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==Education and career==
==Education and career==
Cochran graduated with a B.S. from [[List of Loyola University Maryland people|Loyola University]] in 1949. He achieved a master's degree in chemistry from [[Duquesne University]] in 1951 with a thesis on Basicities of Various Hydrazones.<ref>{{cite journal|magazine=Duquesne University Bulletin 1952-1953|page=77}}</ref> He earned his PhD from the [[University of Notre Dame]] with a thesis on the photolysis of the alkyl iodides in the liquid phase.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=Howard's New Executive|author=Michael J. Clark|date=2 December 1974}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Univertiy of Notre Dame Commencement|url=http://www.archives.nd.edu/Commencement/1954-06-06_Commencement.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref>
Cochran graduated with a B.S. from [[List of Loyola University Maryland people|Loyola University]] in 1949. He achieved a master's degree in chemistry from [[Duquesne University]] in 1951 with a thesis on Basicities of Various Hydrazones.<ref>{{cite journal|magazine=Duquesne University Bulletin 1952-1953|page=77}}</ref> He earned his PhD from the [[University of Notre Dame]] with a thesis on the photolysis of the alkyl iodides in the liquid phase.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=Howard's New Executive|author=Michael J. Clark|date=2 December 1974}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Univertiy of Notre Dame Commencement|url=http://www.archives.nd.edu/Commencement/1954-06-06_Commencement.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref>
Cochran worked for the [[Applied Physics Laboratory]] as a chemist for most of his career except for the period which he was County Executive of Howard County, Maryland.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=13 September 2001|title=As Keeper of County's Past, Activist Helps Shape Future; Preservation Group's President Uses Political Savvy, Civic Skills}}</ref> As chemist, Cochran was part of a team that carried out pioneering studies on the nature of free radicals, along with [[Chih-Kung Jen]], Frank. J. Adrian, Vernon A. Bowers, Samuel Foner, and others, including the description of the [[Electron Spin Resonance]] spectra of simple free radicals trapped in solid matrices at cryogenic temperatures.<ref>http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v40/i1/p213_s1?isAuthorized=no{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dozens of free radicals were described for the first time, including hydrogen, deuterium, nitrogen, methane, alkyl, formyl, ethynyl and vinyl, NH<sup>2</sup> and ND<sup>2</sup> and cyanogen and Methylene Imino.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v36/i7/p1938_s1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-07-04 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130704183136/http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v36/i7/p1938_s1 |archive-date=2013-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v32/i4/p963_s1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-07-04 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130704183139/http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v32/i4/p963_s1 |archive-date=2013-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 1958PhRv..112.1169J | title=Electron Spin Resonance of Atomic and Molecular Free Radicals Trapped at Liquid Helium Temperature | journal=Physical Review | volume=112 | page=1169 | year=1958 | authors=Jen, C. K.; Foner, S. N.; Cochran, E. L.; Bowers, V. A. | doi=10.1103/physrev.112.1169}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v34/i4/p1161_s1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-07-04 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130704183137/http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v34/i4/p1161_s1 |archive-date=2013-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v40/i1/p213_s1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-06-30 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130704183110/http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v40/i1/p213_s1 |archive-date=2013-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v1/i3/p91_1</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v36/i6/p1661_s1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-07-04 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130704183105/http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v36/i6/p1661_s1 |archive-date=2013-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Their paper on electron spin resonance proved to be one of the most frequently cited APL publications into the 21st century.<ref>http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v112/i4/p1169_1</ref><ref>W. Berl (1996). "Chih Kung Jen—A Remembrance". Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest 17 (3): 330–332.</ref> Following his term as County Executive, Cochran returned as spokesman for the Applied Physics Laboratory, and learned how to fly at [[Haysfield Airport]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=Cochran going back|date=29 November 1978|author=Micheal J Clark}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=Clarksville's Basslers say goodbye to family farm, Haysfield Airport|date=19 December 2013|author=Janene Holzberg}}</ref> Cochran's family has remained active in Howard County. His son William is an active artist with works proposed for [[Merriweather Post Pavilion|Symphony Woods]], his daughter Courtney Watson became a school board member, County Councilperson, and ran for County Executive.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=Cochran making a sound contribution to his hometown of Columbia Renowned artist creates multi-horn concept for Symphony Woods|date=2 March 2014}}</ref> His daughter Mary Catherine is a founding member of Preservation Howard County, winning the preservationist of the year award for defending and preserving the remaining county historical resources after significant losses to land development approved by the County.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=The keepers of Howard County history|author=Allison Eatough|date=21 August 2014}}</ref>
Cochran worked for the [[Applied Physics Laboratory]] as a chemist for most of his career except for the period which he was County Executive of Howard County, Maryland.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=13 September 2001|title=As Keeper of County's Past, Activist Helps Shape Future; Preservation Group's President Uses Political Savvy, Civic Skills}}</ref> As chemist, Cochran was part of a team that carried out pioneering studies on the nature of free radicals, along with [[Chih-Kung Jen]], Frank. J. Adrian, Vernon A. Bowers, Samuel Foner, and others, including the description of the [[Electron Spin Resonance]] spectra of simple free radicals trapped in solid matrices at cryogenic temperatures.<ref>http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v40/i1/p213_s1?isAuthorized=no{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dozens of free radicals were described for the first time, including hydrogen, deuterium, nitrogen, methane, alkyl, formyl, ethynyl and vinyl, NH<sup>2</sup> and ND<sup>2</sup> and cyanogen and Methylene Imino.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v36/i7/p1938_s1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-07-04 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130704183136/http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v36/i7/p1938_s1 |archive-date=2013-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v32/i4/p963_s1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-07-04 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130704183139/http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v32/i4/p963_s1 |archive-date=2013-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 1958PhRv..112.1169J | title=Electron Spin Resonance of Atomic and Molecular Free Radicals Trapped at Liquid Helium Temperature | journal=Physical Review | volume=112 | page=1169 | year=1958 | authors=Jen, C. K.; Foner, S. N.; Cochran, E. L.; Bowers, V. A. | doi=10.1103/physrev.112.1169}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v34/i4/p1161_s1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-07-04 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130704183137/http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v34/i4/p1161_s1 |archive-date=2013-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v40/i1/p213_s1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-06-30 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130704183110/http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v40/i1/p213_s1 |archive-date=2013-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v1/i3/p91_1</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v36/i6/p1661_s1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-07-04 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130704183105/http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v36/i6/p1661_s1 |archive-date=2013-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Their paper on electron spin resonance proved to be one of the most frequently cited APL publications into the 21st century.<ref>http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v112/i4/p1169_1</ref><ref>W. Berl (1996). "Chih Kung Jen—A Remembrance". Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest 17 (3): 330–332.</ref> Following his term as County Executive, Cochran returned as spokesman for the Applied Physics Laboratory, and learned how to fly at [[Haysfield Airport]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=Cochran going back|date=29 November 1978|author=Micheal J Clark}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=Clarksville's Basslers say goodbye to family farm, Haysfield Airport|date=19 December 2013|author=Janene Holzberg}}</ref> Cochran's family has remained active in Howard County. His son William is an active artist with works proposed for [[Merriweather Post Pavilion|Symphony Woods]], his daughter Courtney Watson became a school board member, County Councilperson, and Maryland State Delegate.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=Cochran making a sound contribution to his hometown of Columbia Renowned artist creates multi-horn concept for Symphony Woods|date=2 March 2014}}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Watson_(politician)</ref> His daughter Mary Catherine is a founding member of Preservation Howard County, winning the preservationist of the year award for defending and preserving the remaining county historical resources after significant losses to land development approved by the County.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=The keepers of Howard County history|author=Allison Eatough|date=21 August 2014}}</ref>


== Political activity ==
== Political activity ==
Cochran served part-time as a member of the [[Howard County Public School System|Howard County Board of Education]] (1964–1968) becoming chairman and as a Howard County Councilperson (1971–1974).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Afro-American|date=13 January 1968|title=Dr. Goedeke named to Howard County Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=Councilmember Courtney Watson expected to announce Howard County executive run|date=9 September 2013|author=Amanda Yeager}}</ref> Cochran served as Howard County Executive (1974–1978), running on a slate of Columbia Democratic Club sponsored representatives from Columbia including Ginny Thomas, Lloyd Knowles, Richard Anderson and [[Ruth U. Keeton]].<ref>{{cite book|title=New City Upon a Hill|author=Joseph Rocco, David L. Stebenne|page=112}}</ref> He was a member of the Regional Planning Council (1974–1978) and of the Criminal Justice Information Advisory Board, (1977–1980).<ref>{{cite web|title=County Executives|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/how/former/html/msa14142.html|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> Other activities include: Board of Appeals candidate (1980),<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=Former Howard executive Cochran tries for position on county board of appeals|date=23 September 1980}}</ref> Howard County Task Force on growth and development (1988),<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Task Force Scratching The Surface: Consensus on Growth Just the Beginning|date=14 July 1988|author=Lisa Leff|page=MD11}}</ref> and Howard County Charter Review Commission (2012).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Howard County Times|title=Panel says no to suggested eminent domain charter amendment|author=Lindsey McPherson|date=10 November 2011}}</ref>
Cochran served part-time as a member of the [[Howard County Public School System|Howard County Board of Education]] (1964–1968) becoming chairman and as a Howard County Councilperson (1971–1974).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Afro-American|date=13 January 1968|title=Dr. Goedeke named to Howard County Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=Councilmember Courtney Watson expected to announce Howard County executive run|date=9 September 2013|author=Amanda Yeager}}</ref> Cochran served as Howard County Executive (1974–1978), running on a slate of Columbia Democratic Club sponsored representatives from Columbia including Ginny Thomas, Lloyd Knowles, Richard Anderson and [[Ruth U. Keeton]].<ref>{{cite book|title=New City Upon a Hill|author=Joseph Rocco, David L. Stebenne|page=112}}</ref> He was a member of the Regional Planning Council (1974–1978) and of the Criminal Justice Information Advisory Board, (1977–1980).<ref>{{cite web|title=County Executives|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/how/former/html/msa14142.html|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> Other activities include: Board of Appeals candidate (1980),<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=Former Howard executive Cochran tries for position on county board of appeals|date=23 September 1980}}</ref> Howard County Task Force on growth and development (1988),<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Task Force Scratching The Surface: Consensus on Growth Just the Beginning|date=14 July 1988|author=Lisa Leff|page=MD11}}</ref> and Howard County Charter Review Commission (2012).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Howard County Times|title=Panel says no to suggested eminent domain charter amendment|author=Lindsey McPherson|date=10 November 2011}}</ref>


=== NAACP ===
=== Human Rights ===

⚫
The board had pursued a policy of voluntary integration prior to 1964, which resulted in only a fraction of black students attending white schools.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://archives.explorehoward.com/news/6008414/triumphs-ruling-still-resonate-after-50-years/#ixzz2XAOtiWLo |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520071158/http://archives.explorehoward.com/news/6008414/triumphs-ruling-still-resonate-after-50-years/#ixzz2XAOtiWLo |archive-date=2018-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As late as 1964, ten years after [[Brown v. Board of Education]], the board stated that it would not consider forcing integration until 1967, to "allow for a reasonable period of adjustment" to the change.<ref name=":0" /> However, in May 1964, as the county experienced increasing growth, the board was expanded to five members, and Cochran was appointed as one of the board's new members.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21091-2004May12.html</ref> He is credited by Maryland State Senator [[Robert H. Kittleman|Robert Kittleman]], then the education chairman of Howard County's [[NAACP]] chapter, for providing the swing vote on February 9, 1965, to close all-black schools.<ref>http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2004-02-01/news/0402010072_1_howard-county-tubman-avery</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Baltimore Sun|title= Difficult Change, One Step at a Time School Board's Go-Slow Ways Challenged|date=13 May 2004|author=Susan DeFord}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=8 March 1972|title=Bringing Innovation To Schools: Integration|author=YLAN Q. MUI}}</ref>
==== Desegregation of Howard County Schools ====
⚫
The Howard County School Board had pursued a policy of voluntary integration prior to 1964, which resulted in only a fraction of black students attending white schools.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://archives.explorehoward.com/news/6008414/triumphs-ruling-still-resonate-after-50-years/#ixzz2XAOtiWLo |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520071158/http://archives.explorehoward.com/news/6008414/triumphs-ruling-still-resonate-after-50-years/#ixzz2XAOtiWLo |archive-date=2018-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As late as 1964, ten years after [[Brown v. Board of Education]], the board stated that it would not consider forcing integration until 1967, to "allow for a reasonable period of adjustment" to the change.<ref name=":0" /> However, in May 1964, as the county experienced increasing growth, the board was expanded to five members, and Cochran was appointed as one of the board's new members.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21091-2004May12.html</ref> He is credited by Maryland State Senator [[Robert H. Kittleman|Robert Kittleman]], then the education chairman of Howard County's [[NAACP]] chapter, for providing the swing vote on February 9, 1965, to close all-black schools.<ref>http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2004-02-01/news/0402010072_1_howard-county-tubman-avery</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Baltimore Sun|title= Difficult Change, One Step at a Time School Board's Go-Slow Ways Challenged|date=13 May 2004|author=Susan DeFord}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=8 March 1972|title=Bringing Innovation To Schools: Integration|author=YLAN Q. MUI}}</ref>

===== Human Rights Act =====
In 1975, as County Executive, Dr. Cochran introduced an act establishing an Office of Human Rights and making discrimination on the basis of race, creed, religion, physical or mental handicap, color, sex,national origin, age, occupation, marital status, political opinion, sexual orientation, or personal appearance in the areas of housing, employment, law enforcement, public accommodations, and financing unlawful in Howard County Maryland<ref name="HoCo Bill 38 1975">[https://apps.howardcountymd.gov/olis/GetFile.aspx?id=23595 Howard County Council Bill 38, 1975].</ref>.




==Awards==
==Awards==

Revision as of 16:05, 29 January 2020

Edward Leo Cochran Jr.
Born
Edward Leo Cochran Jr.

1929
NationalityAmerican
Alma materLoyola University, Duquesne University, University of Notre Dame, PhD
Known forfree radicals
SpouseCatherine Joan
ChildrenMary Catherine, Christopher, Courtney (Watson), Edward Leo III, William, Mark[1][2]
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
InstitutionsApplied Physics Laboratory
Thesis The Photolysis of the Alkyl Iodides in the Liquid Phase

Edward Leo Cochran Jr. (born 1929) was a chemist known for his work with free radicals. In 1956 he moved from Orange, Connecticut, to his hometown in Clarksville, Maryland, and began his career at Applied Physics Laboratory.[3] He also served as the second county executive of Howard County, Maryland.[4]

Education and career

Cochran graduated with a B.S. from Loyola University in 1949. He achieved a master's degree in chemistry from Duquesne University in 1951 with a thesis on Basicities of Various Hydrazones.[5] He earned his PhD from the University of Notre Dame with a thesis on the photolysis of the alkyl iodides in the liquid phase.[6][7] Cochran worked for the Applied Physics Laboratory as a chemist for most of his career except for the period which he was County Executive of Howard County, Maryland.[8] As chemist, Cochran was part of a team that carried out pioneering studies on the nature of free radicals, along with Chih-Kung Jen, Frank. J. Adrian, Vernon A. Bowers, Samuel Foner, and others, including the description of the Electron Spin Resonance spectra of simple free radicals trapped in solid matrices at cryogenic temperatures.[9] Dozens of free radicals were described for the first time, including hydrogen, deuterium, nitrogen, methane, alkyl, formyl, ethynyl and vinyl, NH2 and ND2 and cyanogen and Methylene Imino.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Their paper on electron spin resonance proved to be one of the most frequently cited APL publications into the 21st century.[17][18] Following his term as County Executive, Cochran returned as spokesman for the Applied Physics Laboratory, and learned how to fly at Haysfield Airport.[19][20] Cochran's family has remained active in Howard County. His son William is an active artist with works proposed for Symphony Woods, his daughter Courtney Watson became a school board member, County Councilperson, and Maryland State Delegate.[21][22] His daughter Mary Catherine is a founding member of Preservation Howard County, winning the preservationist of the year award for defending and preserving the remaining county historical resources after significant losses to land development approved by the County.[23]

Political activity

Cochran served part-time as a member of the Howard County Board of Education (1964–1968) becoming chairman and as a Howard County Councilperson (1971–1974).[24][25] Cochran served as Howard County Executive (1974–1978), running on a slate of Columbia Democratic Club sponsored representatives from Columbia including Ginny Thomas, Lloyd Knowles, Richard Anderson and Ruth U. Keeton.[26] He was a member of the Regional Planning Council (1974–1978) and of the Criminal Justice Information Advisory Board, (1977–1980).[27] Other activities include: Board of Appeals candidate (1980),[28] Howard County Task Force on growth and development (1988),[29] and Howard County Charter Review Commission (2012).[30]

Human Rights

Desegregation of Howard County Schools

The Howard County School Board had pursued a policy of voluntary integration prior to 1964, which resulted in only a fraction of black students attending white schools.[31] As late as 1964, ten years after Brown v. Board of Education, the board stated that it would not consider forcing integration until 1967, to "allow for a reasonable period of adjustment" to the change.[31] However, in May 1964, as the county experienced increasing growth, the board was expanded to five members, and Cochran was appointed as one of the board's new members.[32] He is credited by Maryland State Senator Robert Kittleman, then the education chairman of Howard County's NAACP chapter, for providing the swing vote on February 9, 1965, to close all-black schools.[33][34][35]

Human Rights Act

In 1975, as County Executive, Dr. Cochran introduced an act establishing an Office of Human Rights and making discrimination on the basis of race, creed, religion, physical or mental handicap, color, sex,national origin, age, occupation, marital status, political opinion, sexual orientation, or personal appearance in the areas of housing, employment, law enforcement, public accommodations, and financing unlawful in Howard County Maryland[36].


Awards

In 2009, the Howard County Human Rights Commission awarded Cochran the 2009 Human Rights Award.[37] In 2010 he was awarded the James Clark Jr. Medal from Howard County Community College for his role in growing Howard Community College as a member of the board of trustees.[38]

References

  1. ^ "Historic Ellicott City Wayside Inn up for sale Centuries-old inn is on the market, and could be converted to private residence". Explore Howard. 19 July 2012.
  2. ^ Luke Broadwater (7 November 2002). "Watson strides to board win Daughter of former county exec follows dad's footsteps". Baltimore Sun.
  3. ^ "Ellicott City Events". The Baltimore Sun. 29 January 1956.
  4. ^ Joseph R. Mitchell, David Stebenne. New City Upon a Hill: A History of Columbia, Maryland. p. 112.
  5. ^ Duquesne University Bulletin 1952-1953: 77. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ^ Michael J. Clark (2 December 1974). "Howard's New Executive". The Baltimore Sun.
  7. ^ "Univertiy of Notre Dame Commencement" (PDF). Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  8. ^ "As Keeper of County's Past, Activist Helps Shape Future; Preservation Group's President Uses Political Savvy, Civic Skills". The Washington Post. 13 September 2001.
  9. ^ http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v40/i1/p213_s1?isAuthorized=no[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2013-07-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2013-07-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ "Electron Spin Resonance of Atomic and Molecular Free Radicals Trapped at Liquid Helium Temperature". Physical Review. 112: 1169. 1958. Bibcode:1958PhRv..112.1169J. doi:10.1103/physrev.112.1169. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2013-07-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2013-06-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ^ http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v1/i3/p91_1
  16. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2013-07-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ^ http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v112/i4/p1169_1
  18. ^ W. Berl (1996). "Chih Kung Jen—A Remembrance". Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest 17 (3): 330–332.
  19. ^ Micheal J Clark (29 November 1978). "Cochran going back". The Baltimore Sun.
  20. ^ Janene Holzberg (19 December 2013). "Clarksville's Basslers say goodbye to family farm, Haysfield Airport". The Baltimore Sun.
  21. ^ "Cochran making a sound contribution to his hometown of Columbia Renowned artist creates multi-horn concept for Symphony Woods". The Baltimore Sun. 2 March 2014.
  22. ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Watson_(politician)
  23. ^ Allison Eatough (21 August 2014). "The keepers of Howard County history". The Baltimore Sun.
  24. ^ "Dr. Goedeke named to Howard County Post". The Baltimore Afro-American. 13 January 1968.
  25. ^ Amanda Yeager (9 September 2013). "Councilmember Courtney Watson expected to announce Howard County executive run". The Baltimore Sun.
  26. ^ Joseph Rocco, David L. Stebenne. New City Upon a Hill. p. 112.
  27. ^ "County Executives". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  28. ^ "Former Howard executive Cochran tries for position on county board of appeals". The Baltimore Sun. 23 September 1980.
  29. ^ Lisa Leff (14 July 1988). "Task Force Scratching The Surface: Consensus on Growth Just the Beginning". The Washington Post. p. MD11.
  30. ^ Lindsey McPherson (10 November 2011). "Panel says no to suggested eminent domain charter amendment". The Howard County Times.
  31. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-05-20. Retrieved 2013-07-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  32. ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21091-2004May12.html
  33. ^ http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2004-02-01/news/0402010072_1_howard-county-tubman-avery
  34. ^ Susan DeFord (13 May 2004). "Difficult Change, One Step at a Time School Board's Go-Slow Ways Challenged". Baltimore Sun.
  35. ^ YLAN Q. MUI (8 March 1972). "Bringing Innovation To Schools: Integration". The Baltimore Sun.
  36. ^ Howard County Council Bill 38, 1975.
  37. ^ "2012 Human Rights Commission Award". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  38. ^ "Howard Community College". Archived from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
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