraman Geoff Mackley along with Rachael Wilson and Mark Whetu from New Zealand, made an episode for Discovery Channel series Dangerman. They were accompanied by translator Rob Walker (USA) and Vyacheslav Ipatiev (TourServiceCenter). Geoff rode the water bull to the spring, and spent a night outside in a tent.[22][23]
- The episode "Hot and Cold" in the 2010 BBC series Extreme World features the village.[24]
- The episode "Chilling Out" in the 1 April 2012 Episode of Australia's "60 Minutes".[25]
- The travel series Departures Season 3 Episode 2 "Russia: The Bull of Winter" March 13, 2010. Travelers Scott Wilson and Justin Lukach, Director of Photography/Director Andre Dupuis, Translator Bogdan Almazov.[26]
- "Coldest Road," an episode of the Discovery Channel three-part series Driven to Extremes starring Tom Hardy
- The TV show Castle episode "Dead Red" talked about sending a Russian diplomat there to serve his time for a crime he committed.
See also
- Verkhoyansk the other candidate "Northern Pole of Cold" if one considers mean winter temperature
- Yakutsk, coldest major city
- Summit Camp
- Eismitte
References
- ^ "The Coldest Inhabited Place on Earth: Oymyakon, Russia". Retrieved November 4, 2014.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира". Москва, 1998, p. 307.
- ^ Tsintsius, V. I. (1977), Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков : материалы к этимологическому словарю, vol. 2, Leningrad: Nauka, p. 361
- ^ Lebedev, Igor Aviation Lend-Lease to Russia Nova Publishers (1997) pp.44-49
- ^ N.A. Stepanova. "On the Lowest Temperatures on Earth" (PDF). Docs.lib.noaa.gov. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
- ^ Weather Underground - Christopher C. Burt - The Coldest Places on Earth https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-coldest-places-on-earth
- ^ "World:Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Global Weather & Climate Extremes". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ "International Glaciological Society (IGS)" (PDF). Igsoc.org. February 13, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
- ^ "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
- ^ "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Верхоянске". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
- ^ "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
- ^ "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
- ^ "Погода и Климат - Климат Оймякона". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
- ^ "Asia: Lowest Temperature". WMO. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
- ^ "Погода в Оймяконе. Температура воздуха и осадки. Февраль 2014 г." Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
- ^ "Ojmjakon Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
- ^ Bijal P. Trivedi, Life Is a Chilling Challenge in Subzero Siberia, National Geographic Channel, May 12, 2004.
- ^ "Geoff Mackley - Siberia -Oymyakon expedition Jan 2004". Rambocam.com. January 29, 2004. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
- ^ "Events 2005-2010 | Sakha Yakutia – Heart of Siberia". Yakutiatravel.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
- ^ "Extreme world - How great are the world's divides?". BBC News. November 25, 2010.
- ^ "Chilling Out". Sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au. March 29, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
- ^ "Episode Guide". Departureentertainment.coms. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
External links
- Oymyakon 1996/97 Expedition
- 2008/09 Expedition
- City map Oymyakon
- Video report from SkyNews
- Life in Oymyakon. AskYakutia.com
- Russia: The Bull of Winter Season 3 Episode 2 Departures
- General information about Oymyakon