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<!--This material is a long verbatim quotation of most of http://www.barbershop.org/web/groups/public/documents/pages/pub_cb_00016.hcsp. The bottom of the page, like everything else on their site, contains "©2006 Barbershop Harmony Society". I believe the quotation here to be fair use because it is in the context of a discussion of the style, because the purpose is noncommercial, because it is an excerpt from the judging manual and represents a small part of the manual--not enough to substitute for the entire manual--and therefore does not diminish the manual's value, and because I believe the Society would approve of having the style defined using its own definition.--->
<!--This material is a long verbatim quotation of most of http://www.barbershop.org/web/groups/public/documents/pages/pub_cb_00016.hcsp. The bottom of the page, like everything else on their site, contains "©2006 Barbershop Harmony Society". I believe the quotation here to be fair use because it is in the context of a discussion of the style, because the purpose is noncommercial, because it is an excerpt from the judging manual and represents a small part of the manual--not enough to substitute for the entire manual--and therefore does not diminish the manual's value, and because I believe the Society would approve of having the style defined using its own definition.--->
According to the Barbershop Harmony Society,
According to the [[Barbershop Harmony Society]],
:Barbershop music features songs with understandable lyrics and easily singable melodies, whose tones clearly define a tonal center and imply major and minor chords and barbershop ([[Seventh chord#The dominant seventh|dominant]] and [[secondary dominant]]) [[seventh chord]]s that resolve primarily around the [[circle of fifths]], while making frequent use of other [[Resolution (music)|resolutions]]. What sets barbershop apart from other musical styles is the predominant use of the dominant-type seventh chords, which are however not typical tempered dominant seventh chords, but justly tuned [[otonal|otonal tetrads]]; where for example the voices are at frequencies in the proportion 4:5:6:7, thus matching the harmonics of the voices quite accurately. Barbershop music also features a balanced, symmetrical form and a standard meter. The basic song and its harmonization are embellished by the arranger to provide appropriate support of the song's theme and to close the song effectively.
:Barbershop music features songs with understandable lyrics and easily singable melodies, whose tones clearly define a tonal center and imply major and minor chords and barbershop ([[Seventh chord#The dominant seventh|dominant]] and [[secondary dominant]]) [[seventh chord]]s that resolve primarily around the [[circle of fifths]], while making frequent use of other [[Resolution (music)|resolutions]]. What sets barbershop apart from other musical styles is the predominant use of the dominant-type seventh chords, which are however not typical tempered dominant seventh chords, but justly tuned [[otonal|otonal tetrads]]; where for example the voices are at frequencies in the proportion 4:5:6:7, thus matching the harmonics of the voices quite accurately. Barbershop music also features a balanced, symmetrical form and a standard meter. The basic song and its harmonization are embellished by the arranger to provide appropriate support of the song's theme and to close the song effectively.


Revision as of 16:11, 27 December 2006

The Dapper Dans, a barbershop quartet at Disneyworld

Barbershop harmony, as codified during the barbershop revival era (1940s-present), is a style of a cappella, or unaccompanied vocal music characterized by consonant four-part chords for every melody note in a predominantly homophonic texture. Each of the four parts has its own role: generally, the lead sings the melody, the tenor harmonizes above the melody, the bass sings the lowest harmonizing notes, and the baritone completes the chord. The melody is not usually sung by the tenor or bass, except for an infrequent note or two to avoid awkward voice leading, in tags or codas, or when some appropriate embellishing effect can be created. Occasional brief passages may be sung by fewer than four voice parts.

According to the Barbershop Harmony Society,

Barbershop music features songs with understandable lyrics and easily singable melodies, whose tones clearly define a tonal center and imply major and minor chords and barbershop (dominant and secondary dominant) seventh chords that resolve primarily around the circle of fifths, while making frequent use of other resolutions. What sets barbershop apart from other musical styles is the predominant use of the dominant-type seventh chords, which are however not typical tempered dominant seventh chords, but justly tuned otonal tetrads; where for example the voices are at frequencies in the proportion 4:5:6:7, thus matching the harmonics of the voices quite accurately. Barbershop music also features a balanced, symmetrical form and a standard meter. The basic song and its harmonization are embellished by the arranger to provide appropriate support of the song's theme and to close the song effectively.
Barbershop singers adjust pitches to achieve perfectly tuned chords in just intonation while remaining true to the established tonal center. Artistic singing in the barbershop style exhibits a fullness or expansion of sound, precise intonation, a high degree of vocal skill, and a high level of unity of phrasing and consistency of tone within the ensemble. Ideally, these elements are natural, unmanufactured, and free from apparent effort.
The presentation of barbershop music uses appropriate musical and visual methods to convey the theme of the song and provide the audience with an emotionally satisfying and entertaining experience. The musical and visual delivery is from the heart, believable, and sensitive to the song and its arrangement throughout. The most stylistic presentation artistically melds together the musical and visual aspects to create and sustain the illusions suggested by the music.[1]

Slower barbershop songs often eschew a continuous beat, and notes are often held (or speeded up) ad libitum.

The voice parts in men's barbershop singing do not correspond closely to the correspondingly-named voice parts in classical music. Barbershop singing is performed both by men's and women's groups; the elements of the barbershop style and the names of the voice parts are the same for both.

Ringing chords

The defining characteristic of the barbershop style is the ringing chord. This is a name for one specific and well-defined acoustical effect, also referred to as expanded sound, the angel's voice, the fifth voice, or the overtone. (The barbershopper's "overtone" is not the same as the acoustic physicist's overtone, but is known as hetrodyning).

The physics and psychophysics of the effect are fairly well understood; it occurs when the upper harmonics in the individual voice notes, and the sum and difference frequencies resulting from nonlinear combinations within the ear, reinforce each other at a particular frequency, strengthening it so that it stands out separately above the blended sound. The effect is audible only on certain kinds of chords, and only when all voices are equally rich in harmonics and very precisely tuned and balanced. It is not heard in chords sounded on keyboard instruments, due to the slight tuning imperfection of the equal-tempered scale. It is for this reason that barbershoppers typically use a pitchpipe for tuning instead of keyboard instruments, though some are known to use a tuning fork.

Gage Averill writes that "Barbershoppers have become partisans of this acoustic phenomenon" and that "the more experienced singers of the barbershop revival (at least after the 1940s) have self-consciously tuned their dominant seventh and tonic chords in just intonation to maximize the overlap of common overtones."[2]

What is prized is not so much the "overtone" itself, but a unique sound whose achievement is most easily recognized by the presence of the "overtone." The precise synchronization of the waveforms of the four voices simultaneously creates the perception of a "fifth voice" while at the same time melding the four voices into a unified sound. The ringing chord is qualitatively different in sound from an ordinary musical chord e.g. as sounded on a keyboard instrument.

Most elements of the "revivalist" style are related to the desire to produce these ringing chords. Performance is a cappella to prevent the distracting introduction of equal-tempered intonation, and because listening to anything but the other three voices interferes with a performer's ability to tune with the precision required. Barbershop arrangements stress chords and chord progressions that favor "ringing," at the expense of suspended and diminished chords and other harmonic vocabulary of the ragtime and jazz ages.

The dominant seventh-type chord... is so important to barbershop harmony that it is called the "barbershop seventh..." [SPEBSQSA (now BHS)] arrangers believe that a song should contain dominant seventh chords anywhere from 35 to 60 percent of the time (measured as a percentage of the duration of the song rather than a percentage of the chords present) to sound "barbershop."

Historically barbershoppers may have used the word "minor chord" in a way that is confusing to those with musical training. Averill suggests that it was "a shorthand for chord types other than major triads," and says that the use of the word for "dominant seventh-type chords and diminished chords" was common in the late nineteenth century. A 1900 song called "Play That Barber-Shop Chord" (often cited as an early example of "barbershop" in reference to music) contains the lines:

Cause Mister when you start that minor part
I feel your fingers slipping and a grasping at my heart,
Oh Lord play that Barber shop chord!

Averill notes the hints of rapture, "quasi-religion" and erotic passion in the language used by barbershoppers to describe the emotional effect. He quotes Jim Ewin as reporting "a tingling of the spine, the raising of the hairs on the back of the neck, the spontaneous arrival of 'goose flesh' on the forearm.... [the 'fifth note' has] almost 'mysterious propensities...' It's the 'consummation' devoutly wished by those of us who love Barbershop harmony. If you ask us to explain ... why we love it so, we are hard put to answer; 'that's where our faith takes over.'" Averill notes too the use of the language of addiction, "there's this great big chord that gets people hooked." An early manual was entitled "A Handbook for Adeline Addicts."

He notes too that "barbershoppers almost never speak of 'singing' a chord, but almost always draw on a discourse of physical work and exertion; thus, they 'hit,' 'chop,' 'ring,' 'crack,' and 'swipe....' ....vocal harmony... is interpreted as an embodied musicking. Barbershoppers never lose sight (or sound) of its physicality."

Historical origins

File:Old South Quartet.jpg
Polk Miller's Old South Quartet, 1900-1912

As a result of scholarship by Lynn Abbott and Dr. Jim Henry it is now generally accepted that barbershop singing originated in Negro communities in the U.S. around the turn of the century, where barbershops were, and remain today, social gathering places. The four-part harmony of the form has its roots in the black church, where close harmony has a long tradition.[1]

The first uses of the term were associated with Negroes. Henry notes that "The Mills Brothers learned to harmonize in their father's barber shop in Piqua, Ohio. Several other well-known Negro gospel quartets were founded in neighborhood barber shops, among them the New Orleans Humming Four, the Southern Stars and the Golden Gate Jubilee Quartette." [2]. Although the Mills Brothers are primarily known as jazz and pop artists and usually performed with instrumental accompaniment, the affinity of their harmonic style with that of the barbershop quartet is clearly in evidence in their music and most notably, perhaps, in their best-known gospel recording, "Jesus Met the Woman at the Well", performed a cappella. Their father founded a barbershop quartet, the Four Kings of Harmony, and the Mills Brothers produced at least three records in which they sang a cappella and performed traditional barbershop material.

Barbershop harmonies remain in evidence in the a capella music of the black church. The popular, Christian a capella group Take 6[3] started in 1980 as The Gentleman's Estate Quartet with the tight, four-part harmony by which barbershop music is known. Early on, the quartet added a fifth harmonic line, but the group's pedigree, like barbershop music, is traceable directly to the black church--and the jazzy renditions of artists like the Mills Brothers, as well.

  • Abbott, Lynn. Play That Barber Shop Chord: A Case for the African American Origin of Barbershop Harmony. American Music 10 (1992) 289-325.
  • Henry, James Earl. The Origins of Barbershop Harmony: A Study of Barbershop's Links to Other African American Musics as Evidenced through Recordings and Arrangements of Early Black and White Quartets. Ph.D diss., Washington University, 2000

Female Barbershop music and "Beautyshop" quartets

Traditionally, the word "barbershop" has been used to encompass both men's and women's quartets singing in the barbershop style. Harmony, Inc. calls itself "International Organization of Women Barbershop Singers" while Sweet Adelines International calls itself "a worldwide organization of women singers committed to advancing the musical art form of barbershop harmony."

Some women's quartets, particularly in U. S. schools, have used the term "beautyshop quartets" for women's quartets singing in the barbershop style.

Notable female quartets include:

  • The Cracker Jills [4] with Renee Craig
  • Ambiance [5]
  • The Chordettes, recorded a number of mainstream popular hits during the 1950s, notably Mr. Sandman

Notable female choruses include:

  • Melodeers Chorus from Northbrook, IL [6] Four time Sweet Adelines International Gold Medal winning chorus. Only Sweet Adelines Chorus ever to have won four gold medals in row. Jim Arns, Director; Reneé Porzel, Choreographer

Barbershop groups with both male and female members are known as mixed barbershop groups. [7]

Organization

Singing a cappella music in the barbershop style is a hobby enjoyed by men and women worldwide. The hobby is practiced mostly within one of the three main barbershop associations, which have a combined membership in the neighborhood of eighty thousand.

The primary men's organization in the US and Canada is the Barbershop Harmony Society. Women have two organizations in North America, Sweet Adelines International and Harmony Incorporated. Sweet Adelines, Inc was founded in 1945 by Edna Mae Anderson of Tulsa. Harmony, Incorporated split from Sweet Adelines in 1957 over a dispute regarding admission of black members. SPEBSQSA and Sweet Adelines at that time restricted their membership to whites, but both opened membership to all races a few years later. All three organizations comprise choruses and quartets that perform and compete regularly throughout the US and Canada, and Sweet Adelines International also has a portion of its membership outside North America.

Organizations affiliated with the Barbershop Harmony Society and Harmony Incorporated exist in the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, South Africa, Scandinavia, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, and elsewhere. Some national and regional barbershop groups include:

A worldwide association for mixed groups, the Mixed Harmony Barbershop Quartet Association [19], was established in 1995 to reflect the growing popularity of male-female barbershop singing.

Notable artists

Quartets

Choruses

  • The Vocal Majority [21], based in Dallas, TX, Eleven-time International Chorus Champions (1975, 1979, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006)
  • The Masters of Harmony [22], Six-time International Chorus Champions (1990, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005). The only repeat International Championship Chorus ever to earn every Gold Medal in succession, each time they were eligible to compete. Based in Los Angeles County.
  • The Louisville Thoroughbreds [23], Seven-time International Chorus Champions
  • The New Tradition Chorus [24], based out of Northbrook, IL, in the Chicagoland area. They are the 2001 International Chorus Champion and current 4th place bronze medalist. Won a record eight consecutive silver medals.
  • The Ambassadors of Harmony[25], based in St Charles, MO, 2004 International Chorus Champions.
  • Toronto Northern Lights [26], Five-time International Silver Medalist (2001-2005) Chorus from Toronto, Ontario, and 3rd Place Bronze Medalist (2006).
  • The Westminster Chorus [27], a Youth barbershop chorus in California started by young members of the Masters of Harmony, and current Silver Medalist Chorus (2006).
  • The Midwest Vocal Express [28], perennial International Top 10 chorus, based in the Milwaukee, WI area. Known for innovative and creative performances, directed for years by Russ Forris, and currently directed by Chris Peterson. Fifth-Place Bronze Medalists in 2002, 2003 and 2006.
  • Chorus of the Chesapeake [29], two-time International Champion chorus, based in the Baltimore, MD area. Known for being a large chorus numerically, creative musical selection, directed for many years by the legendary Fred King. Currently under the direction of Rick Taylor.
  • The Big Apple Chorus [30], based out of Manhattan has competed internationally, performed in Russia, and makes up the "Singing Chorus Tree" at South Street Seaport every holiday season.
  • The Sound of the Rockies [31], a Denver, Colorado-based chorus that has won the Rocky Mountain District championship 4 times and placed in the top 10 at International the past 5 years running. Directed by Darin Drown.
  • The Singing Buckeyes [32], based in Columbus, Ohio, are eleven-time Johnny Appleseed District (Ohio, the western part of Pennsylvania and most of West Virginia) Chorus Champions. They have competed many times at the international level, achieving Third Place Bronze Medal. The chapter hosts the Buckeye Invitational each August.
  • The Texas Millionaires Chorus [33], based in Fort Worth, Texas, an internationally ranked chorus knwon for their famous "scarecrow" package in 2005
  • The MegaCity Chorus [34], based out of Toronto, On. International Chorus Contest competitor, formerly directed by June Dale and currently under the direction of Chris Arnold.
  • The Academy [35], a small chorus with big goals in Tampa, FL, under the direction of Drew Kirkman.
  • Cambridge Chord Company, twice European champion barbershop chorus and British Association of Barbershop Singers gold medalists, "Choir of the World" International Eisteddfod 2004, based in England
  • The Great Northern Union [36], perennial international top 10 chorus, based in the Minneapolis, Minnesota area
  • Pacific Coast Harmony[37], two-time International competitor from La Jolla, California, in the greater San Diego area.
  • Voices In Harmony[38], a brand new chorus developing in California's Bay Area, under the direction of Dr. Greg Lyne.
  • Oshkosh West Barbershop Ensemble, based in Oshkosh, WI, The only student-run High School Barbershop Choir in the United States
  • North Metro Chorus, three-time Sweet Adelines International Chorus Champions from Toronto, OntarioDirected by June Dale.
  • The Rich-Tone Chorus[39], four-time Sweet Adelines International Chorus Champions from Richardson, Texas
  • Capital City Chorus[40], two-time Sweet Adelines International competitor from Indianapolis, IN.
  • Surrey Harmony Chorus[41], Five-time Sweet Adelines Region 31 UK Gold Medal Champions.
  • Melodeers Chorus from Northbrook, IL [42] Four time Sweet Adelines International Gold Medal winning chorus. Only Sweet Adelines Chorus ever to have won four gold medals in row. Jim Arns, Director; Reneé Porzel, Choreographer
  • B Natural Ladies Barbershop Chorus[43], Three-time winners of Sweet Adelines Region 31 Best Small Chorus, Cardigan, Wales.
  • The Homestead Harmonizers [44], a large chorus from Beatrice, Nebraska and surrounding areas.
  • The Westchester Chordsmen [45], a 100-man chorus from the Greater New York City area under the direction of Dusty Schleier.

Typical barbershop songs

Barbershop Harmony Society "Polecats" — songs which all Barbershop Harmony Society members are encouraged to learn as a shared repertoire — all famous, traditional examples of the genre:

There are also several other well-known songs in the genre. Some are considered standards, such as "From the First Hello" and "Goodbye, My Coney Island Baby", while others are well-known because notable quartets are associated with them. An example of the latter is "Come Fly with Me", which gained popularity through association with the 2005 international quartet champion, Realtime.

Examples of other songs popular in the barbershop genre are:

  • "Alexander's Ragtime Band"
  • "Bright Was the Night"
  • "From the First Hello to the Last Goodbye"
  • "Goodbye, My Coney Island Baby"
  • "I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen"
  • "Yes, Sir, That's My Baby"
  • "Hello My Baby"
  • "When My Baby Smiles at Me"
  • "Come Fly with Me"
  • "Shine On Harvest Moon"
  • "Sweet Georgia Brown"
  • "Darkness on the Delta"

"Lida Rose" is a song beloved to barbershoppers from Meredith Willson's musical comedy The Music Man. A barbershop quartet forms an integral part of the story, and was played by the Buffalo Bills onstage and in the screen adaptation. Barbershoppers love the show's flattering portrayal of the barbershop spirit: four bickering school-board members become inseparable singing comrades once the Music Man shows them how to ring one perfect chord. Purists complain about inauthenticities in Willson's own arrangement, which is often modified slightly for barbershop quartet performances.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Definition of the Barbershop Style, from the Contest and Judging Handbook". Barbershop Harmony Society. 2002-07-11. Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  2. ^ Averill, Gage (2003). Four Parts, No Waiting: A Social History of American Barbershop Harmony. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511672-0.
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