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==Circulation==
==Circulation==


In the nineteenth century, corseting was thought to lead to cardiac palpitations in the heart and [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Spanaemia spanaemia],<ref name="Crutchfield" /> or the lack of oxygen in the blood.<ref name="Spanaemia">"Spanaemia." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. n.d. Web</ref>
In the nineteenth century, corseting was thought to lead to cardiac palpitations in the heart and [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024201635/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Spanaemia spanaemia],<ref name="Crutchfield" /> or the lack of oxygen in the blood.<ref name="Spanaemia">"Spanaemia." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. n.d. Web</ref>


This claim was successfully debunked, as there is no evidence to support corset-caused circulatory damage.<ref name="Steele" />
This claim was successfully debunked, as there is no evidence to support corset-caused circulatory damage.<ref name="Steele" />

Revision as of 06:40, 18 September 2017


Tightlacing is the practice of wearing a corset that has been tightly laced to shape the body to a desired figure. This practice has been in effect since the early years of corsetry, often deplored by moralists and the subject of urban legends and cautionary tales in many centuries. For the same amount of time, doctors spoke against the practice, citing dramatic risks to the wearer's health. However, many claims were based on the incomplete medical knowledge of the day, as well as incorrect assumptions and beliefs about the female body.[1]

Heart

There is no actual evidence from specific, cited autopsies supporting the notion that the heart is damaged by corsetry.[1]

A study was published in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research in 1989, showed that participants who wore waist belts when weight lifting had an increase in blood pressure. that when weight lifting, the support belts that the men wore increased their blood pressure. This inspired the popular corset maker and founder of Lucy's Corsetry, Lucy Williams, to see if this could potentially apply to corsets as well. In a video, she measures her blood pressure both in and out of the corset, seeing a 10% increase of blood pressure while wearing a corset. This is consistent with the 1989 study which saw a 6-15% increase in blood pressure of the wearers.

Lungs

The constriction of the corset, if too tight, prevents the lower lobes of the lungs from fully expanding when taking a breath. This puts extra strain on and causes additional work for the lower lobes of the lungs. David Kunzle, an art historian[dubious – discuss], argues that because the lower lobes have been strained, they are unable to adequately fight off pneumonia[2] or bacillus tuberculosis which go to the lower lobes of the lungs first.[3]

However, Valerie Steele notes that the corset's association with tuberculosis originated before the bacillus was discovered, and that the corset may have only aggravated the condition.[1]

Circulation

In the nineteenth century, corseting was thought to lead to cardiac palpitations in the heart and spanaemia,[3] or the lack of oxygen in the blood.[4]

This claim was successfully debunked, as there is no evidence to support corset-caused circulatory damage.[1]

Breasts

The pressure placed on the breasts results in many injuries and complications.[citation needed] Corset-wearing cannot cause breast cancer.[1] Occurring more frequently is a reduction of the size of the nipples.[citation needed] Victorians believed the corset caused mammary abscesses,[3] a common inflammation of the connective tissue in the breast; however, mastitis is caused by bacteria, and thus there is no evidence supporting that clothing of any type alone could have led to the condition. These effects are only consistent with that of over-bust corsets and not relevant to those using under-bust only.

Stomach

Victorian doctors believed that, in a tightly-laced corset, the stomach would be unable to churn correctly, making it difficult to digest food completely. This condition is called dyspepsia, more commonly known as indigestion.[3]

It may cause constipation and make it difficult for the wearer to eat a sizable meal.[1]

Liver

Victorian doctors believed that the liver experienced many complications while the body is tightlaced, becoming severed due to the location of the ribs as a result of the tightlacing, and that the liver would become enlarged or displaced.[2][5] Another possibility was mechanical congestion,[3] the result of the pressure placed on the inferior vena cava, thus obstructing the flow of blood.[5] According to Dr. Tse-Ling Fong, liver cancer is often the result of this vein being blocked. The blocked vein is not able to filter out the bad blood in the liver resulting in a cancerous infection.[6]

However, corsets would not have had a drastic effect on the liver, merely squeezing and elongating it, and modern research shows that much of the liver function can be lost without causing health problems.[1] Steele also notes that there is a great deal of variation in liver appearance, which may have confused anatomists performing autopsies.

Colon

The corset may have aided a poor diet in causing constipation[1] which, according to Dr. Majid Ali, if severe enough and left untreated, can eventually lead to death.[7]

Uterus

The uterus was believed by Victorian doctors to suffer the most from tightlacing, failing to develop properly due to the inactivity of the abdominal muscles or becoming prolapsed.[2][3] Others believed that every time the bladder or rectum emptied, the uterus was unable to be lifted back into place due to weak ligaments, causing head and back pain, and inability to stand or walk, and improper menstruation.[8]

However, this line of thought rested on very little evidence and the assumption that the uterus was one of the most important organs in a woman's body, and it is unlikely that the uterus actually suffered from corsetry.[1]

Gall bladder

Victorian doctors believed there was a relationship between gallstones and tightlacing, the corset causing extreme weight loss.[3] (Gallstones are the result of the body metabolizing fat to compensate for rapid weight loss.[9])

However, the most common sufferers from gallstones are female even today, and it is unlikely that the corset had much to do with the condition.[1]

Muscles

Wearing a corset for a very extended period of time can result in muscle atrophy and lower-back pain.[1] The pectoral muscles also become weak after extensive tightlacing.[2] These weakened muscles cause a greater reliance on the corset.[1]

Subtext: Recent MRI Scans have shown:

- Lungs, barely affected. Breathing was fine.

- Kidneys were fine.

Now things do get affected once we get to the peritoneal cavity.

- Stomach now above waistline.

- Liver above waistline.

- The most affected organ was the large intestine, most affected part being transverse colon.

  • facts that may make study invalid*

-Corset not seasoned properly over a 3-4 week period. It was virtually brand new. This is not usually how corseting is done, over a long time span to adjust to the body it's on.

- She rushed into it as well, not allowing bodily shifts over a one-hour period of tightening.

- Corset was made of innovative materials that would work with MRI. We do not know if this had an effect.

- This was also compared to a pregnant woman and was shown that intestines move easily and for long periods of time safely for the growing baby. Corset wearing for most women usually does not encompass the amount of time put into a baby in the same nine months or anywhere near it in their corset.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tightlacing.

Sources

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Steele, Valerie (2005). The Corset: A Cultural History. Yale University Press.
  2. ^ a b c d Kunzle, David. Fashion and Fetishism. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield, 1982. Print.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Crutchfield, Eugene Lee, M.D. "Some Ill Effects of the Corset." Gaillard's Medical Journal 67 (July 1897): 37–14. Google Books. Web. 19 Sept. 2009.
  4. ^ "Spanaemia." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. n.d. Web
  5. ^ a b "Health Matters." Science. Vol. 10. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1887. 281–282. 253. JSTOR. Web. 26 Sept. 2009.
  6. ^ Fong, Tse-Ling, M.D. "Liver Cancer." MedicineNet.com. Ed. Leslie J. Schoenfield, M.D. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2009.
  7. ^ Ali, Majid, M.D. "Control of Constipation ." Ethnics in Medicine. n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2009.
  8. ^ Law, Hartland, M.D., and Herbert E. Law, F.C.S. "Displacements of the Womb." Viavi Hygiene: Explaining the Natural Principles upon Which the Viavi System of Treatment for Men, Women and Children Is Based. San Francisco: Viavi Company, 1912. 258–271. Google Books Search. Web. 26 Sept. 2009.
  9. ^ Cornforth, Tracee. "What Causes Gallstones." About.com. Ed. Medical Review Board. N.p., 18 July 2009. Web. 26 Sept. 2009.

Of people who were active in the study:

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