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'''Sustainable Development Goal 11''' ('''SDG 11''' or '''Goal 11''') is about "sustainable cities and communities" and is one of 17 [[Sustainable Development Goals]] established by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 2015. The SDG 11 is to "Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> The 17 SDGs take into account that action in one area will affect outcomes in other areas as well, and that [[Economic development|development]] must balance [[Social sustainability|social]], [[economic]] and [[Environmental Sustainability|environmental sustainability]].<ref name="UNDP website">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|url=https://www.undp.org/content/singapore-global-centre/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 September 2020|title=What are the Sustainable Development Goals?|website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref>
'''Sustainable Development Goal 11''' ('''SDG 11''' or '''Goal 11''') is about "[[sustainable cities]] and communities" and is one of 17 [[Sustainable Development Goals]] established by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 2015. The SDG 11 is to "Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> The 17 SDGs take into account that action in one area will affect outcomes in other areas as well, and that [[Economic development|development]] must balance [[Social sustainability|social]], [[economic]] and [[Environmental Sustainability|environmental sustainability]].<ref name="UNDP website">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|url=https://www.undp.org/content/singapore-global-centre/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 September 2020|title=What are the Sustainable Development Goals?|website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref>


The goal of SDG 11 is to create career and business opportunities, safe and affordable housing, and build resilient societies and economies. It also involves investment in public transport, creating green public spaces, and improving [[urban planning]] and management in participatory and inclusive ways.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Goal 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities|url=https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=September 20, 2020|website=Africa UNDP Org}}</ref>
The goal of SDG 11 is to create career and business opportunities, safe and affordable housing, and build resilient societies and economies. It also involves investment in [[public transport]], creating green [[Public space|public spaces]], and improving [[urban planning]] and management in participatory and inclusive ways.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Goal 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities|url=https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=September 20, 2020|website=Africa UNDP Org}}</ref>


In 2018, 4.2 billion people, or 55 percent of the world’s population, lived in cities. By 2050, the urban population is expected to reach 6.5 billion.<ref name="UNDP website Goal 11">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 September 2020|website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> [[Sustainable development]] cannot be achieved without significantly transforming the way we build and manage our urban spaces.<ref name="UNDP website Goal 11"></ref> The world’s cities occupy just 3 per cent of the Earth’s land, but account for 60-80 per cent of [[energy consumption]] and 75 per cent of carbon emissions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sustainable development goals|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
In 2018, 4.2 billion people, or 55 percent of the world’s [[population]], lived in cities. By 2050, the urban population is expected to reach 6.5 billion.<ref name="UNDP website Goal 11">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 September 2020|website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> [[Sustainable development]] cannot be achieved without significantly transforming the way we build and manage our urban spaces.<ref name="UNDP website Goal 11"></ref> The world’s cities occupy just 3 per cent of the Earth’s land, but account for 60-80 per cent of [[energy consumption]] and 75 per cent of [[carbon emissions]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sustainable development goals|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>


SDG 11 has 10 targets to be achieved by the [[Sustainable Development Goals|2030 Agenda]] for [[sustainable development]] and this is being measured with 15 indicators.
SDG 11 has 10 targets to be achieved by the [[Sustainable Development Goals|2030 Agenda]] for [[sustainable development]] and this is being measured with 15 indicators.

Revision as of 12:15, 24 September 2020

Sustainable Development Goal 11
Mission statement"Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable"
Commercial?No
Type of projectNon-Profit
LocationGlobal
OwnerSupported by United Nation & Owned by community
FounderUnited Nations
Established2015
Disestablished2030
Websitesdgs.un.org

Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11 or Goal 11) is about "sustainable cities and communities" and is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. The SDG 11 is to "Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable".[1] The 17 SDGs take into account that action in one area will affect outcomes in other areas as well, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.[2]

The goal of SDG 11 is to create career and business opportunities, safe and affordable housing, and build resilient societies and economies. It also involves investment in public transport, creating green public spaces, and improving urban planning and management in participatory and inclusive ways.[3]

In 2018, 4.2 billion people, or 55 percent of the world’s population, lived in cities. By 2050, the urban population is expected to reach 6.5 billion.[4] Sustainable development cannot be achieved without significantly transforming the way we build and manage our urban spaces.[4] The world’s cities occupy just 3 per cent of the Earth’s land, but account for 60-80 per cent of energy consumption and 75 per cent of carbon emissions.[5]

SDG 11 has 10 targets to be achieved by the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development and this is being measured with 15 indicators.

Background

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all". They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice.[6]

SDG 11 is about improving cities and making them more sustainable. This requires a number of things, such as creating career and business opportunities, safe and affordable housing, and building resilient societies and economies.[4] Further examples include: investment in public transport, creating green public spaces, and improving urban planning.[4]

"By 2050, two-thirds of all humanity 6.5 billion people will be in urban areas. Sustainable development cannot be achieved without significantly transforming the way we build and manage our urban spaces, according to the United Nations."[4]

The unprecedented growth of cities a result of rising number of mass movement in and out of a geographical location has led to a boom in mega-cities, especially in the developing world, and slums are becoming a more significant feature of urban life.[4]

Targets, indicators and progress

Further information: List of SDG targets and indicators

The UN has defined 10 targets and 15 indicators for SDG 11.[7] Targets specify the goals; and indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these targets are achieved. Six of them are to be achieved by the year 2030 and one by the year 2020 and three have no target years. Each of the targets also has one or two indicators which will be used to measure progress.

World map for Indicator 11.1.1 in 2014: "Share of people living in slums"[7]
Slums of Hyderabad in India

Target 11.1: Safe and affordable housing

The full title of Target 11.1 is "By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums".[1]

  • Indicator 11.1.1: Proportion of the urban population living in slum households

Living in a slum means people have no access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient living area, and durability of housing.[7]

The number of slum dwellers reached more than 1 billion in 2018, or 24 per cent of the urban population.[8] The number of people living in urban slums is highest in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Central and Southern Asia.[8]

The custodian agency for this indicator is United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)[9]

Target 11.2: Affordable and sustainable transport systems

Map for Indicator 11.2 showing the Particulate matter air pollution, 2016

The full text of Target 11.2 is "By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons".[1]

In 2019, only half of the world’s urban population had convenient access to public transport, defined as living within 500 metres’ walking distance from a low-capacity transport system (such as a bus stop) and within 1 km of a high-capacity transport system (such as a railway).[8]

The custodian agency for this indicator is United Nations Human Settlements Programme.[9]

Target 11.3: Inclusive and sustainable urbanization

The full text Target 11.3 is "By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries".[1]

The target has two indicators:[7]

  • Indicator 11.3.1: Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate
  • Indicator 11.3.2: Proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically

There are currently no data available for this indicator. [7]

Skyline of skyscrapers in Taipei

The custodian agency for the two indicators under " Target 11.3" is United Nations Human Settlements Programme.[9]

Target 11.4: Protect the world's cultural and natural heritage

The full text of Target 11.4 is “Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage."[1]

It has one indicator:

  • Indicator 11.4.1: Total per capita expenditure on the preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage, by source of funding (public, private), type of heritage (cultural, natural) and level of government (national, regional, and local/municipal)

Heritage is an important economic driver. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, the culture sector has been hard hit and lost funding.[10]

This indicator can be difficult to calculate for the following reasons: Countries’ national accounting frameworks may not clearly separate cultural natural, and other activities; financial transactions may be rechannelled for different uses; financial transactions may be double counted at different levels of public administration.[11]

There are currently no data available for this indicator. [7]

The custodian agency for this "Indicator 11.b.2 is United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization-Institute for Statistics (UNESCO-UIS)[9]

Target 11.5: Reduce the adverse effects of natural disasters

World map for Indicator 11.5.1 in 2017: "Death rate from natural disasters"[7]
Map for Indicator 11.5.2 showing the Direct disaster economic loss as a share of GDP, 2018
Chart for Indicator 11.5.2 showing the Global economic losses from disasters as a share of GDP


The full text of Target 11.5 is "By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations".[1]

Indicators are:[7]

  • Indicator 11.5.1: Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population. Indicators measured here report mortality rates internally displaced persons, missing persons and total numbers affected by natural disasters
  • Indicator 11.5.2: Direct economic loss in relation to global GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters."

The custodian agency for the two indicators under "Target 11.5" is United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)[9]

Target 11.6: Reduce the environmental impacts of cities

World map for Indicator 11.5.1 in 2017: "Internally displaced persons from natural disasters"[7]
Chart for Indicator 11.6.1 showing the Proportion of Population served by municipal waste collection, 2017

The full text of Target 11.6 is “By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management.”[1]

The target has two indicators:[7]

  • Indicator 11.6.1: Proportion of municipal solid waste collected and managed in controlled facilities out of total municipal waste generated, by cities
  • Indicator 11.6.2: Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted)

Particulate matter (PM) in the air can affect the cardiovascular system and other major organs. Chronic exposure will lead to further health risks.[12]

The custodian agencies for this " Indicator 11.6.1" are United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) and UNSD.[9] While the custodian agency for "Indicator 11.6.2" is World Health Organization.[9]

Target 11.7: Provide access to safe and inclusive green and public spaces

The full text of Target 11.7 is: “By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities”[1]

Family Park for kids and families in Valenzuela, Philippines

The two indicators include:

  • The Indicator 11.7.1: Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age and persons with disabilities
  • The Indicator 11.7.2: Proportion of persons victim of physical or sexual harassment, by sex, age, disability status and place of occurrence, in the previous 12 months

Data collected in 2019 show that, in the period 1990–2015, most urban areas recorded a general increase in the extent of built-up area per person. Many regions recorded a consistent increase in the built-up area per capita, with Australia and New Zealand recording the highest values.[8]

Based on 2019 data from 95 countries, the share of land allocated to streets and open spaces, averaged only about 16 per cent globally.[8] Of those, streets accounted for about three times as much urban land as open public spaces, such as parks.[8]

Target 11.a: Strong national and regional development planning

The full text of Target 11.a is “Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning”.[1]

It has one indicator:

  • Indicator 11.a.1: Number of countries that have national urban policies or regional development plans that (a) respond to population dynamics; (b) ensure balanced territorial development; and (c) increase local fiscal space

This indicator is one of the key metrics to benchmark and monitor urbanization.[13] It can serve as a gap analysis to support policy recommendations.[13] Data sources for this indicator may include: Official documents such as National Urban Plan available in national and regional administrations, point of service surveys, database of national urban policies by United Nations, UrbanLex, a database of laws and policies on urban matters developed by UN-Habitat.[13]

There are currently no data available for this indicator. [7]

The custodian agency for "Indicator 11.a.1" is United Nations Human Settlements Programme(UN-HABITAT)[9]

Flood Relief Operations in Pakistan

Target 11.b: Implement policies for inclusion, resource efficiency and disaster risk reduction

Map for Indicator 11.B.2 showing the Number of local governments that adopt disaster risk reduction strategies, 2018

The full text of Target 11.b is “By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels.”[1]

Unlike most SDGs which have a target year of 2030, this indicator is set to be achieved by 2020.

World map for Indicator 11.b.1: Score of adoption and implementation of national strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

The two indicators include:[7]

  • Indicator 11.b.1: Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030
  • Indicator 11.b.2: Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies

The custodian agency for this "Indicator 11.b.2 is United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR).[9]

Target 11.c: Support least developed countries in sustainable and resilient building

The full text of Target 11.c is formulated as “Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials”.[1]

  • Indicator 11.c.1 is: Proportion of financial support to the least developed countries that is allocated to the construction and retrofitting of sustainable, resilient and resource-efficient buildings utilizing local materials

A proposal has been tabled in 2020 to delete Indicator 11.c.1.[14]

The custodian agency for "Indicator 11.c.1" is United Nations Human Settlements Programme.[9]

Monitoring and Progress

High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations Secretary General. The most recent one is from April 2020.[8] The report before that was from May 2019.[15]

In 2018, High-level Political Forum (HLPF) took stock of progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).[16] One of the goals that was focused on was the eleventh SDGs, cities and human settlements.[16] They discussed progress, successes, challenges and lessons learned on the road to a fairer, more peaceful and prosperous world and a healthy planet by 2030.[16]

Additionally, updates and progress can also be found on the SDG website that is managed by the United Nations.[17]

SDG 11 interlinks with others. First, impact on health (SDG 3, Target 3.9) of city dwellers, as well as improve cities resilience to natural and climate change induced disasters. It is related to SDG 6 (target 6.1, 6.2 and 6.5), SDG 12 (target 12.4), SDG 14 (target 14.3) Lastly, reducing the impact of communicable diseases and maternal and children mortality which can be found under SDG 3 (targets 3.2 and 3.3).[18]

Organizations

NGOs and others

The following NGOs and other organizations are helping to achieve SDG 11:

  • GoFar founded by Danny Adams, is a Sydney Founder Institute portfolio company. It helps to cut emissions produced by vehicles, as well as improve driver safety. GoFar has a unique app and in-car device that provides drivers with real-time feedback to help them reduce fuel consumption.[21]
  • C40 cities is a network of the world’s megacities committed to addressing climate change,[22] It is taking bold climate action and leading the way towards having a more sustainable future.[23] C40 also offers cities an effective forum to collaborate, share knowledge and drive meaningful action on climate change. [22]
  • ICLEI is committed to sustainable urban development.[24] It helps members to make their cities and regions sustainable, low-carbon, resilient, ecomobile, biodiverse, resource-efficient and healthy, with a green economy and smart infrastructure.[22]
  • 100RC developed by The Rockerfeller Foundation helps cities around the world to become more resilient to physical, social, and economic shocks and stresses[25] and it supports the adoption and incorporation of a view of resilience that includes not just the shocks, earthquakes, fires, floods, but also the stresses that weaken the fabric of a city on a day to day or cyclical basis.[22]


References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)
  2. ^ "What are the Sustainable Development Goals?". United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 6 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ "Goal 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities". Africa UNDP Org. Retrieved September 20, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities". United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 6 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ "Sustainable development goals".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ "About the Sustainable Development Goals". United Nations. Retrieved 6 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 11) SDG-Tracker.org, website (2018)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General, High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "United Nations sustainable Development Goal 11 Custodian Agency. 2018" (PDF). UNECE Org. Retrieved September 20, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ "Initial launch of the SDG Indicator 11.4.1 Survey on cultural and natural heritage expenditure". UNESCO Institute of Statistics. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ UNESCO (2019) Culture | 2030 Indicators, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France, ISBN 978-92-3-100355-4, CC-BY-ND 3.0 IGO
  12. ^ "Urban air pollution – what are the main sources across the world?". EU SCIENCE HUB, The European Commission's science and knowledge service. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ a b c UN-Habitat (2018). SDG Indicator 11.a.1 Training Module: National Urban Policy. United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UN-Habitat), Nairobi.
  14. ^ "IAEG-SDGs 2020 Comprehensive Review Proposals Submitted to the 51st session of the United Nations Statistical Commission for its consideration". United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. Retrieved 1 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ United Nations Economic and Social Council (2019) Special edition: progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals, Report of the Secretary-General (E/2019/68), High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (8 May 2019)
  16. ^ a b c "High Level Political Forum 2018 on Cities and Human Settlement". HPLP. Retrieved September 20, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ^ "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable". United Nations. Retrieved 7 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ "Visualisation map of the interlinkages between SDG 11 and the other SDGs" (PDF). ESCAP. Retrieved 7 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ "United 4 Smart Sustainable Cities" (PDF). 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ "United Nations sustainable Development Goal 11 Custodian Agency. 2018" (PDF). UNECE Org. Retrieved September 20, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ^ "17 Companies Helping Meet the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals". The Founder Institute. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
  22. ^ a b c d "NGOs-leading-SDGs-Sustainable-Brands" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ "C40". www.c40.org. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
  24. ^ "ICLEI". iclei.org. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
  25. ^ "100 Resilient Cities". The Rockefeller Foundation. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
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