2nd Cavalry Division (United States)

2nd Cavalry Division
Shoulder sleeve insignia of the 2nd Cavalry Division.
Active	1921–1944
Country	United States
Branch	United States Army
Type	Cavalry
Size	Division
Nickname(s)	Buffalo Soldiers
Engagements	World War II
Commanders
Notable commanders	Terry de la Mesa Allen, Sr.

The 2nd Cavalry Division was a cavalry division of the United States Army.

Heraldry

Shoulder sleeve insignia[1]

• Description: On a yellow Norman shield with a green border, a blue chevron below two eight-pointed blue stars.
• Blazon: Or, a chevron azure, in chief 2 mullets of eight points of the second, a bordure vert.
• Symbolism: The shield is yellow, the Cavalry color. The stars (representing spur rowells) are taken from the coat of arms of the 2d Cavalry Regiment, which had initially been a part of the division.
• Worn from 20 August 1921 – 10 May 1944

Lineage

Organization (1921–42)

On 20 August 1921, as a result of lessons learned from World War I, the US Army Adjutant General constituted the 1st and 2d Cavalry Divisions to meet future mobilization requirements. As organized, 2d Cavalry Division was to be an integrated division.

Units assigned to the 2d Cavalry Division included:

• 3d Cavalry Brigade : 15 October 1940 (Redesignated the 9th Armored Division Train on 15 July 1942.)
  • Weapons Troop
  • 2d Cavalry Regiment : 15 August 1927 (Transferred on 15 July 1942 to 9th Armored Division), reorganized as 2d Cavalry Group (Mechanized) in 1943).
  • 14th Cavalry Regiment : 1 April 1941 (Transferred on 15 July 1942 to 9th Armored Division), reorganized as 14th Cavalry Group (Mechanized) in 1943).
• 4th Cavalry Brigade (Cld) : 21 February 1941 (Inactivated on 23 March 1944)
  • Weapons Troop (Cld)
  • 9th Cavalry Regiment (Cld) : 10 October 1940
  • 10th Cavalry Regiment (Cld) : 24 March 1923 (Transferred to 3d Cavalry Division on 15 August 1927). Transferred to 2d Cavalry Division on 10 October 1940.
• HHB Division Artillery
  • 3d Field Artillery Battalion (75mm)
  • 16th Field Artillery Battalion (75mm)
• HQ & HQ Troop, 2d Cavalry Division
• 9th Engineer Squadron (Motorized)
• 2d Medical Squadron
• 17th Quartermaster Squadron
• 92d Reconnaissance Squadron
• 2d Antitank Troop
• 2d Signal Troop
• 24th Ordnance Medium Maintenance Company

Standard organization chart for a Cavalry Division in November 1940

Organization (1943–44)

Division headquarters reactivated on 25 February 1943 at Fort Clark. Mobilized for deployment to North Africa 12 January 1944. Inactivated in Oran, Algeria on 9 March 1944. Components used to create service and labor units.

Support units

• 35th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized) (Colored)
• 162d Engineer Squadron (Colored)
• 3d Medical Squadron (Colored)
• 2d Cavalry Division Military Police Platoon (Colored)
• 20th Cavalry Quartermaster Squadron (Colored)
• 114th Ordnance Medium Maintenance Company (Colored)
• 4th Cavalry Brigade : 21 February 1941 (Inactivated on 23 March 1944)
  • 10th Cavalry Regiment : 24 March 1923 (Transferred to 3d Cavalry Division on 15 August 1927. Returned to 2d Cavalry Division on 10 October 1940.
  • 28th Cavalry : Activated at Fort Lockett on 25 February 1943.
• 5th Cavalry Brigade : 25 February 1943
  • 9th Cavalry Regiment : Assigned 10 October 1940.
  • 27th Cavalry Regiment : Activated 25 February 1943
• 2d Cavalry Division Artillery (Colored)
  • 77th Field Artillery Battalion (Colored)(75mm)
  • 78th Field Artillery Battalion (Colored)(75mm)

Organization (1944)

• 4th Cavalry Brigade (Colored): Inactivated 23 March 1944; assets converted into the 6495th Engineer Heavy Pontoon Battalion, Provisional (Colored); later converted into the 1553rd Engineer Heavy Pontoon Battalion (Colored).
  • 9th Cavalry (Colored): Broken up and personnel reassigned to various service units on 7 March 1944.
  • 10th Cavalry Regiment (Horse) (Colored): Inactivated 10 March 1944; assets converted into the 6486th Engineer Construction Battalion, Provisional (Colored) on 20 March 1944; later converted into the 1334th Engineer Construction Battalion (Colored) on 29 March 1944.
• 5th Cavalry Brigade (Colored): Inactivated 12 June 1944; assets converted into the 6400th Ordnance Ammunition Battalion (Provisional) on 12 June 1944.
  • 27th Cavalry Regiment (Horse) (Colored): Inactivated 27 March 1944; assets converted into the 6404th Port Battalion on 31 March 1944.
  • 28th Cavalry Regiment (Horse) (Colored): Inactivated 31 March 1944; assets converted into the 6487th Engineer Construction Battalion, Provisional (Colored) on 31 March 1944; later converted into the 134th Quartermaster Battalion (Mobile)(Colored).
• HHB Division Artillery (Colored): Inactivated 10 March 1944.
  • 77th Field Artillery Battalion (75 mm)(Colored): Inactivated 26 February 1944.
  • 79th Field Artillery Battalion (75 mm)(Colored): Inactivated 10 March 1944.
  • 159th Field Artillery Battalion (105mm)(Colored): Did not deploy to North Africa.
• HQ & HQ Troop, 2d Cavalry Division (Colored): Inactivated 10 May 1944.
• 162d Engineer Squadron (Colored): 22 March 1944.
• 3d Medical Squadron (Colored): Inactivated 24 May 1944.
• 35th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)(Colored): Inactivated 25 March 1944.
• 20th Cavalry Quartermaster Squadron (Colored): Inactivated 23 March 1944.
• 114th Ordnance Medium Maintenance Company (Colored): Inactivated 7 March 1944.
• Military Police Platoon, 2d Cavalry Division (Colored): Inactivated 1 June 1944.

World War II

Placed on the rolls of the Army in 1921, the 2d Cavalry Division was not activated until April 1941. As part of the Protective Mobilization Plan, the division was reserved for activation at Fort Riley, Kansas, but due to manpower constraints it never reached full strength. The 2d received the appropriate number of cavalry regiments, but units providing the organic support and service troops remained unfilled. The first divisional activations came in October 1940, with the organization of the 3rd Cavalry Brigade and the assignment of the 2d Cavalry Regiment and 14th Cavalry Regiment. The 4th Cavalry Brigade activated during February 1941 with the 9th Cavalry Regiment and 10th Cavalry Regiment as its cavalry regiments. These last two regiments, the only two available for assignment, were black units. The division, therefore, was unique to Army structure at that time, a racially mixed unit.

Split between Fort Riley and Camp Funston, Kansas, neither post having adequate facilities for the division's horse cavalry, personnel shortages continued, and divisional elements were activated using provisional assets. General Millikin, the 2d Cavalry Division commander in June 1941, envisioned a combined use of mechanized and horse cavalry within the division. During July, Troop A, 2n Reconnaissance Squadron, was formed provisionally as a mechanized divisional element. The division, now organized with horses, scout cars, jeeps and motorcycles, spent most of the rest of the summer training with its new equipment.

The 2d Cavalry Division participated in the Second Army Maneuvers of late August as a component of the Red Forces facing the VII Corps' Blue Army. Given the task of capturing Arkansas and Louisiana, the 2nd's mission ended on 9 September with divisional elements at Chatham, Louisiana. During the next week the division became part of a second training operation. This time the division served with the Second Army's Red Force, now challenging the Third Army's Blue Force. Second Army's first goal was to defeat and remove the Blue Forces from southern Louisiana, and then to keep the enemy from capturing Shreveport. At the close of these maneuvers the 2d Cavalry Division returned to Kansas, having prevailed with Blue Forces still forty miles from the city.

By 2 November possessed a number of its organic support troops, although most were still functioning in a provisional status. The end of the month found the division involved in another set of training maneuvers. The operation, "PRACTICE BLITZKRIEG," was based in Kansas and finished with the 2d Cavalry Division's capture of Topeka. The exercise ended when the divisional military police unit seized the governor who feigned a surrender of the state.

The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor triggered fears of assaults on the west coast and invasion threats from south of the border. A new emphasis was placed on the continent's western defenses and the division deployed its 3rd Brigade to Arizona. General Coulter, the brigade commander, was also given command of the Southern Land Frontier Sector of the Western Defense Command. Under him the 2d Cavalry, stationed at Phoenix, and the 14th Cavalry, at Tucson, patrolled the Mexican Border for the next seven months. Meanwhile, the 4th Cavalry Brigade, still at Camp Funston, continuing an endless cycle of training. Constantly called on to provide cadre for new units, the 9th and 10th Cavalry routinely lost veteran personnel and received untrained recruits.

During the spring of 1942 a War Department decision to increase the number of armored divisions within the United States Army resulted in the planned conversion of the 2d Cavalry Division. White troops in the 3d Brigade were used in the formation of the 9th Armored Division. The 2d and 14th Cavalry were inactivated and their personnel transferred into the newly formed 2d and 14th Armored Regiments, both elements of the new armored division. On 15 July 1942 the 2d Cavalry Division was inactivated. The 4th Cavalry Brigade with its black regiments, however, remained active.

The activation of the 9th Armored Division created logistical problems at Fort Riley and Camp Funston. The installations that had accommodated a single division were now home to a division and an additional cavalry brigade. Consequently, the 4th Cavalry Brigade Headquarters and the 10th Cavalry relocated to Camp Lockett, California. The 9th Cavalry, although still assigned to the brigade, moved to Fort Clark, Texas.

As the number of black personnel entering the Army rose, the need for negro units for these soldiers to join also increased. In November 1942 the War Department directed that the 2d Cavalry Division would be reactivated, and that two new black regiments would be assigned. It was also announced that the 2d, now the Army's third black division, would remain divided between Texas and California. Construction was started at both posts since neither had the facilities to support an entire division. The work completed, the 2d Cavalry Division activated on 25 February 1943 with headquarters at Fort Clark. The 9th and 27th Cavalry, active at the Texas post, were the assigned troops of the 5th Cavalry Brigade. The 10th Cavalry and the 28th Cavalry, located at Camp Lockett, made up the 4th Cavalry Brigade.

Filled using recruits straight from the induction centers, the 2d Division spent most of the spring and summer of 1943 training its soldiers. The division provided these men with their basic training as well as instruction in cavalry operations. The divisional training as a whole, however, would not be tested. Stating that there was no intrinsic need for a second cavalry division, the War Department had devised a plan to use the 2d Cavalry Division personnel to form needed service units. Black community leaders, reacting against the criticism of the performance of negroes in combat units, protested the possible conversion of the division. The debate over the capabilities of black units continued but the decision concerning the status of the 2d Cavalry Division was already made. The War Department ordered the division to be shipped overseas where the conversion would take place. During January 1944 the 2d Cavalry Division was dismounted and shipped back east for deployment abroad. Arriving at Oran, North Africa, on 9 March 1944, the division was inactivated the next day.

The division was never engaged in combat and was instead assigned to construct airfields for the Tuskegee Airmen in North Africa and perform garrison and supply duties there. The division also provided replacement troops for the all-black 92d Infantry Division which was heavily engaged in combat in Italy.

Commanders

• Brigadier General Terry de la Mesa Allen, Sr.: 1 April 1941 – May 1941
• Brigadier General John Millikin: June 1941 – April 1942
• Brigadier General John B. Coulter: May 1942 – 15 July 1942
• Major General Harry H. Johnson: 25 February 1943 – 10 May 1944.

See also

• Buffalo Soldier
• Coats of arms of U.S. Armor and Cavalry Regiments
• United States Army branch insignia

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History

• U.S. Army Order of Battle 1919–1941, Volume 2. The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery, 1919–41 by Lieutenant Colonel (Retired) Steven E. Clay, Combat Studies Institute Press, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 2011
• Maneuver and Firepower, The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades, by John B. Wilson, Center of Military History, Washington D.C., 1998
• Cavalry Regiments of the U S Army by James A. Sawicki Wyvern Pubns; June 1985

External links

• African Americans in the U.S. Army – ARMY.MIL
• The Army Almanac: Combat Chronicles of World War II.
• Camp Lockett, CA