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Unemployment and poverty were also very high with the traditional manufacturing base having been fully eroded and withdrawn from the Northeast US by 1967. Further fueling tensions was the final decision by the state of New Jersey to clear a vast tract of land in the central ward of its tenement buildings, displacing thousands, to build the new University of Medicine and Dentistry facility. (In subsequent years the UMDNJ facility would become an important primary care facility for the remaining residents.)
Unemployment and poverty were also very high with the traditional manufacturing base having been fully eroded and withdrawn from the Northeast US by 1967. Further fueling tensions was the final decision by the state of New Jersey to clear a vast tract of land in the central ward of its tenement buildings, displacing thousands, to build the new University of Medicine and Dentistry facility. (In subsequent years the UMDNJ facility would become an important primary care facility for the remaining residents.)


According to a [[Rutgers University]] study on the riot, many African Americans, especially younger community leaders, felt they had remained largely disenfranchised in Newark despite the fact that Newark became one of the first majority black major cities in America alongside [[Washington, D.C.]] In sum, the city was entering a turbulent period of incipient change in political power. A former seven-term congressman representing {{ushr|New Jersey|11|}}, Mayor [[Hugh Addonizio]] (who was also the last non-black mayor of Newark) took few steps to incorporate blacks in various civil leadership positions and to help blacks get better employment opportunities. Black leaders were increasingly upset that the [[Newark Police Department]] was dominated by white officers who would routinely stop and question black youths with or without provocation.<ref>Max A. Herman, ed. [http://www.67riots.rutgers.edu/index.htm ''The Detroit and Newark "Riots" of 1967''.] Rutgers-Newark Department of Sociology and Anthropology.</ref>
According to a [[Rutgers University]] study on the riot, many African Americans, especially younger community leaders, felt they had remained largely disenfranchised in Newark despite the fact that Newark became one of the first majority black major cities in America alongside [[Washington, D.C.]] In sum, the city was entering a turbulent period of incipient change in political power. A former seven-term congressman representing {{ushr|New Jersey|11|}}, Mayor [[Hugh Addonizio]] (who was also the last non-black mayor of Newark) took few steps to incorporate blacks in various civil leadership positions and to help blacks get better employment opportunities. Black leaders were increasingly upset that the [[Newark Police Department]] was dominated by white officers who would routinely stop and question black youths with or without provocation.<ref>Max A. Herman, ed. [http://www.67riots.rutgers.edu/index.htm ''The Detroit and Newark "Riots" of 1967''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429202753/http://www.67riots.rutgers.edu/index.htm |date=2008-04-29 }} Rutgers-Newark Department of Sociology and Anthropology.</ref>


Despite being one of the first cities in the U.S. to hire black police officers, the department's demographics remained at odds with the city's population, leading to poor relations between blacks and the police department. Only 145 of the 1322 police officers were black (11%), mirroring national demographics,<ref>United States Census-1970</ref><ref>Dr. Max Herman. [http://www.cornwall.rutgers.edu/images/stories/pdf/Herman-July_2002-Report.pdf dead link 6.22.2016] Ethnic Succession and Urban Unrest in Newark and Detroit During the Summer of 1967.</ref> while the city remained over 50% black.
Despite being one of the first cities in the U.S. to hire black police officers, the department's demographics remained at odds with the city's population, leading to poor relations between blacks and the police department. Only 145 of the 1322 police officers were black (11%), mirroring national demographics,<ref>United States Census-1970</ref><ref>Dr. Max Herman. [http://www.cornwall.rutgers.edu/images/stories/pdf/Herman-July_2002-Report.pdf dead link 6.22.2016] Ethnic Succession and Urban Unrest in Newark and Detroit During the Summer of 1967.</ref> while the city remained over 50% black.
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==Sparking event==
==Sparking event==


This unrest came to a head when two white Newark policemen, John DeSimone and Vito Pontrelli, arrested a black cabdriver, John Weerd Smith.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crossroads Pt. 2: 5 days that changed a city |url=http://blog.nj.com/ledgernewark/2007/07/crossroads_pt_2.html |work= |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5glw35Pmt?url=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.nj.com%2Fledgernewark%2F2007%2F07%2Fcrossroads_pt_2.html |archivedate=2009-05-14 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-05-12 |df= }}</ref> After signaling, Smith passed the double parked police car, was then pursued and pulled over by the officers. He was arrested, beaten by the officers and taken to the 4th Police Precinct where he was charged with assaulting the officers<ref>Racial Violence Erupts in Newark. New York Times. July 13, 1967. page 1</ref> and making insulting remarks. Residents of Hayes Homes, a large public housing project, saw an incapacitated Smith being dragged into the precinct, and a rumor was started that he had been killed while in police custody (Smith had in fact been released in the custody of his lawyer). When police rushed out of their station wearing hard hats and carrying clubs, people began to throw bricks, bottles, and rocks.<ref>Diary of a Riot: The Where, The How And Little of the Why. Lee Linder Newark, N.J. (Associated Press) Danville Register July 23, 1967 page 5</ref> At least five police officers were struck by stones, according to one policeman. Some residents went to City Hall and shouted angry protests. After midnight false alarms caused fire engines to race around a six block area along Belmont Avenue in the ghetto area. Looters smashed windows, and threw merchandise onto sidewalks. According to police, liquor stores were the main target of looters.<ref>Racial Violence Erupts in Newark. New York Times. July 13, 1967. page 1, 26</ref>
This unrest came to a head when two white Newark policemen, John DeSimone and Vito Pontrelli, arrested a black cabdriver, John Weerd Smith.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crossroads Pt. 2: 5 days that changed a city |url=http://blog.nj.com/ledgernewark/2007/07/crossroads_pt_2.html |work= |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5glw35Pmt?url=http://blog.nj.com/ledgernewark/2007/07/crossroads_pt_2.html |archivedate=2009-05-14 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-05-12 |df= }}</ref> After signaling, Smith passed the double parked police car, was then pursued and pulled over by the officers. He was arrested, beaten by the officers and taken to the 4th Police Precinct where he was charged with assaulting the officers<ref>Racial Violence Erupts in Newark. New York Times. July 13, 1967. page 1</ref> and making insulting remarks. Residents of Hayes Homes, a large public housing project, saw an incapacitated Smith being dragged into the precinct, and a rumor was started that he had been killed while in police custody (Smith had in fact been released in the custody of his lawyer). When police rushed out of their station wearing hard hats and carrying clubs, people began to throw bricks, bottles, and rocks.<ref>Diary of a Riot: The Where, The How And Little of the Why. Lee Linder Newark, N.J. (Associated Press) Danville Register July 23, 1967 page 5</ref> At least five police officers were struck by stones, according to one policeman. Some residents went to City Hall and shouted angry protests. After midnight false alarms caused fire engines to race around a six block area along Belmont Avenue in the ghetto area. Looters smashed windows, and threw merchandise onto sidewalks. According to police, liquor stores were the main target of looters.<ref>Racial Violence Erupts in Newark. New York Times. July 13, 1967. page 1, 26</ref>


==Subsequent Events==
==Subsequent Events==
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| isbn= 0-8147-5717-0 }}</ref> By the 1960s and 1970s, as industry fled the city, so did the white middle class, leaving behind a poor population.<ref name="Mumford"/> During this same time, the population of many suburban communities in northern New Jersey expanded rapidly.<ref name="Mumford"/>
| isbn= 0-8147-5717-0 }}</ref> By the 1960s and 1970s, as industry fled the city, so did the white middle class, leaving behind a poor population.<ref name="Mumford"/> During this same time, the population of many suburban communities in northern New Jersey expanded rapidly.<ref name="Mumford"/>


As of 2000, the Newark Police Department was 37% black, 27% Hispanic and 36% white<ref>[http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/lemas00.pdf Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 2000: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with 100 or More Officers]</ref> though the city remained 52% black, 34% Hispanic, and 14% white.<ref name=ACS2010>[http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0600000US3401351000 DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Newark city, Essex County, New Jersey], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed January 15, 2013.</ref>
As of 2000, the Newark Police Department was 37% black, 27% Hispanic and 36% white<ref>[http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/lemas00.pdf Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 2000: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with 100 or More Officers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927025451/http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/lemas00.pdf |date=2006-09-27 }}</ref> though the city remained 52% black, 34% Hispanic, and 14% white.<ref name=ACS2010>[http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0600000US3401351000 DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Newark city, Essex County, New Jersey], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed January 15, 2013.</ref>
As of 2016, "the police force is now thirty-five per cent black and forty-one per cent Latino."<ref>http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/policing-the-police-in-newark</ref>
As of 2016, "the police force is now thirty-five per cent black and forty-one per cent Latino."<ref>http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/policing-the-police-in-newark</ref>


Revision as of 09:58, 15 June 2017

1967 Newark riots
DateJuly 12-17, 1967
Location
Newark, New Jersey
Caused byBeating of a black man by police
MethodsRioting, arson, shooting, assault, rock throwing
Parties
African American rioters
Casualties
Death(s)26
Injuries727
Arrested1,500

The 1967 Newark riots were a major civil disturbance that occurred in the city of Newark, New Jersey between July 12 and July 17, 1967. The four days of rioting, looting, and destruction left 26 dead and hundreds injured.

Social unrest

In the period leading up to the riots, police racial profiling, redlining, and lack of opportunity in education, training, and jobs led local African-American residents to feel powerless and disenfranchised. In particular, many felt they had been largely excluded from meaningful political representation and often suffered police brutality.[1]

Unemployment and poverty were also very high with the traditional manufacturing base having been fully eroded and withdrawn from the Northeast US by 1967. Further fueling tensions was the final decision by the state of New Jersey to clear a vast tract of land in the central ward of its tenement buildings, displacing thousands, to build the new University of Medicine and Dentistry facility. (In subsequent years the UMDNJ facility would become an important primary care facility for the remaining residents.)

According to a Rutgers University study on the riot, many African Americans, especially younger community leaders, felt they had remained largely disenfranchised in Newark despite the fact that Newark became one of the first majority black major cities in America alongside Washington, D.C. In sum, the city was entering a turbulent period of incipient change in political power. A former seven-term congressman representing New Jersey's 11th congressional district, Mayor Hugh Addonizio (who was also the last non-black mayor of Newark) took few steps to incorporate blacks in various civil leadership positions and to help blacks get better employment opportunities. Black leaders were increasingly upset that the Newark Police Department was dominated by white officers who would routinely stop and question black youths with or without provocation.[2]

Despite being one of the first cities in the U.S. to hire black police officers, the department's demographics remained at odds with the city's population, leading to poor relations between blacks and the police department. Only 145 of the 1322 police officers were black (11%), mirroring national demographics,[3][4] while the city remained over 50% black.

Sparking event

This unrest came to a head when two white Newark policemen, John DeSimone and Vito Pontrelli, arrested a black cabdriver, John Weerd Smith.[5] After signaling, Smith passed the double parked police car, was then pursued and pulled over by the officers. He was arrested, beaten by the officers and taken to the 4th Police Precinct where he was charged with assaulting the officers[6] and making insulting remarks. Residents of Hayes Homes, a large public housing project, saw an incapacitated Smith being dragged into the precinct, and a rumor was started that he had been killed while in police custody (Smith had in fact been released in the custody of his lawyer). When police rushed out of their station wearing hard hats and carrying clubs, people began to throw bricks, bottles, and rocks.[7] At least five police officers were struck by stones, according to one policeman. Some residents went to City Hall and shouted angry protests. After midnight false alarms caused fire engines to race around a six block area along Belmont Avenue in the ghetto area. Looters smashed windows, and threw merchandise onto sidewalks. According to police, liquor stores were the main target of looters.[8]

Subsequent Events

The next evening, a crowd of rioters broke all of the windows in the 5th Precinct station, and were dispersed by police using clubs. Looting began along Springfield Avenue, the heart of the area business district. Next a car was burned and a policeman was injured by a flying brick after which shotguns were issued to some police. By midnight looting was occurring in a wider area, all police were placed on emergency duty and fires were being started. At 1:00 A.M. police were told to "fire if necessary." Within two hours National Guard and state troopers were called out.[9]

Early in the evening of July 15 a woman named Rebecca Brown was killed in a fusillade of bullets directed at the window of her second floor apartment. This event helped to set off the worst of the fighting. By the sixth day, riots, looting, violence, and destruction ultimately left a total of 16 civilians, 8 suspects, a police officer, and a firefighter dead; 353 civilians, 214 suspects, 67 police officers, 55 firefighters, and 38 military personnel injured; and 689 civilians and 811 suspects arrested. Property damage exceeded $10 million.[citation needed]

In an effort to contain the riots, every evening at 6 p.m. the Bridge Street and Jackson Street Bridges, both of which span the Passaic River between Newark and Harrison, were closed until the next morning.[citation needed]

The 1967 Plainfield riots occurred during the same period in Plainfield, New Jersey, a city about 18 miles southwest of Newark.

The long- and short-term causes of the riots are examined in the documentary film Revolution '67. The riots were depicted in the Philip Roth novel American Pastoral.

The events also been described in the 2017 novel 4 3 2 1 from the author Paul Auster.

Impact

While the riots are often cited as a major factor in the decline of Newark and its neighboring communities, longer-term racial, economic, and political forces contributed towards generating inner city poverty.[10] By the 1960s and 1970s, as industry fled the city, so did the white middle class, leaving behind a poor population.[10] During this same time, the population of many suburban communities in northern New Jersey expanded rapidly.[10]

As of 2000, the Newark Police Department was 37% black, 27% Hispanic and 36% white[11] though the city remained 52% black, 34% Hispanic, and 14% white.[12] As of 2016, "the police force is now thirty-five per cent black and forty-one per cent Latino."[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Bantam Books, New York, 1968, pg. 57, which states that 7 of the 9 members of the elected City Council and a majority of the Board of Education were white, although the president was black. The city had an estimated 52% black population at the time, although a majority were too young to vote. The report in the same section refers to the strains that had occurred in the long-standing Italian-African American political alliance over the issues of government positions, economic development and police brutality. Ibid.
  2. ^ Max A. Herman, ed. The Detroit and Newark "Riots" of 1967. Archived 2008-04-29 at the Wayback Machine Rutgers-Newark Department of Sociology and Anthropology.
  3. ^ United States Census-1970
  4. ^ Dr. Max Herman. dead link 6.22.2016 Ethnic Succession and Urban Unrest in Newark and Detroit During the Summer of 1967.
  5. ^ "Crossroads Pt. 2: 5 days that changed a city". Archived from the original on 2009-05-14. Retrieved 2009-05-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Racial Violence Erupts in Newark. New York Times. July 13, 1967. page 1
  7. ^ Diary of a Riot: The Where, The How And Little of the Why. Lee Linder Newark, N.J. (Associated Press) Danville Register July 23, 1967 page 5
  8. ^ Racial Violence Erupts in Newark. New York Times. July 13, 1967. page 1, 26
  9. ^ Diary of a Riot: The Where, The How And Little of the Why. Lee Linder Newark, N.J. (Associated Press) Danville Register July 23, 1967 pages 1, 5
  10. ^ a b c Mumford, Kevin (2007). Newark: A History of Race, Rights, and Riots in America. NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-5717-0.
  11. ^ Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 2000: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with 100 or More Officers Archived 2006-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Newark city, Essex County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 15, 2013.
  13. ^ http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/policing-the-police-in-newark

Further reading

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