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==Adoption by automotive industry==
==Adoption by automotive industry==
HFO-1234yf was developed to meet the European directive 2006/40/EC that went into effect in 2011 requiring that all new car platforms for sale in Europe use a refrigerant in its AC system with a GWP below 150.<ref>[http://www.hvac2000.com/134a.htm 134A Replacement - HFO-1234yf]</ref>
HFO-1234yf was developed to meet the European directive 2006/40/EC that went into effect in 2011 requiring that all new car platforms for sale in Europe use a refrigerant in its AC system with a GWP below 150.<ref>[http://www.hvac2000.com/134a.htm 134A Replacement - HFO-1234yf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802033332/http://www.hvac2000.com/134a.htm |date=2010-08-02 }}</ref>


HFO-1234yf, which has a 100-year GWP lower than 1,<ref name=WMO>"Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014", World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project—Report No. 55</ref> could be used as a "near drop-in replacement" for R-134a,<ref>[http://www51.honeywell.com/sm/lgwp-uk/applications-n2/mobile-air-conditioning-HFO-1234yf.html Mobile Air Conditioning - HFO-1234yf]</ref> the current product used in automobile AC systems, which has a 100-year GWP of 1430. This means that automakers would not have to make significant modifications in assembly lines or in vehicle system designs to accommodate the product. HFO-1234yf has the lowest switching cost for automakers among the currently proposed alternatives, although the initial cost of the product is much higher than that of R-134a. The product could be handled in repair shops in the same way as R-134a, although it would require different, specialized equipment to perform the service. One of the reasons for that is the mild flammability of HFO-1234yf. Another issue affecting the compatibility between HFO-1234yf and R-134a-based systems is the choice of lubricating oil. The current lubricating oil is showing signs of damage to plastic and aluminium, and issues with health, including mouth dryness, rashes, and sore throat, among other effects.<ref>[http://www.automotivedesign.eu.com/article/27818/HFO-1234yf-encounters-resistance-as-R-134a-replacement-for-AC.aspx High initial prices are projected for HFO-1234yf, raising questions about the rate of OE deployment and whether aftermarket service shops will use it at all]</ref>
HFO-1234yf, which has a 100-year GWP lower than 1,<ref name=WMO>"Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014", World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project—Report No. 55</ref> could be used as a "near drop-in replacement" for R-134a,<ref>[http://www51.honeywell.com/sm/lgwp-uk/applications-n2/mobile-air-conditioning-HFO-1234yf.html Mobile Air Conditioning - HFO-1234yf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827101306/http://www51.honeywell.com/sm/lgwp-uk/applications-n2/mobile-air-conditioning-HFO-1234yf.html |date=2011-08-27 }}</ref> the current product used in automobile AC systems, which has a 100-year GWP of 1430. This means that automakers would not have to make significant modifications in assembly lines or in vehicle system designs to accommodate the product. HFO-1234yf has the lowest switching cost for automakers among the currently proposed alternatives, although the initial cost of the product is much higher than that of R-134a. The product could be handled in repair shops in the same way as R-134a, although it would require different, specialized equipment to perform the service. One of the reasons for that is the mild flammability of HFO-1234yf. Another issue affecting the compatibility between HFO-1234yf and R-134a-based systems is the choice of lubricating oil. The current lubricating oil is showing signs of damage to plastic and aluminium, and issues with health, including mouth dryness, rashes, and sore throat, among other effects.<ref>[http://www.automotivedesign.eu.com/article/27818/HFO-1234yf-encounters-resistance-as-R-134a-replacement-for-AC.aspx High initial prices are projected for HFO-1234yf, raising questions about the rate of OE deployment and whether aftermarket service shops will use it at all]</ref>


Shortly after confirmation from automakers that HFO-1234yf would be adopted as a replacement of R-134a automotive air-conditioning refrigerant, [[Honeywell]] and DuPont announced jointly built a manufacturing facility in [[Changshu]], Jiangsu Province, China to produce HFO-1234yf.<ref name=CEN>"Automakers Go HFO", ''[[Chemical & Engineering News]]'', July 26, 2010</ref> In addition, Honeywell is building a new plant in [[Geismar, Louisiana]], USA to produce the new refrigerant as well.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20131210-905083.html?dsk=y</ref> Although others claim to be able to make and sell HFO-1234yf, Honeywell and DuPont hold most or all of the patents registered for HFO-1234yf.<ref name=CEN/>
Shortly after confirmation from automakers that HFO-1234yf would be adopted as a replacement of R-134a automotive air-conditioning refrigerant, [[Honeywell]] and DuPont announced jointly built a manufacturing facility in [[Changshu]], Jiangsu Province, China to produce HFO-1234yf.<ref name=CEN>"Automakers Go HFO", ''[[Chemical & Engineering News]]'', July 26, 2010</ref> In addition, Honeywell is building a new plant in [[Geismar, Louisiana]], USA to produce the new refrigerant as well.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20131210-905083.html?dsk=y</ref> Although others claim to be able to make and sell HFO-1234yf, Honeywell and DuPont hold most or all of the patents registered for HFO-1234yf.<ref name=CEN/>

Revision as of 23:58, 16 June 2017

2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene
2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene molecule
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoroprop-1-ene
Other names
HFO-1234yf; R1234yf; R-1234yf; 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropylene
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.104.879 Edit this at Wikidata
  • InChI=1S/C3H2F4/c1-2(4)3(5,6)7/h1H2 checkY
    Key: FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C3H2F4/c1-2(4)3(5,6)7/h1H2
    Key: FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYAB
  • C=C(F)C(F)(F)F
  • FC(=C)C(F)(F)F
Properties
C3H2F4
Molar mass 114 g/mol
Appearance colorless gas
Density 1.1 g/cm3 at 25 °C (liquid); 4, air = 1 (gas)
Boiling point −30 °C (−22 °F; 243 K)
198.2 mg/l at 24 °C, 92/69/EEC, A.6
log P 2.15, n-octanol/water, 92/69/EEC, A.8
Vapor pressure 6,067 hPa at 21.1 °C; 14,203 hPa at 54.4 °C
Hazards
405 °C (761 °F; 678 K)
Explosive limits 6.2 %(v); 12.3 %(v)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, or HFO-1234yf, is a hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) with the formula CH2=CFCF3. This colorless gas has been proposed as a replacement for R-134a as a refrigerant in automobile air conditioners.

HFO-1234yf is the first in a new class of refrigerants acquiring a global warming potential (GWP) rating one 335th that of R-134a (and only 4 times higher than carbon dioxide, which can also be used as a refrigerant but which has properties significantly different from those of R134a, especially requiring operation at around 5 times higher pressure) and an atmospheric lifetime of about 400 times shorter.

Adoption by automotive industry

HFO-1234yf was developed to meet the European directive 2006/40/EC that went into effect in 2011 requiring that all new car platforms for sale in Europe use a refrigerant in its AC system with a GWP below 150.[1]

HFO-1234yf, which has a 100-year GWP lower than 1,[2] could be used as a "near drop-in replacement" for R-134a,[3] the current product used in automobile AC systems, which has a 100-year GWP of 1430. This means that automakers would not have to make significant modifications in assembly lines or in vehicle system designs to accommodate the product. HFO-1234yf has the lowest switching cost for automakers among the currently proposed alternatives, although the initial cost of the product is much higher than that of R-134a. The product could be handled in repair shops in the same way as R-134a, although it would require different, specialized equipment to perform the service. One of the reasons for that is the mild flammability of HFO-1234yf. Another issue affecting the compatibility between HFO-1234yf and R-134a-based systems is the choice of lubricating oil. The current lubricating oil is showing signs of damage to plastic and aluminium, and issues with health, including mouth dryness, rashes, and sore throat, among other effects.[4]

Shortly after confirmation from automakers that HFO-1234yf would be adopted as a replacement of R-134a automotive air-conditioning refrigerant, Honeywell and DuPont announced jointly built a manufacturing facility in Changshu, Jiangsu Province, China to produce HFO-1234yf.[5] In addition, Honeywell is building a new plant in Geismar, Louisiana, USA to produce the new refrigerant as well.[6] Although others claim to be able to make and sell HFO-1234yf, Honeywell and DuPont hold most or all of the patents registered for HFO-1234yf.[5]

On July 23, 2010, General Motors announced that it will introduce HFO-1234yf in 2013 Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, and Cadillac models in the U.S.[7]

Flammability

Although the product is classified slightly flammable by ASHRAE, several years of testing by SAE proved that the product could not be ignited under conditions normally experienced by a vehicle. In addition several independent authorities evaluated the safety of the product in vehicles and some of them concluded that it was as safe to use as R-134a, the product in use in cars today. In the atmosphere, HFO-1234yf degrades to trifluoroacetic acid,[8] which is a mildly phytotoxic[9] strong organic acid[10] with no known biodegradation mechanism in water. In case of fire it releases highly corrosive and toxic hydrogen fluoride and the highly toxic gas carbonyl fluoride.[11]

In July 2008, Honeywell/Du-Pont published a report claiming "HFO-1234yf is very difficult to ignite with electric spark" detailing the tests they did passing the gas over a hot plate heated to various temperatures in the range of 500°C - 900°C. Ignition was only seen when HFO-1234yf was mixed with PAG oil and passed over a plate that was > 900°C.[12]

In December 2012, Mercedes-Benz showed that the substance ignited when researchers sprayed it and A/C compressor oil onto a car's hot engine. A senior Daimler engineer who ran the tests, stated "We were frozen in shock, I am not going to deny it. We needed a day to comprehend what we had just seen." Combustion occurred in more than two thirds of simulated head-on collisions. The engineers also noticed etching on the windshield caused by the corrosive gases. BMW, and VW-Audi agreed with Mercedes and left the SAE R-1234yf CRP Team, stating that the performed tests are not sufficient to fully judge the safety of their vehicles. The German automakers have been leaning towards carbon dioxide refrigerant, which may be safer for both passengers and the environment.[13][14][15]

Following Mercedes claims that the new refrigerant could be ignited, Germany's Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (Federal Motor Transport Authority) conducted its own tests. The Authority concluded that while the substance was potentially more hazardous than previously used R-134a, it did not comprise a serious danger. However the German automakers disagree with their findings, and test procedures.[16] Following other independent and in house testing, General Motors still plans to transition all new models to the new refrigerant by 2018.[17] Chrysler announced that they would continue the transition to R1234yf as well. Japanese automakers are also making the transition to R1234yf, Honda and Subaru have begun to introduce the new refrigerant already with the 2017 models.[18]

Mixing HFO-1234yf with 10-11% R-134A is in development to produce a hybrid gas under review by ASHRAE for classification as A2L which is described as "virtually non-flammable". These gasses are under review with the names of R451A and R451B. These mixes have GWP of ~147.[19]

Production

Typical methods for producing HFO-1234yf start with 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene. Hydrogenation of this alkene gives 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane, which upon heating with an Al-based catalyst undergoes dehydrofluorination:[20] CF3CFHCFH2 → CF3CF=CH2 + HF

See also

References

  1. ^ 134A Replacement - HFO-1234yf Archived 2010-08-02 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014", World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project—Report No. 55
  3. ^ Mobile Air Conditioning - HFO-1234yf Archived 2011-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ High initial prices are projected for HFO-1234yf, raising questions about the rate of OE deployment and whether aftermarket service shops will use it at all
  5. ^ a b "Automakers Go HFO", Chemical & Engineering News, July 26, 2010
  6. ^ https://www.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20131210-905083.html?dsk=y
  7. ^ GM First to Market Greenhouse Gas-Friendly Air Conditioning Refrigerant in U.S.
  8. ^ Hurley MD, Wallington TJ, Javadi MS, Nielsen OJ (2008). "Atmospheric chemistry of CF3CF=CH2: Products and mechanisms of Cl atom and OH radical initiated oxidation". Chemical Physics Letters. 450 (4–6): 263–267. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2007.11.051.
  9. ^ Boutonnet JC, Bingham P, Calamari D, de Rooij C, Franklin J, Kawano T, Libre J-M, McCulloch A, Malinverno G, Odom JM, Rusch GM, Smythe K, Sobolev I, Thompson R, Tiedje JM (1999). "Environmental risk assessment of trifluoroacetic acid". International Journal of Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 5 (1): 59–124. doi:10.1080/10807039991289644.
  10. ^ Henne AL, Fox CJ (1951). "Ionization constants of fluorinated acids". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 73 (5): 2323–2325. doi:10.1021/ja01149a122.
  11. ^ Refreshingly cool, potentially toxic. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Press release, September 4th 2014
  12. ^ Spatz, Mark and Minor, Barbara (July 2008). "HFO-1234yf Low GWP Refrigerant Update" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Coolant safety row puts the heat on Europe's carmakers, Reuters, December 12, 2012
  14. ^ Coolant safety Automotive industry, May 17, 2014
  15. ^ Mercedes test video Auto Industry news, May 17, 2014
  16. ^ http://europe.autonews.com/article/20130808/ANE/130809861/german-officials-provide-mixed-ruling-on-honeywell-refrigerant
  17. ^ http://www.autoweek.com/article/20130103/carnews/130109965
  18. ^ http://www.allpar.com/news/index.php/2013/10/chrysler-adopting-r1234yf
  19. ^ "R134a alternative is "virtually non-flammable" – Cooling Post". www.coolingpost.com. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
  20. ^ Rao, Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna; Sievert, Allen Capron; Nappa, Mario Joseph "Process to manufacture 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene" PCT Int. Appl. 2008, WO 2008030440 A2 20080313 (to duPont).
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