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Revision as of 15:55, 7 October 2020

Haltlose personality disorder
Other names-Willenlosen Psychopath[1][2][3]
*Unstable psychopath[4]
*Unstable drifter[5][6]
The DEK shorthand symbol for "Haltlos".
SpecialtyPsychiatry
Usual onsetEarly adulthood[7]
DurationLong term
Causes-Maternal indolence (proposed)[8]
-Childhood institutionalization(proposed)[8]
-Parental rejection (proposed)[9]
Risk factorsParental neglect[8]
Diagnostic methodBased on reported symptoms
PrognosisAlthough ideation and threats are common, typically lack the courage to commit suicide.[10]
Personality disorders
Cluster A (odd)
Cluster B (dramatic)
Cluster C (anxious)
Not otherwise specified
Depressive
Others

Haltlose personality disorder (HLPD) is an ICD-10 personality disorder in which affected individuals possess psychopathic traits built upon selfish or irresponsible hedonism, combined with an inability to anchor one's identity to a future or past.[11] The symptoms of HLPD share similarites with frontal lobe syndrome, sociopathic and histrionic personality traits,[11][12] and are "characterized by the immaturity of moral and volitional qualities...and the absence of postive ethical attitudes."[13]

Described by Emil Kraepelin in 1904-1907[14][15] as distinct from the three classes of the "inborn criminal", "morbid liar" and "trickster"[15] and further distinguished by Karl Jaspers, and Eugen and Manfred Bleuler, it has been colloquially dubbed psychopathy with an "absence of intent or lack of will".[3]

It is studied as one of the strains of psychopathy relevant to criminology[16][17] as those with the disorder can "be very easily involved in the criminal history"[18] and may become aggressors.[4][19] Persons with haltlose personality disorder require "constant coercion and strict control by others around their behavior", or else will likely seek out "an idle lifestyle, involved in antisocial groups...antisocial acts, petty crimes...and easily get used to alcohol and drugs".[13]

After discovering a guilty conscience due to some act or omission they have commit, "they then live under constant fear of the consequences of their action or inaction, fear of something bad that might strike them" in stark opposition to their apparent carelessness or hyperthymic temperament,[20] which is itself frequently a subconscious reaction to overwhelming fear[7] Given their tendency to "exaggerate, to embroider their narratives, to picture themselves in ideal situations, to invent stories",[10] this fear then manifests as being "apt to blame others for their offences, frequently seeking to avoid responsibility for their actions".[21]


Of the ten types of psychopaths defined by Schneider, only the Gemutlose (compassionless) and the Haltlose "had high levels of criminal behavior" without external influence, and thus made up the minority of psychopaths who are "virtually doomed to commit crimes" by virtue only of their own constitution.[22] Frequently changing their determined goals,[7] a haltlose psychopath is "constantly looking for an external hold, it doesn't really matter whether they join occult or fascist movements".[23] A study of those with haltlose personality disorder concludes "In all of those cases, the result was a continuous social decline that ended in asocial-parasitic existence or an antisocial-criminal life."[22][24][25]

Etymology

"Haltlos" is a German word that contextually refers to a floundering, aimless, irresponsible lifestyle,[11] and the diagnosis is named "Haltlose" using the feminine variation on the word.[26] In 1998, it was remarked that there was not an easily-translated English variation to use for the diagnosis.[12] A person afflicted with HLPD is clinically termed an "unstable psychopath",[7][4] which is differentiated from "Emotionally unstable personality disorder" which is an alternate name for Borderline Personality Disorder, although there is often comorbidity between the two.

In 1976, the Government of Canada listed the alternate term "Unstable drifter" in a psychiatric criminology context as a problematic term for which they could not readily offer a French translation in accordance with their bilingualism laws.[27][28] Ultimately the diagnosis was handicapped by the issues of translation, leading to criticism of "the impoverishment of psychiatric vocabulary" that led to declining research and use.[1]

Symptoms

The most disturbing aspect of this patient’s life was his complete selfish, hedonistic, irresponsible, drifting, and aimless lifestyle, along with a complete lack of hold on life or on his self. His life history led us to study the fascinating concept of Bleuler’s haltlose personality disorder, which came naturally as a comorbid diagnosis.

— Dr. Gama Marques[29]

Compared to other personality disorders, those with Haltlose demonstrate "a particularly large number of psychological deficiencies",[30] and it is not possible to further distinguish particular subtypes of the Haltlose.[7] They can alternate between projecting an optimistic and competent image claiming they are "destined to do great things", and a more honest cynicism and depression.[10] They further display "great emotional irritability, which may result in violent loss of temper...and interpret every limitation as an undeserved insult".[10] The symptoms are considered to worsen if patients are granted greater independence "in the home and in their work".[7]

Like sociopathy, haltlose personality disorder causes an inability to learn from experience, and an inability to feel genuine remorse[12] as a strong present-time orientation, lacking long-term goals, leaves them detached from the reality of their past - their self schema only encompasses the immediate present.[11] Also described as "living in a random location and moment",[19] this is commonly seen in Cluster B personality disorders such as Borderline Personality Disorder with which it is frequently comorbid, even though HLPD is itself seen as either outside the traditional Cluster organization[31] or a potential Cluster A personality disorder.[32] Their status has been summarized as "wandering through life without ever taking firm root".[33]

Those with HLPD display "a number of endearing qualities, charming with an apparent emotional warmth, but also an enhanced suggestibility and a superficiality of affect", which can lead to unrealistic optimism.[11] They are also noted as "absolutely indifferent to others...likes to live for [their] pleasure today, does not make plans not only for the future but even for tomorrow, studying and working are not for them".[18] Persons with HLPD typically lack any deep knowledge, and "look for easy life and pleasures".[34] They have been described as "conquerers with an appearance of emotional warmth".[19]

Persons with HLPD often struggle with alcoholism, and identify with antisocial personality disorder.[11] When Haltlose is not recognised as the diagnosis, the patient might be categorised as BPD, in the manic phase of Bipolar Disorder, or simply demonstrating an addiction to gambling or substance abuse.[32] Those with disorders similar to Haltlose have a tendency to "disappear, wander and travel about, here, there and everywhere according to their whim; at times they are weeks or months in a foreign land...[including those] known as the Orientkunden, [Middle Eastern] tramps. These are people who are attracted to the Orient on account of the ease with which they are able to live there without steady employment and the freedom from closer supervision of the Western civilization"".[10] The lack of a sense of identity, or internal support, leads to a lack of resistance to both external and internal impulses.[7]

Choices are made, often in mirroring others around them, but "do not leave even a passing imprint on the person's identity".[8] Thus, they can "behave properly for a while under good leadership".[7] They demonstrate poor mood control and "react quickly to immediate circumstances" since "mood variation can be extreme and fluctuate wildly", which led to the denotation "unstable psychopath".[35]

They have been described as "cold-blooded"[20] and "undisciplined, inclined to ignore the obligations assigned....always needs a strong leader who will direct and show what needs to be done",[13] but must be differentiated from dependent personality disorder, as the two can appear similar, due to the artifice of the Haltlose patient, despite having starkly opposing foundations.[36] Persons with Dependent Personality Disorder are defined by a tendency to embarrassment,[37] and submissiveness[38] which are not genuine facets of those with Haltlose even if they mimic such. Haltlose is thus deemed the "more troublesome" personality.[39]

Clinical Summaries

[When] convinced of unseemly cases, of committing crimes, such persons [with Haltlose Personality Disorder] transfer their guilt to others, without revealing any shame or embarrassment [and] are prone to pseudology; their lies are rather naive, poorly thought out, implausible, which absolutely does not bother them.
A group of hysterical psychopathic personalities is characterized[13]

There are conflicting preferences for the name of the disorder through the twentieth century, with some like Karl Birnbaum preferring the term "Haltlose", while others like Kurt Schneider preferred "Willenlos" shifting focus off their lack of self-control.[22] opposed to the moralist tones of those like Birnbaum who had described the Haltlose as unable to grasp "important ideal values such as honor and morality, duty and responsibility, as well as material ones such as prosperity and health".[22][25]

Otto Dornbluth offered the definition in his Clinical Dictionary, that the Haltlose were clinically "Psychopaths without perseverance, always derailing themselves despite good intentions".[40]

Karl Jaspers wrote in his General Psychopathology seeking to define the word that formed the diagnosis, rather than the personality disorder itself, that "Those who have no willpower at all, the drifters, simply echo any influence that impinges on them".[2]

In Kramer's lengthy analysis, he proposed that the Haltlose had a "hypersensitivity to sensory perceptions" which led them to deliberately spoil situations into which they actually wished to adapt and settle.[7] This leads to "something quite contradictory in the self-assessment of the Haltlose psychopath, on the one hand they are full of feelings of insufficiency, but on the other hand they have a very high self-assessment...[but] show an astonishing lack of criticism for the inadequacy of their achievements".[7] "They want to at least play-act the role they can't really be internally, they pretend to possess skills and achievements that they do not have...often they want to become actors...they seek out lesser social elements to impress by way of appearing exploited and victimized, and for that they enjoy the reputation that they claim."[7] When caught in wrongdoing, "we find them contrite, self-accusing and assuring that they will improve - but on closer inspection it is feigned and not sincere."[7]

Emil Kraepelin noted that those with Haltlose Personalities displayed "poor and immature judgement...apt to take senseless journeys, perhaps even becoming vagabonds".[21][41] He also wrote that they were recognised as "possessing of lofty though unrealistic ambitions", active imaginations and would routinely "exaggerate, boast and fabricate" although their sexual habits were truthfully "atypical, irregular and unusual".[21][41]

Manfred Bleuler wrote "The Haltlosen are characterized by a lack of enduring emotional attachment and, thus, an abnormal tendency for the will to be influenced by various inner and outer stimuli",[26][42] and that the court system needed to understand such persons were in "urgent need of inhibitions".[43]

Roth and Slater remarked that "immediate wishes, affections or disgruntlements rule [them] completely, and [they are] indifferent about the future and never consider the past"[44] and those with Haltlosigkeit lack the traditional ability of insight but "are clever at concealing, both from themselves and others, this lack of real understanding by an exercise of verbal agility." and noted "it is tempermentally impossible for him to save, or to maintain any secure financial position...he is always on the brink of a disaster."[4] They ultimately concluded that "the treatment of such a personality is almost hopeless under the present ordering of society. Any treatment would...present difficulties...beyond the powers of these patients. The prospects of psychotherapy are forlorn and the best that can be obtained will be reached through social control."[4]

Uwe Henrik Peters detailed Haltlose Psychopaths in his psychiatric dictionary as "weak-willed, unreliable, unable to resist external influences, easily led astray, tending to sexual waywardness...if left alone, they cannot set their own goals, they have no inner compass."[26][45]

The 2012 manual "Psychiatric Emergencies in Family Practise" noted these individuals as being "affectionless, egocentric and demanding...show[ing] no realistic ambition or foresight. Often restless, they do not profit from experience or punishment and are frequently impulsive, lacking the awareness of others' needs...appearances in this group can be highly deceptive for they are plausible, likeable and natural. Without a proper history, the doctor can easily be misled by distortions which occasionally amount to pathological lying""[35]

Haltlose personality disorder and childhood

"The Haltlos occurs mainly in young people after leaving school and even later, whereas we encounter it less often in children. This is not because the characteristics that cause the abnormal behavior in the later years of adolescence were not already present in childhood - but we do not yet ask the child to behave independently in life. By a child's nature, it is unstable to a certain extent, and even under normal circumstances will require the support of adults and protection from outside influences. Thus, only when the child reaches the age at which we demand a certain degree of independence and volitional decisions does the defect clearly emerge."
Dr. Franz Kramer, 1927[7]

It has been proposed that haltlose personality disorder may arise from "traumatization through maternal indolence" or institutionalization in early life, although without definite conclusion.[8] Care must be taken in making Haltlose diagnoses of children, since "the traits of instability of purpose, lack of forethought, suggestibility, egoism and superficiality of affect...are to some extent normal in childhood".[4] Children with haltlose personality disorder demonstrate a marked milieu dependency.[30]

It is not believed to manifest often in children until they have aged,[46] but while difficult to diagnose, it has been noted as presenting one of the stronger psychiatric difficulties if present at that age.[47] It may be possible to prevent social failure "through welfare measures" akin to early intervention.[47]

If parents do not understand the peculiarities of their haltlose child, they may try to through good intentions to force the child into an educational regimen inappropriate for them, which then creates a feeling of isolation in the child which grows into a rebellious tendencies, "which turns out to be disastrous for further development".[7]

Regressive addictions amongst Haltlose psychopaths typically are infantile, and seek to replace the lost "dual union" arising from their parents' rejection, and later morph into a focus on subjects including vengeance or sado-masochism.[9]

Comorbidity and relation to criminality

[The Unstable Psychopath] will distinguish [them]self by the glibness and insincerity of [their] protestations...[they] blame [them]self not at all and only hope to be extracted from [their] difficulties in order to continue as before on much the same path. However superficial their affects, personalities of this type often show an apparent warmth...permit[ting] them to impose on their friends and relatives to an almost unbelievable extent.
Roth and Slater[4]

The frequent intersection between HLPD and alcoholism has left clinical researchers using "haltlose" as a grouping when separating subjects by disposition.[48][49][50]

They respond very well to institutionalization where their influences can be controlled, being "model inmates" of sanitariums, "but if you leave them, through good intentions, to their own devices - they don't last long before collapsing their current state and being seduced back onto the wrong track".[20] The commitment papers for an "Ida H.", arrested by Swiss authorities circa 1920, noted that her psychiatric assessment had determined she had haltlose personality disorder, "an unsteady psychopath with a strong fantasy, an inclination to hysteric symptoms and congenital feebleness".[51]

In 1937, a couple were declined a marriage certificate on the basis one proposed spouse "justif[ied] the conclusion that N. is in a condition of ethical and moral decline, due to a lack of healthy inhibitions...the court is therefore convinced that N is Haltlos and a criminal psychopath who is unable to conduct a marriage in the way in which it is desirable...it is to be feared that the inferior social characteristics that hold sway over [them] will be transmitted to offspring or that [they] would at the very least exert negative educational influences on [the children]".[22]

In 1937, G.E. Buda released a study of 72 convicts with haltlose personality disorder, debilitation and psychosis to study their mental degeneration.[52] The American Journal of Psychiatry published a study of hit and run drivers, which showed 40% of drivers who fled the scene of a traffic accident tested positive for haltlose personality disorder.[53] This was consistent with the earlier finding that Haltlose Personalities were among the most likely to attempt to flee if caught in commission of any crime.[54] Upon being confronted with their misdeeds, the Haltlose respond "with more or less superficial reasons to excuse them, they claim that their parents treated them incorrectly, that they were the victim of adverse circumstances, seduced by other people and misled. Other Haltlose, especially those with a strong intellect, make up a theoretical schema that would justify their actions."[7]

"[Patients resembling Haltlose] as a rule show little insight into the peculiarities of their conduct. They do not understand how they could have done these things, or they blame their relatives, neighbors and so forth".
-Dr. Herman Morris Adler, 1917[10]

There is not necessarily a tendency towards deliberate amorality among the demographic, unlike other psychopath subtypes, despite its frequent criminal violations since they may lack the ability to premeditate.[55] But their demonstrated lack of self-control is "especially manifested in the sphere of morality".[56] It has been noted that, in addition to the fact "the theatre, as a rule, exerts a great attraction for these people",[10] that they are likewise "very superficial, they easily acquire knowledge but do not apply it in any way and soon forget it. Memory is usually poor and untrustworthy...often they seem to have no realization of the truth".[10]

The tendency to accumulate debts while seeking pleasure or escaping responsibility is often the attributed cause for their descent into crime, although Kramer noted those who displayed "extreme dexterity, sufficient talent for imagination, and a tendency towards dishonesty" were able to find alternative sources of income without necessarily becoming criminal, although warned that "again and again, their debts have to be paid until the parents no longer can, or want to, do this and leave them to their selves".[7] When required to live independently, they "soon lose interest, become distracted and absent-minded, and commit gross errors and negligence".[10]

The frequent intersection between those with haltlose personality disorder and crime resulted in the summary "probably the most important function of the psychiatrist when dealing with these patients is to protect their relatives and friends from ruining themselves in hopeless attempts at reclamation. With most of these patients a time comes when the relatives will be best advised...to allow the patient to go to prison, or otherwise suffer unsheltered the consequences of his deeds."[4]

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References

  1. ^ a b Jablensky, Assen (May 1998). "Definition of 'haltlose'". Psychiatric Bulletin. 22 (5): 326. doi:10.1192/pb.22.5.326.
  2. ^ a b Jaspers, K. (1963) General Psychopathology. p. 440.
  3. ^ a b Schneider, K. (1992) Klinische Psychopathologie (14th edn). Stuttgart: Georg Thleme Verlag.
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  5. ^ Raines, Margaret Gordon. "A Quantitative Analysis of Personality Profiles for Male Drug Abusers Using the MMPI", 1979, Ohio State University
  6. ^ Classification of the MMPI codes, including scale 4, of an alcoholic sub-sample in relation to corresponding case history characteristics, Pg 26
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