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A dissident, broadly defined, is a person who actively challenges an established doctrine, policy, or institution. In a religious context, the word has been used since 18th century, and in the political sense since 1940, coinciding with the rise of totalitarian systems, especially the Soviet Union.^[1]

Religious dissenter

Eastern bloc dissidents

The term dissident was used in the Eastern bloc, particularly in the Soviet Union, in the period following Joseph Stalin's death until the fall of communism. It was attached to citizens who criticized the practices or the authority of the Communist Party. The people who used to write and distribute non-censored, non-conformist samizdat literature were criticized in the official newspapers. Soon, many of those who were dissatisfied with the Soviet Bloc began to self-identify as dissidents.^[2] This radically changed the meaning of the term: instead of being used in reference to an individual who opposes society, it came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society.^[3]^[4]^[5] An important element of dissident activity in the USSR was informing society (both inside the Soviet Union and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and human rights: see Chronicle of Current Events and Moscow Helsinki Group. Some famous Soviet dissidents were Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov.

Republican dissidents in Ireland

The term dissident has become the primary term to describe Irish republicans who politically continue to oppose Good Friday Agreement of 1998 and reject the outcome of the referendums on it. These political parties also have paramilitary wings which espouse violent methods to achieve a United Ireland.

Irish republican dissident groups include the Irish Republican Socialist Party (founded in 1974 – its currently-inactive paramilitary wing is the Irish National Liberation Army), Republican Sinn Féin (founded in 1986 – its paramilitary wing is the Continuity IRA), and the 32 County Sovereignty Movement (founded in 1997 – its paramilitary wing is the Real IRA). In 2006 the Óglaigh na hÉireann emerged, which is a splinter group of the Continuity IRA.^[6]

Dissidents and new technologies

Dissidents and activists were among the earliest adopters of encrypted communications technology such as Tor and the dark web, turning to the technology as ways to resist authoritarian regimes, avoid censorship and control and protect privacy.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Tor was widely used by protestors on Mubarak regime in Egypt in 2011. Tor allowed dissidents to communicate anonymously and securely, while sharing sensitive information. Also, Syrian rebels widely used Tor in order to share with the world all of the horrors that they witnessed in their country.^[10] Moreover, government dissidents in Lebanon, Mauritania, as well as Arab Spring nations widely used Tor in order to stay safe while exchanging their ideas and agendas.^[11]

References

^ "the definition of dissident". www.dictionary.com.
^ Chronicle of Current Events (samizdat) Template:Ru icon
^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights Archived December 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine General Assembly resolution 217 A (III), United Nations, 10 December 1948
^ Proclamation of Tehran, Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 32/41 at 3 (1968), United Nations, May 1968
^ CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL ACT. Helsinki, 1 aug. 1975 Archived 2011-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Who are the dissidents?". BBC News. 2009-03-10. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
^ Bartlett, Jamie (June 2015), How the mysterious dark net is going mainstream, TEDGlobalLondon
^ Hern, Alex (23 August 2017). "The dilemma of the dark web: protecting neo-Nazis and dissidents alike". The Guardian.
^ David Kushner (October 22, 2015). "The Darknet: Is the Government Destroying 'the Wild West of the Internet?'". Rolling Stone.
^ "Cryptopolitik and the Darknet". Survival (00396338). 58 (1, p7-38. 32p.).
^ Croke, Paul (15 July 2015). "Dark Net: Secret basement of the Internet". Baltimore Post-Examiner. Retrieved 20 December 2017.

External links

A criticism of those who support dissidents in foreign countries but withhold support from dissidents in their own home country (2014-06-11), Molly Crabapple, Vanity Fair

[1] "the definition of dissident". www.dictionary.com.

[D-2] Chronicle of Current Events (samizdat) Template:Ru icon

[u-3] Universal Declaration of Human Rights Archived December 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine General Assembly resolution 217 A (III), United Nations, 10 December 1948

[de-4] Proclamation of Tehran, Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 32/41 at 3 (1968), United Nations, May 1968

[act-5] CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL ACT. Helsinki, 1 aug. 1975 Archived 2011-05-31 at the Wayback Machine

[6] "Who are the dissidents?". BBC News. 2009-03-10. Retrieved 2009-10-13.

[7] Bartlett, Jamie (June 2015), How the mysterious dark net is going mainstream, TEDGlobalLondon

[8] Hern, Alex (23 August 2017). "The dilemma of the dark web: protecting neo-Nazis and dissidents alike". The Guardian.

[:1-9] David Kushner (October 22, 2015). "The Darknet: Is the Government Destroying 'the Wild West of the Internet?'". Rolling Stone.

[:0-10] "Cryptopolitik and the Darknet". Survival (00396338). 58 (1, p7-38. 32p.).

[11] Croke, Paul (15 July 2015). "Dark Net: Secret basement of the Internet". Baltimore Post-Examiner. Retrieved 20 December 2017.

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 ==Eastern bloc dissidents==
 {{See also|Soviet dissidents}}
-The term ''dissident'' was used in the [[Eastern bloc]], particularly in the [[Soviet Union]], in the period following [[Joseph Stalin]]'s death until the [[fall of communism]]. It was attached to citizens who criticized the practices or the authority of the Communist Party. The people who used to write and distribute non-censored, non-conformist ''[[samizdat]]'' literature were criticized in the official newspapers. Soon, many of those who were dissatisfied with the Soviet Bloc began to self-identify as dissidents.<ref name="D">[http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/ Chronicle of Current Events (samizdat)] {{ru icon}}</ref> This radically changed the meaning of the term: instead of being used in reference to an individual who opposes society, it came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society.<ref name="u">[https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html Universal Declaration of Human Rights] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208000000/http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html |date=December 8, 2014 }} General Assembly resolution 217 A (III), [[United Nations]], 10 December 1948</ref><ref name="de">[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/l2ptichr.htm Proclamation of Tehran, Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 32/41 at 3 (1968)], [[United Nations]],  May 1968</ref><ref name="act">[http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/4044_en.pdf.html CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL ACT. Helsinki, 1 aug. 1975] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531135656/http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/4044_en.pdf.html |date=2011-05-31 }}</ref> An important element of dissident activity in the USSR was informing society (both inside the Soviet Union and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and human rights: see [[Chronicle of Current Events]] and [[Moscow Helsinki Group]]. Some famous Soviet dissents were [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] and [[Andrei Sakharov]].
+The term ''dissident'' was used in the [[Eastern bloc]], particularly in the [[Soviet Union]], in the period following [[Joseph Stalin]]'s death until the [[fall of communism]]. It was attached to citizens who criticized the practices or the authority of the Communist Party. The people who used to write and distribute non-censored, non-conformist ''[[samizdat]]'' literature were criticized in the official newspapers. Soon, many of those who were dissatisfied with the Soviet Bloc began to self-identify as dissidents.<ref name="D">[http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/ Chronicle of Current Events (samizdat)] {{ru icon}}</ref> This radically changed the meaning of the term: instead of being used in reference to an individual who opposes society, it came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society.<ref name="u">[https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html Universal Declaration of Human Rights] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208000000/http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html |date=December 8, 2014 }} General Assembly resolution 217 A (III), [[United Nations]], 10 December 1948</ref><ref name="de">[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/l2ptichr.htm Proclamation of Tehran, Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 32/41 at 3 (1968)], [[United Nations]],  May 1968</ref><ref name="act">[http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/4044_en.pdf.html CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL ACT. Helsinki, 1 aug. 1975] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531135656/http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/4044_en.pdf.html |date=2011-05-31 }}</ref> An important element of dissident activity in the USSR was informing society (both inside the Soviet Union and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and human rights: see [[Chronicle of Current Events]] and [[Moscow Helsinki Group]]. Some famous Soviet dissidents were [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] and [[Andrei Sakharov]].
 ==Republican dissidents in Ireland==