Jump to content

Granular convection: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Bibcode Bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
42,789 edits
m Adding 1 arxiv eprint(s), 0 bibcode(s) and 0 doi(s). Did it miss something? Report bugs, errors, and suggestions at User talk:Bibcode Bot
Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.6beta2)
Line 31: Line 31:


===Geology===
===Geology===
In [[geology]], the effect is common in formerly glaciated areas such as [[New England]] and areas in regions of [[permafrost]] where the landscape is shaped into [[hummocks]] by [[frost heave]] — new stones appear in the fields every year from deeper underground. [[Horace Greeley]] noted "Picking stones, is a never-ending labor on one of those New England farms. Pick as closely as you may, the next plowing turns up a fresh eruption of boulders and pebbles, from the size of a hickory nut to that of a tea-kettle." <ref>[http://www.osv.org/school/lesson_plans/ShowLessons.php?PageID=P&LessonID=34&DocID=96 excerpt from ''Recollections of a Busy Life''], by Horace Greeley 1869</ref> A hint to the cause appears in his further description that "this work is mainly to be done in March or April, when the earth is saturated with ice-cold water". Underground water freezes, lifting all particles above it. As the water starts to melt, smaller particles can settle into the opening spaces while larger particles are still raised. By the time ice no longer supports the larger rocks, they are at least partially supported by the smaller particles that slipped below them. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles in a single year speeds up the process.
In [[geology]], the effect is common in formerly glaciated areas such as [[New England]] and areas in regions of [[permafrost]] where the landscape is shaped into [[hummocks]] by [[frost heave]] — new stones appear in the fields every year from deeper underground. [[Horace Greeley]] noted "Picking stones, is a never-ending labor on one of those New England farms. Pick as closely as you may, the next plowing turns up a fresh eruption of boulders and pebbles, from the size of a hickory nut to that of a tea-kettle." <ref>[http://www.osv.org/school/lesson_plans/ShowLessons.php?PageID=P&LessonID=34&DocID=96 excerpt from ''Recollections of a Busy Life''] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120910004003/http://www.osv.org/school/lesson_plans/ShowLessons.php?PageID=P&LessonID=34&DocID=96 |date=2012-09-10 }}, by Horace Greeley 1869</ref> A hint to the cause appears in his further description that "this work is mainly to be done in March or April, when the earth is saturated with ice-cold water". Underground water freezes, lifting all particles above it. As the water starts to melt, smaller particles can settle into the opening spaces while larger particles are still raised. By the time ice no longer supports the larger rocks, they are at least partially supported by the smaller particles that slipped below them. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles in a single year speeds up the process.


This phenomenon is one of the causes of [[Graded bedding|inverse grading]] which can be observed in many situations including [[soil liquefaction]] during [[earthquake]]s or [[Mass wasting#Flows|mudslides]]. Granular convection is also exemplified by [[debris flow]], which is a fast moving, liquefied landslide of unconsolidated, saturated debris that looks like flowing concrete. These flows can carry material ranging in size from clay to boulders, including woody debris such as logs and tree stumps. Flows can be triggered by intense rainfall, glacial melt, or a combination of the two.
This phenomenon is one of the causes of [[Graded bedding|inverse grading]] which can be observed in many situations including [[soil liquefaction]] during [[earthquake]]s or [[Mass wasting#Flows|mudslides]]. Granular convection is also exemplified by [[debris flow]], which is a fast moving, liquefied landslide of unconsolidated, saturated debris that looks like flowing concrete. These flows can carry material ranging in size from clay to boulders, including woody debris such as logs and tree stumps. Flows can be triggered by intense rainfall, glacial melt, or a combination of the two.
Line 43: Line 43:
==External links==
==External links==
* {{YouTube|id = 4nnEGEjGWik|title = Beads in a Box}}
* {{YouTube|id = 4nnEGEjGWik|title = Beads in a Box}}
* [http://iep463.nat.uni-magdeburg.de/w3fr/rotieren.html Convection rolls in almost densely filled rotating containers, University of Magdeburg]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719105427/http://iep463.nat.uni-magdeburg.de/w3fr/rotieren.html Convection rolls in almost densely filled rotating containers, University of Magdeburg]
* [http://physicsweb.org/article/news/5/4/5 PhysicsWeb: The Brazil Nut Effect]
* [http://physicsweb.org/article/news/5/4/5 PhysicsWeb: The Brazil Nut Effect]
* {{Cite journal
* {{Cite journal

Revision as of 16:16, 22 October 2017

Brazil nuts ride on top of other assorted nuts

Granular convection, or granular segregation, is a phenomenon where granular material subjected to shaking or vibration will exhibit circulation patterns similar to types of fluid convection.[1] It is sometimes described as the Brazil nut effect when the largest particles end up on the surface of a granular material containing a mixture of variously sized objects; this derives from the example of a typical container of mixed nuts, where the largest will be Brazil nuts. The phenomenon is also known as the muesli effect since it is seen in packets of breakfast cereal containing particles of different sizes but similar density, such as muesli mix.

Under experimental conditions, granular convection of variously sized particles has been observed forming convection cells similar to fluid motion.[2][3] The convection of granular flows is becoming a well-understood phenomenon.[4]

Explanation

Brazil nut effect

It may be counterintuitive to find that the largest and (presumably) heaviest particles rise to the top, but several explanations are possible:

  • The center of mass of the whole system (containing the mixed nuts) in an arbitrary state is not optimally low; it has the tendency to be higher due to there being more empty space around the larger Brazil nuts than around smaller nuts.[citation needed] When the nuts are shaken, the system has the tendency to move to a lower energy state, which means moving the center of mass down by moving the smaller nuts down and thereby the Brazil nuts up.[citation needed]
  • Including the effects of air in spaces between particles, larger particles may become buoyant or sink. Smaller particles can fall into the spaces underneath a larger particle after each shake. Over time, the larger particle rises in the mixture. (According to Heinrich Jaeger, "[this] explanation for size separation might work in situations in which there is no granular convection, for example for containers with completely frictionless side walls or deep below the surface of tall containers (where convection is strongly suppressed). On the other hand, when friction with the side walls or other mechanisms set up a convection roll pattern inside the vibrated container, we found that the convective motion immediately takes over as the dominant mechanism for size separation."[5])
  • The same explanation without buoyancy or center of mass arguments: As a larger particle moves upward, any motion of smaller particles into the spaces underneath blocks the larger particle from settling back in its previous position. Repetitive motion results in more smaller particles slipping beneath larger particles. A greater density of the larger particles has no effect on this process. Shaking is not necessary; any process which raises particles and then lets them settle would have this effect. The process of raising the particles imparts potential energy into the system. The result of all the particles settling in a different order may be an increase in the potential energy—a raising of the center of mass.
  • When shaken, the particles move in vibration-induced convection flow; individual particles move up through the middle, across the surface, and down the sides. If a large particle is involved, it will be moved up to the top by convection flow. Once at the top, the large particle will stay there because the convection currents are too narrow to sweep it down along the wall.

The phenomenon is related to Parrondo's paradox in as much as the Brazil nuts move to the top of the mixed nuts against the gravitational gradient when subjected to random shaking.[6]

Granular convection has been probed by the use of MRI [7] where convection rolls similar to those in fluids (Bénard cells) can be visualized.

Applications

Manufacturing

The effect is of serious interest for some manufacturing operations; once a homogeneous mixture of granular materials has been produced, it is usually undesirable for the different particle types to segregate. Several factors determine the severity of the Brazil nut effect, including the sizes and densities of the particles, the pressure of any gas between the particles, and the shape of the container. A rectangular box (such as a box of breakfast cereal) or cylinder (such as a can of nuts) works well to favour the effect,[citation needed] while a cone-shaped [clarification needed] container results in what is known as the reverse Brazil nut effect.[citation needed]

Astronomy

In astronomy, it is also seen in some low density, or rubble pile asteroids, for example the asteroid 25143 Itokawa.[8]

Geology

In geology, the effect is common in formerly glaciated areas such as New England and areas in regions of permafrost where the landscape is shaped into hummocks by frost heave — new stones appear in the fields every year from deeper underground. Horace Greeley noted "Picking stones, is a never-ending labor on one of those New England farms. Pick as closely as you may, the next plowing turns up a fresh eruption of boulders and pebbles, from the size of a hickory nut to that of a tea-kettle." [9] A hint to the cause appears in his further description that "this work is mainly to be done in March or April, when the earth is saturated with ice-cold water". Underground water freezes, lifting all particles above it. As the water starts to melt, smaller particles can settle into the opening spaces while larger particles are still raised. By the time ice no longer supports the larger rocks, they are at least partially supported by the smaller particles that slipped below them. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles in a single year speeds up the process.

This phenomenon is one of the causes of inverse grading which can be observed in many situations including soil liquefaction during earthquakes or mudslides. Granular convection is also exemplified by debris flow, which is a fast moving, liquefied landslide of unconsolidated, saturated debris that looks like flowing concrete. These flows can carry material ranging in size from clay to boulders, including woody debris such as logs and tree stumps. Flows can be triggered by intense rainfall, glacial melt, or a combination of the two.

See also

References

  1. ^ Granular Convection and Size Separation. The University of Chicago
  2. ^ Rietz, Frank; Stannarius, Ralf (2008). "On the brink of jamming: Granular convection in densely filled containers". Physical Review Letters. 100 (7): 078002. arXiv:1706.04978. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.100g8002R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.078002. PMID 18352597.
  3. ^ Baffling Patterns Form in Scientific Sandbox, Wired, Brandon Keim, October 28, 2009
  4. ^ Grains of Sand Reveal Possible Fifth State of Matter, Wired, Brandon Keim, June 24, 2009
  5. ^ "Sidney Nagel and Heinrich Jaeger Q&A". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  6. ^ Abbott, Derek (2009). "Developments in Parrondo's Paradox". Applications of Nonlinear Dynamics. Springer. pp. 307–321. ISBN 978-3-540-85631-3.
  7. ^ Ehrichs, E. E.; Jaeger, H. M.; Karczmar, G. S.; Knight, J. B.; Kuperman, V. Yu.; Nagel, S. R. (1995). "Granular Convection Observed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging". Science. 267 (5204): 1632–4. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1632E. doi:10.1126/science.267.5204.1632. PMID 17808181.
  8. ^ Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (22 April 2007). "Smooth Sections of Asteroid Itokawa". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA.
  9. ^ excerpt from Recollections of a Busy Life Archived 2012-09-10 at archive.today, by Horace Greeley 1869
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granular_convection&oldid=806525922"