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McDonald was born on 11 January 1961 in Seymour, Victoria, a small Australian town. As a result of a birth injury, she developed severe athetoid cerebral palsy. Because she could not walk, talk or feed herself, she was diagnosed as having severe [[intellectual disability]]. At the age of three, she was placed by her parents in St. Nicholas Hospital, [[Melbourne]], a Health Commission (government) institution for children with severe disabilities, and she lived there without education or therapy for eleven years. It has been claimed that, during McDonald's time in the hospital, she was neglected and starved and at age 16 she weighed only 12 kilograms.<ref>Rosemary Crossley, "Speechless: Facilitating Communication for People Without Voices", Dutton Adult (1997), {{ISBN|0-525-94156-8}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Despite her ill-treatment, McDonald was purported to have considered herself "a lucky one" in that she was able to be released, and to have estimated that 163 of her friends died in the institution while she was there.<ref name=":0">Carman, Gerry [http://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/persistence-and-passion-speak-loudest-20101031-178v0.html "Persistence and passion speak loudest" (obituary)]. ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', 1 November 2010</ref>
McDonald was born on 11 January 1961 in Seymour, Victoria, a small Australian town. As a result of a birth injury, she developed severe athetoid cerebral palsy. Because she could not walk, talk or feed herself, she was diagnosed as having severe [[intellectual disability]]. At the age of three, she was placed by her parents in St. Nicholas Hospital, [[Melbourne]], a Health Commission (government) institution for children with severe disabilities, and she lived there without education or therapy for eleven years. It has been claimed that, during McDonald's time in the hospital, she was neglected and starved and at age 16 she weighed only 12 kilograms.<ref>Rosemary Crossley, "Speechless: Facilitating Communication for People Without Voices", Dutton Adult (1997), {{ISBN|0-525-94156-8}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Despite her ill-treatment, McDonald was purported to have considered herself "a lucky one" in that she was able to be released, and to have estimated that 163 of her friends died in the institution while she was there.<ref name=":0">Carman, Gerry [http://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/persistence-and-passion-speak-loudest-20101031-178v0.html "Persistence and passion speak loudest" (obituary)]. ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', 1 November 2010</ref>


In 1977, when McDonald was 16, [[Rosemary Crossley]] reported that she was able to communicate with her by supporting her upper arm while she selected word blocks and magnetic letters. Crossley continued using similar strategies with McDonald and other individuals with disabilities, developing what has become known as [[facilitated communication]] training. Scientific studies have since demonstrated that facilitated communication is not actually effective, and that the resulting messages are essentially written by the facilitators themselves, often unconsciously.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=Gina|date=1994|title=Facilitated communication: Mental miracle or sleight of hand?|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20021217224216/http:/www.skeptic.com/02.3.green-fc.html|journal=Skeptic|volume=2|pages=68-76|via=}}</ref><ref name="Why debunked autism treatment fads persist">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150226154644.htm|title=Why debunked autism treatment fads persist|website=Science Daily|publisher=Emory University|display-authors=etal|last1=Lilienfeld|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailyorange.com/2016/04/syracuse-universitys-reinforcement-of-facilitated-communication-inexcusable-concerning/|title=Syracuse University's reinforcement of facilitated communication inexcusable, concerning|first=|date=|website=The Daily Orange|publisher=Syracuse University|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last1=Editorial Board|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Todd, James (2012)">{{cite journal|date=13 July 2012|title=The moral obligation to be empirical: Comments on Boynton's 'Facilitated Communication - what harm it can do: Confessions of a former facilitator'|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17489539.2012.704738|journal=Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group|volume=6|issue=1|pages=36–57|doi=10.1080/17489539.2012.704738|via=|last1=Todd|first1=James T.|accessdate=March 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Genae A.|date=1993|title=Facilitator Control as Automatic Behavior: A Verbal Behavior Analysis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748555/pdf/anverbbehav00034-0091.pdf|journal=The Analysis of Verbal Behavior|volume=11|pages=89-97|via=}}</ref><ref name="Jacobson, Mulick, Schwartz (1995)">{{cite journal|last2=Mulick|first2=James A.|last3=Schwartz|first3=Allen A.|date=September 1995|title=A History of Facilitated Communication: Science, Pseudoscience, and Antiscience: Science Working Group on Facilitated Communication|journal=American Psychologist|publisher=American Psychological Association,Inc.|volume=50|issue=9|pages=750–765|doi=10.1037/0003-066x.50.9.750|last1=Jacobson|first1=John W.}}</ref><ref name="APA2">[http://www.apa.org/research/action/facilitated.aspx ''Facilitated Communication: Sifting the Psychological Wheat from the Chaff''.] American Psychological Association. June 13, 2016.</ref>
In 1977, when McDonald was 16, [[Rosemary Crossley]] reported that she was able to communicate with her by supporting her upper arm while she selected word blocks and magnetic letters. Crossley continued using similar strategies with McDonald and other individuals with disabilities, developing what has become known as [[facilitated communication]] training. Scientific studies have since demonstrated that facilitated communication is not actually effective, and that the resulting messages are essentially written by the facilitators themselves, often unconsciously.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Green |first=Gina |date=1994 |title=Facilitated communication: Mental miracle or sleight of hand? |url=http://www.skeptic.com/02.3.green-fc.html |journal=Skeptic |volume=2 |pages=68-76 |via= |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021217224216/http://www.skeptic.com/02.3.green-fc.html |archivedate=17 December 2002 }}</ref><ref name="Why debunked autism treatment fads persist">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150226154644.htm|title=Why debunked autism treatment fads persist|website=Science Daily|publisher=Emory University|display-authors=etal|last1=Lilienfeld|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailyorange.com/2016/04/syracuse-universitys-reinforcement-of-facilitated-communication-inexcusable-concerning/|title=Syracuse University's reinforcement of facilitated communication inexcusable, concerning|first=|date=|website=The Daily Orange|publisher=Syracuse University|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last1=Editorial Board|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Todd, James (2012)">{{cite journal|date=13 July 2012|title=The moral obligation to be empirical: Comments on Boynton's 'Facilitated Communication - what harm it can do: Confessions of a former facilitator'|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17489539.2012.704738|journal=Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group|volume=6|issue=1|pages=36–57|doi=10.1080/17489539.2012.704738|via=|last1=Todd|first1=James T.|accessdate=March 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Genae A.|date=1993|title=Facilitator Control as Automatic Behavior: A Verbal Behavior Analysis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748555/pdf/anverbbehav00034-0091.pdf|journal=The Analysis of Verbal Behavior|volume=11|pages=89-97|via=}}</ref><ref name="Jacobson, Mulick, Schwartz (1995)">{{cite journal|last2=Mulick|first2=James A.|last3=Schwartz|first3=Allen A.|date=September 1995|title=A History of Facilitated Communication: Science, Pseudoscience, and Antiscience: Science Working Group on Facilitated Communication|journal=American Psychologist|publisher=American Psychological Association,Inc.|volume=50|issue=9|pages=750–765|doi=10.1037/0003-066x.50.9.750|last1=Jacobson|first1=John W.}}</ref><ref name="APA2">[http://www.apa.org/research/action/facilitated.aspx ''Facilitated Communication: Sifting the Psychological Wheat from the Chaff''.] American Psychological Association. June 13, 2016.</ref>


Through Crossley, McDonald appeared to seek discharge from St. Nicholas. Her parents and the hospital authorities denied her request on the grounds that the reality of her communication had not been established. In 1979, when McDonald turned eighteen, she commenced a [[habeas corpus]] action in the [[Supreme Court of Victoria]] against the Health Commission in order to win the right to leave the institution.<ref>David J. Clark, Gerard McCoy, "Habeas corpus: Australia, New Zealand, the South Pacific", pp. 120, Federation Press, Sydney (2000), {{ISBN|1-86287-302-X}}</ref><ref>Susan Hayes and Robert Hayes, "Simply Criminal", pp. 51, The Law Book Company Limited, Sydney (1984), {{ISBN|0-455-20279-6}}</ref> The court accepted that McDonald's communication was her own and allowed her to leave the hospital and live with Crossley.
Through Crossley, McDonald appeared to seek discharge from St. Nicholas. Her parents and the hospital authorities denied her request on the grounds that the reality of her communication had not been established. In 1979, when McDonald turned eighteen, she commenced a [[habeas corpus]] action in the [[Supreme Court of Victoria]] against the Health Commission in order to win the right to leave the institution.<ref>David J. Clark, Gerard McCoy, "Habeas corpus: Australia, New Zealand, the South Pacific", pp. 120, Federation Press, Sydney (2000), {{ISBN|1-86287-302-X}}</ref><ref>Susan Hayes and Robert Hayes, "Simply Criminal", pp. 51, The Law Book Company Limited, Sydney (1984), {{ISBN|0-455-20279-6}}</ref> The court accepted that McDonald's communication was her own and allowed her to leave the hospital and live with Crossley.
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== Controversy ==
== Controversy ==
The story of McDonald's use of facilitated communication has been questioned many times, with sceptics pointing to input from the assistant.<ref>{{Cite web|title = More Doubts over Disability ‘Miracle’ {{!}} Disability Advocacy Resource Unit (DARU)|url = http://www.daru.org.au/resource/more-doubts-over-disability-miracle|website = www.daru.org.au|access-date = 2016-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://u.b5z.net/i/u/10196230/f/LISA_Rosemarys_Baby.pdf|title = Rosemary's Baby|last = Rule|first = Andrew|date = May 14, 2012|work = |access-date = Jan 16, 2016|via = }}</ref> Psychologists and policy makers have argued facilitated communication is, at best, ineffective wishful thinking, and at worst, actively harmful.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Facilitated Communication Is a Cult That Won’t Die|url = http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2015/11/facilitated_communication_pseudoscience_harms_people_with_disabilities.html|newspaper = Slate|date = 2015-11-12|access-date = 2016-01-16|issn = 1091-2339|language = en-US|first = David|last = [[David Auerbach|Auerbach]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = FRONTLINE: previous reports: transcripts: prisoners of silence {{!}} PBS|url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/programs/transcripts/1202.html|website = www.pbs.org|access-date = 2016-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Research Report 77: Educational Interventions for Children With Autism: A Literature Review of Recent And Current Research|last = Jordan|first = Rita|publisher = Department for Education and Employment|year = 1998|isbn = |location = |pages = }}</ref>
The story of McDonald's use of facilitated communication has been questioned many times, with sceptics pointing to input from the assistant.<ref>{{Cite web|title = More Doubts over Disability ‘Miracle’ {{!}} Disability Advocacy Resource Unit (DARU)|url = http://www.daru.org.au/resource/more-doubts-over-disability-miracle|website = www.daru.org.au|access-date = 2016-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://u.b5z.net/i/u/10196230/f/LISA_Rosemarys_Baby.pdf |title=Rosemary's Baby |last=Rule |first=Andrew |date=May 14, 2012 |work= |access-date=Jan 16, 2016 |via= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405210726/http://u.b5z.net/i/u/10196230/f/LISA_Rosemarys_Baby.pdf |archivedate=5 April 2016 }}</ref> Psychologists and policy makers have argued facilitated communication is, at best, ineffective wishful thinking, and at worst, actively harmful.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Facilitated Communication Is a Cult That Won’t Die|url = http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2015/11/facilitated_communication_pseudoscience_harms_people_with_disabilities.html|newspaper = Slate|date = 2015-11-12|access-date = 2016-01-16|issn = 1091-2339|language = en-US|first = David|last = [[David Auerbach|Auerbach]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = FRONTLINE: previous reports: transcripts: prisoners of silence {{!}} PBS|url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/programs/transcripts/1202.html|website = www.pbs.org|access-date = 2016-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Research Report 77: Educational Interventions for Children With Autism: A Literature Review of Recent And Current Research|last = Jordan|first = Rita|publisher = Department for Education and Employment|year = 1998|isbn = |location = |pages = }}</ref>


McDonald and her story have reappeared in the news following the sexual assault case against facilitated communication aide [[Anna Stubblefield]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = The Strange Case of Anna Stubblefield|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/magazine/the-strange-case-of-anna-stubblefield.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2015-10-20|access-date = 2016-01-16|issn = 0362-4331|first = Daniel|last = Engber}}</ref>
McDonald and her story have reappeared in the news following the sexual assault case against facilitated communication aide [[Anna Stubblefield]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = The Strange Case of Anna Stubblefield|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/magazine/the-strange-case-of-anna-stubblefield.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2015-10-20|access-date = 2016-01-16|issn = 0362-4331|first = Daniel|last = Engber}}</ref>
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==External links==
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101101105052/http://www.deal.org.au:80/rowing-upstream-0 Anne McDonald: Home Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101101105052/http://www.deal.org.au/rowing-upstream-0 Anne McDonald: Home Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101101105047/http://www.deal.org.au:80/right-communicate-0 The Right to Communicate]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101101105047/http://www.deal.org.au/right-communicate-0 The Right to Communicate]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101102162138/http://www.deal.org.au:80/anne-14-years-st-nicholas My Years In Hell]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101102162138/http://www.deal.org.au/anne-14-years-st-nicholas My Years In Hell]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101102142122/http://www.deal.org.au:80/anne-my-frankenstein My Frankenstein]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101102142122/http://www.deal.org.au/anne-my-frankenstein My Frankenstein]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101101105015/http://www.deal.org.au:80/anne-if-we-keep-babies-alive What I Think Of Euthanasia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101101105015/http://www.deal.org.au/anne-if-we-keep-babies-alive What I Think Of Euthanasia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101102142126/http://www.deal.org.au:80/anne-proving-i-exist I've only got one life to live, and I don't want to waste it all proving I exist]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101102142126/http://www.deal.org.au/anne-proving-i-exist I've only got one life to live, and I don't want to waste it all proving I exist]
* [http://members.optusnet.com.au/~anne.mcdonald/Anne_files/Anne_update.html "To thyself be enough."]
* [http://members.optusnet.com.au/~anne.mcdonald/Anne_files/Anne_update.html "To thyself be enough."]
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088250/ IMDB link to the film Annie's Coming Out]
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088250/ IMDB link to the film Annie's Coming Out]

Revision as of 18:14, 6 July 2017

The Anne McDonald Centre in Melbourne for disabled people with little or no communication skills.

Anne McDonald (11 January 1961 – 22 October 2010) was an Australian person with cerebral palsy who has been credited as an author and an activist for the rights of people with communication disability.

McDonald was born on 11 January 1961 in Seymour, Victoria, a small Australian town. As a result of a birth injury, she developed severe athetoid cerebral palsy. Because she could not walk, talk or feed herself, she was diagnosed as having severe intellectual disability. At the age of three, she was placed by her parents in St. Nicholas Hospital, Melbourne, a Health Commission (government) institution for children with severe disabilities, and she lived there without education or therapy for eleven years. It has been claimed that, during McDonald's time in the hospital, she was neglected and starved and at age 16 she weighed only 12 kilograms.[1][2] Despite her ill-treatment, McDonald was purported to have considered herself "a lucky one" in that she was able to be released, and to have estimated that 163 of her friends died in the institution while she was there.[2]

In 1977, when McDonald was 16, Rosemary Crossley reported that she was able to communicate with her by supporting her upper arm while she selected word blocks and magnetic letters. Crossley continued using similar strategies with McDonald and other individuals with disabilities, developing what has become known as facilitated communication training. Scientific studies have since demonstrated that facilitated communication is not actually effective, and that the resulting messages are essentially written by the facilitators themselves, often unconsciously.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Through Crossley, McDonald appeared to seek discharge from St. Nicholas. Her parents and the hospital authorities denied her request on the grounds that the reality of her communication had not been established. In 1979, when McDonald turned eighteen, she commenced a habeas corpus action in the Supreme Court of Victoria against the Health Commission in order to win the right to leave the institution.[10][11] The court accepted that McDonald's communication was her own and allowed her to leave the hospital and live with Crossley.

After leaving the institution, McDonald got her Higher School Certificate (University entrance) qualification at night school and went on to take a humanities degree at Deakin University, completed in 1993. An editorial in the Melbourne Herald-Sun said at the time: "If walking on the moon was a giant leap for mankind as well as a small step for one man, then Anne McDonald's graduation from university yesterday was a major lessor for society as much as it was the fulfilment of a personal dream".[12] She was credited as an authored of a number of articles and papers on disability, presented at international conferences, and as being active in the disability rights movement, with special emphasis on the right to communicate.[13][14][15]

McDonald was credited as a co-author, with Crossley, of the book Annie's Coming Out (1980), which tells their story. The film Annie's Coming Out, based on the book, won several Australian Film Institute awards (including Best Picture) and was released in the US under the title Test of Love. It won the inaugural Allen Lane Award for the best book of the year dealing with disability. Some questioned whether McDonald had the capacity write a book, and she had to demonstrate her abilities in the Supreme Court to win the right to manage her own financial affairs and enter into a contract with Penguin Books.[16][17]

On the International Day of Persons with Disabilities, 3 December 2008, McDonald received the Personal Achievement Award in the Australian National Disability Awards at Parliament House. Her presentation on that occasion said:

The worst thing about being an inspiration is that you have to be perfect. I am a normal person with only normal courage. Some people who should know better have tried to give me a halo. Anybody could have done what I have done if they too had been taken out of hell as I was. If you let other people without speech be helped as I was helped they will say more than I can say. They will tell you that the humanity we share is not dependent on speech. They will tell you that the power of literacy lies within us all. They will tell you that I am not an exception, only a bad example.

McDonald died of a heart attack on 22 October 2010.[18] She received a posthumous award from the Australian Group on Severe Communication Impairment (AGOSCI). The citation read:

Anne's dedicated advocacy and activism for the human rights of people with disabilities and especially those using alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) was as inspirational as her own achievement. As author and presenter she worked tirelessly to raise the profile of people with communication disabilities. Her outstanding achievements are acknowledged and sincerely appreciated by AGOSCI.[19]

Controversy

The story of McDonald's use of facilitated communication has been questioned many times, with sceptics pointing to input from the assistant.[20][21] Psychologists and policy makers have argued facilitated communication is, at best, ineffective wishful thinking, and at worst, actively harmful.[22][23][24]

McDonald and her story have reappeared in the news following the sexual assault case against facilitated communication aide Anna Stubblefield.[25]

  • Annie's Coming Out (Penguin Books, 1980) ISBN 0-14-005688-2

References

  1. ^ Rosemary Crossley, "Speechless: Facilitating Communication for People Without Voices", Dutton Adult (1997), ISBN 0-525-94156-8
  2. ^ a b Carman, Gerry "Persistence and passion speak loudest" (obituary). The Sydney Morning Herald, 1 November 2010
  3. ^ Green, Gina (1994). "Facilitated communication: Mental miracle or sleight of hand?". Skeptic. 2: 68–76. Archived from the original on 17 December 2002. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Lilienfeld; et al. "Why debunked autism treatment fads persist". Science Daily. Emory University. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  5. ^ Editorial Board. "Syracuse University's reinforcement of facilitated communication inexcusable, concerning". The Daily Orange. Syracuse University. Retrieved 13 April 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  6. ^ Todd, James T. (13 July 2012). "The moral obligation to be empirical: Comments on Boynton's 'Facilitated Communication - what harm it can do: Confessions of a former facilitator'". Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention. 6 (1). Taylor & Francis Group: 36–57. doi:10.1080/17489539.2012.704738. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  7. ^ Hall, Genae A. (1993). "Facilitator Control as Automatic Behavior: A Verbal Behavior Analysis" (PDF). The Analysis of Verbal Behavior. 11: 89–97.
  8. ^ Jacobson, John W.; Mulick, James A.; Schwartz, Allen A. (September 1995). "A History of Facilitated Communication: Science, Pseudoscience, and Antiscience: Science Working Group on Facilitated Communication". American Psychologist. 50 (9). American Psychological Association,Inc.: 750–765. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.50.9.750.
  9. ^ Facilitated Communication: Sifting the Psychological Wheat from the Chaff. American Psychological Association. June 13, 2016.
  10. ^ David J. Clark, Gerard McCoy, "Habeas corpus: Australia, New Zealand, the South Pacific", pp. 120, Federation Press, Sydney (2000), ISBN 1-86287-302-X
  11. ^ Susan Hayes and Robert Hayes, "Simply Criminal", pp. 51, The Law Book Company Limited, Sydney (1984), ISBN 0-455-20279-6
  12. ^ Editorial, Sunday Herald Sun, May 29, 1994
  13. ^ Alternate home website Archived 15 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Intelligence goes beyond motor skill
  15. ^ Facebook page [www.facebook.com/pages/Anne-McDonald/133281970040595]
  16. ^ Rosemary Crossley, "Speechless: Facilitating Communication for People Without Voices", Dutton Adult (1997), ISBN 0-525-94156-8
  17. ^ ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR PEOPLE WITH SEVERE COMMUNICATION IMPAIRMENT Archived 24 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ "annie-has-gone-but-her-legacy-and-fighting-spirit-live-on". The Age
  19. ^ Sue Owen, Chairperson, Agosci, 14 May 2011
  20. ^ "More Doubts over Disability 'Miracle' | Disability Advocacy Resource Unit (DARU)". www.daru.org.au. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  21. ^ Rule, Andrew (14 May 2012). "Rosemary's Baby" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Auerbach, David (12 November 2015). "Facilitated Communication Is a Cult That Won't Die". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  23. ^ "FRONTLINE: previous reports: transcripts: prisoners of silence | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  24. ^ Jordan, Rita (1998). Research Report 77: Educational Interventions for Children With Autism: A Literature Review of Recent And Current Research. Department for Education and Employment.
  25. ^ Engber, Daniel (20 October 2015). "The Strange Case of Anna Stubblefield". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 January 2016.

Add to fn 3: The Queen and the Health Commission of Victoria, George Lipton and Dennis McGinn, ex parte Anne McDonald, Unreported Victoria Supreme Court [1979].

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