Isoetes: Difference between revisions
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* ''[[Isoetes brochonii]]'' – Pyrenean quillwort |
* ''[[Isoetes brochonii]]'' – Pyrenean quillwort |
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* ''[[Isoetes butleri]]'' – Butler's quillwort |
* ''[[Isoetes butleri]]'' – Butler's quillwort |
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* ''[[Isoetes caroli]]''- distribute around Brazil <ref> |
* ''[[Isoetes caroli]]''- distribute around Brazil <ref>Jovani B. S. Pereira and Paulo.H Labiak. A New Species of Isoetes with Tuberculate Spores from Southeastern Brazil (Isoetaceae) ISSN 1548-2324</ref> |
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* ''[[Isoetes caroliniana]]'' - Carolina quillwort |
* ''[[Isoetes caroliniana]]'' - Carolina quillwort |
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* ''[[Isoetes drummondii]]'' – Drummond's quillwort |
* ''[[Isoetes drummondii]]'' – Drummond's quillwort |
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Revision as of 08:41, 29 November 2018
| Isoetes | |
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| Isoetes lacustris[1] | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Lycophytes |
| Class: | Lycopodiopsida |
| Order: | Isoetales |
| Family: | Isoetaceae |
| Genus: | Isoetes L. |
Isoetes, commonly known as the quillworts, is a genus of plants in the family Isoetaceae. They are lycopods and the only genus in Isoetaceae. There are currently 192 recognized species,[2] with a cosmopolitan distribution but often scarce to rare. Some botanists split the genus, separating two South American species into the genus Stylites, although molecular data place these species among other species of Isoetes, so Stylites does not warrant taxonomic recognition.[3]
The name of the genus may also be spelled Isoëtes. The diaeresis (two dots over the e) indicate that the o and the e are to be pronounced in two distinct syllables. Including this in print is optional; either spelling (Isoetes or Isoëtes) is correct.[4]
Description
Quillworts are mostly aquatic or semi-aquatic in clear ponds and slow-moving streams, though several (e.g. I. butleri, I. histrix and I. nuttallii) grow on wet ground that dries out in the summer. The Quillworts are spore producing plants and highly rely on the water habits, Quillwort leaves are hollow and quill-like, with a minute ligule at the base of the upper surface.[5]: 7 arising from a central corm. Each leaf is narrow, 2–20 centimetres (0.8–7.9 in) long (exceptionally up to 100 cm or 39 in) and 0.5–3.0 mm (0.02–0.12 in) wide; they can be either evergreen, winter deciduous, or dry-season deciduous. Stomata are absent, yet the leaves have a thick cuticle which prevents CO2 uptake, as task that is performed by their hollow roots instead, which absorbs CO2 from the sediment. [6] They broaden to a swollen base up to 5 mm (0.20 in) wide where they attach in clusters to a bulb-like, underground rhizome characteristic of most quillwort species, though a few (e.g. I. tegetiformans) form spreading mats. This swollen base also contains male and female sporangia, protected by a thin, transparent covering (velum), which is used diagnostically to help identify quillwort species. They are heterosporous. Quillwort species are very difficult to distinguish by general appearance. The best way to identify them is by examining the megaspores under a microscope.
Classification
Compared to other genera, Isoetes is poorly known. Even after studies with cytology, scanning electron microscopy, and chromatography, species are difficult to identify and their phylogeny is disputed. Vegetative characters commonly used to distinguish other genera, such as leaf length, rigidity, color, or shape are variable and depend on habitat. Most classification systems for Isoetes rely on spore characteristics, which make species identification nearly impossible without microscopy.[7]
- Selected species
 |
- Isoetes acadiensis
- Isoetes alpina – New Zealand quillwort (also I. kirkii -megaspores differ)
- Isoetes andicola – (syn. Stylites andicola)
- Isoetes appalachiana – Appalachian quillwort
- Isoetes australis – Australian quillwort
- †Isoetes beestonii – (Late Permian, extinct)[8]
- Isoetes bolanderi – Bolander's quillwort
- Isoetes boomii – Boom's quillwort - SE US (GA, AL, FL)
- Isoetes brevicula
- Isoetes brochonii – Pyrenean quillwort
- Isoetes butleri – Butler's quillwort
- Isoetes caroli- distribute around Brazil [9]
- Isoetes caroliniana - Carolina quillwort
- Isoetes drummondii – Drummond's quillwort
- Isoetes durieui – Durieu's quillwort
- Isoetes × eatonii – Eaton's quillwort
- Isoetes echinospora – spring quillwort
- Isoetes ecuadoriensis
- Isoetes eludens – elusive quillwort
- Isoetes engelmannii Engelmann's quillwort
- Isoetes flaccida – southern quillwort
- Isoetes gemmifera – (syn. Stylites gemmifera)
- Isoetes georgiana – Georgia quillwort - SE US (GA)
- Isoetes hieroglyphica
- Isoetes histrix – land quillwort; only found on the Lizard
- Isoetes howellii – Howell's quillwort
- Isoetes hyemalis – Wintergreen quillwort - SE US
- Isoetes inflata
- Isoetes ivones
- Isoetes jaeger
- Isoetes junciformis – Rush quillwort - SE US (GA)
- Isoetes lacustris – lake quillwort
- Isoetes louisianensis – Louisiana quillwort
- Isoetes macrospora
- Isoetes malinverniana
- Isoetes maritima – maritime quillwort
- Isoetes melanopoda – black-footed quillwort
- Isoetes melanospora – black-spored quillwort
- Isoetes microvela
- Isoetes mississippiensis
- Isoetes mongerensis – Monger quillwort
- Isoetes muelleri – Mueller's quillwort
- Isoetes nuttallii – Nuttall's quillwort
- Isoetes occidentalis
- Isoetes piedmontana – Piedmont quillwort
- Isoetes riparia
- Isoetes setacea
- Isoetes sinensis
- Isoetes taiwanensis
- Isoetes tamaulipana Tamaulipas, México
- Isoetes tegetiformans – mat-forming quillwor
- Isoetes tenella – spiny-spore quillwort
- Isoetes tennesseensis – Tennessee quillwort - SE US (TN)
- Isoetes tenuissima – French quillwort
- Isoetes toximontana - green-spored quillwort from South Africa
- Isoetes tripus
- Isoetes tuckermanii
- Isoetes valida – Carolina or strong quillwort
- Isoetes velata
- Isoetes viridimontana – Green Mountain quillwort
- Isoetes weberi
Many species, such as the Louisiana quillwort and the mat-forming quillwort, are endangered species. Several species of Isoetes are commonly called Merlin's grass, especially I. lacustris, but also the endangered species I. tegetiformans and I. virginica.
Evolution
Fossilised specimens of I. beestonii have been found in rocks dating to the latest Permian.[8][10] Quillworts are considered to be the closest extant relatives of the fossil tree Lepidodendron, with which they share some unusual features including the development of both wood and bark, a modified shoot system acting as roots, bipolar growth, and an upright stance.[citation needed]
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References
- ^ illustration from Otto Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany
- ^ Troia, Angelo; Pereira, Jovani B.; Kim, Changkyun; Taylor, W. Carl (2016). "The genus Isoetes (Isoetaceae): a provisional checklist of the accepted and unresolved taxa". Phytotaxa. 277 (2): 101. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.277.2.1. ISSN 1179-3163.
- ^ Larsén, Eva; Rydin, Catarina (2016). "Disentangling the Phylogeny ofIsoetes(Isoetales), Using Nuclear and Plastid Data". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 177 (2): 157–174. doi:10.1086/684179. ISSN 1058-5893.
- ^ International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) see section 60.6: "The diaeresis, indicating that a vowel is to be pronounced separately from the preceding vowel (as in Cephaëlis, Isoëtes), is a phonetic device that is not considered to alter the spelling; as such, its use is optional."
- ^ Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.
- ^ Ecology of High Altitude Waters
- ^ Cody, William; Britton, Donald (1989). Ferns and Fern Allies of Canada. Agriculture Canada.
- ^ a b Retallack, G. J. (1997). "Earliest Triassic Origin of Isoetes and Quillwort Evolutionary Radiation". Journal of Paleontology. 71 (3): 500–521. doi:10.2307/1306630. JSTOR 1306630.
- ^ Jovani B. S. Pereira and Paulo.H Labiak. A New Species of Isoetes with Tuberculate Spores from Southeastern Brazil (Isoetaceae) ISSN 1548-2324
- ^ Retallack, Gregory J. (2013). "Permian and Triassic greenhouse crises". Gondwana Research. 24: 90–103. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2012.03.003.