Hanpu
Hanpu (Chinese: 函普; pinyin: Hánpǔ) or Hambo (Korean: 함보), later Wanyan Hanpu, was a leader of the Jurchen Wanyan clan in the early tenth century. According to the ancestral story of the Wanyan clan, Hanpu came from Goryeo when he was sixty years old, reformed Jurchen customary law, and then married a sixty-year-old local woman who bore him three children. His descendants eventually united Jurchen tribes into a federation and established the Jin dynasty in 1115. Hanpu was retrospectively given the temple name Shizu (始祖) and the posthumous name Emperor Yixian Jingyuan (懿憲景元皇帝) by the Jin dynasty.
Chinese historians have long debated whether Hanpu was of Silla, Goryeo, or Jurchen ethnicity. Since the 1980s, they have chiefly argued that he was a Jurchen who had lived in Silla, the state that had dominated the Korean peninsula until it was destroyed by Goryeo in 935. Western scholars usually treat Hanpu's story as a legend, but agree that it hints to contacts between some Jurchen clans and the states of Goryeo and Balhae (a state located between Jurchen lands and Silla until it was destroyed in 926) in the early tenth century. In Korea, a recent KBS history special treated Hanpu as a native Silla man who moved north and settled in Jurchen lands during the demise of Silla.[1]
Name
Hanpu is known under different transliterations in Chinese sources. He is called Kanfu (龕福) in the Records of Things Heard in Songmo (松漠紀聞; after 1155), the memoirs of a Song Chinese ambassador who was forced to stay in Jin territory for more than 10 years starting in 1131. The Shenlu Ji 神麓記, a lost book cited in the Collected Documents on the Treaties with the North during Three Reigns (三朝北盟會編; c. 1196), refers to him as Kenpu (掯浦), whereas Research on the Origin of the Manchus (滿洲源流考; 1777) calls him Hafu (哈富).[2]
Ancestor of the Wanyan clan
Because the early Jurchens had no written records, the story of Hanpu was first transmitted orally.[3] According to the History of Jin (compiled in the 1340s), Hanpu arrived from Goryeo at the age of sixty and settled among the Jurchen Wanyan clan.[4] Other sources claim that Hanpu was from Silla, the state that had ruled the Korean peninsula but was annexed by Goryeo in 935.[5] The same story recounts that when Hanpu left Goryeo, his two brothers remained behind, one in Goryeo and one in the Balhae area.[6] Because the Jurchens considered Hanpu to be the sixth-generation ancestor of Wanyan Wugunai (1021–1074), historians postulate that Hanpu lived in the early tenth century, when the Jurchens still consisted of independent tribes, or sometime between the founding of Goryeo in 918 and its destruction of Silla in 935.[7]
The Wanyan clan then belonged to a group of Jurchen tribes that Chinese and Khitan documents called "wild", "raw", or "uncivilized" (shēng 生).[8] These "wild Jurchens" lived between the Changbai Mountains in the south (now at the border between North Korea and Northeast China) and the Sungari River in the north, outside the territory of the rising Liao dynasty (907–1125) and little influenced by Chinese culture.[9]
To resolve an endless cycle of vendettas between two clans, Hanpu managed to make both parties accept a new rule: from then on, the family of a killer would compensate the victim's relatives with a gift of horses, cattle, and money.[10] Historian Herbert Franke has compared this aspect of Jurchen customary law to the old Germanic practice of Wergeld.[11] As a reward for putting an end to the feuds, Hanpu was married to a sixty-year-old woman who then bore him one daughter and two sons.[12] A lost book called the Shenlu Ji states that Hanpu's wife was 40 years old.[13] Hanpu and his descendants were then formally received into the Wanyan clan.[12]
Hanpu's ethnicity
Chinese scholars have debated the ethnicity of Hanpu. They usually agree that Hanpu's "coming from Goryeo" does not mean he was of Goryeo ethnicity, since the Goryeo territory was populated by several ethnic groups.[14] The people of the time did not always distinguish between state and ethnic group, so that in modern terms Hanpu may have been a Jurchen from the state of Silla, a man of Goryeo, or a Silla man.[15]
The History of Jin says that: "the Jin progenitor originated from the Mohe."[16] "The Heishui Mohe resided in the old Sushen area ... the Jin state rose up there."[17] "When the Tang dynasty began the Sumo, Heishui, both tribes, were ruled by Goguryeo."[18] "Jin people originate out of tribes attached to Goguryeo."[19] The Ancestral Records (祖宗实录) state these as well.[20]"The Sumo Mohe were then attached to Goguryeo and their last name was Da."[21] Jin's progenitor, originated from the Mohe. Mohe originally were called Wuji. Wuji, on the old Sushen land.[22]
Chinese historian Jin Yufu (1887–1962) was aware that historical documents claim that Hanpu was either from Goryeo or from Silla, and found both views worthy of consideration.[23] Many historians have accepted the claim found in Records of Things Heard in Songmo and other sources like Ma Duanlin's Wenxian Tongkao (1317) that Hanpu was "a man of Silla".[5] The annals of King Yejong (r. 1105–1122) in the History of Goryeo report that Wanyan Wugunai's son Yingge (盈歌; 1053-1103) considered Goryeo as his "parent country" (父母之邦) because his clan's ancestor Hanpu had come from Goryeo.[24]
Historian Sun Jinji has claimed that Hanpu's surname was already Wanyan before he moved from Goryeo, and that he was therefore a Jurchen whose family had lived in Silla and then Goryeo before moving back to Jurchen land.[15] Chinese historians Menggutuoli and Zhao Yongchun both argue that Hanpu's ancestors were Jurchens who had lived in Silla and had been absorbed into Goryeo after the latter defeated Silla.[25] Furthermore, Zhao theorizes that Wanyan Yingge calling Goryeo his "parent country" may have been part of the Jurchens' diplomatic efforts to obtain Goryeo's help in fighting the Khitan Liao.[26]
Western scholars usually consider Hanpu's story legendary. Herbert Franke explains that this Jurchen "ancestral legend" probably indicates that the Wanyan clan absorbed immigrants from Goryeo and Balhae sometime in the tenth century.[12] Frederick W. Mote, who calls this account of the founding of the Wanyan clan a "tribal legend", claims that Hanpu's two brothers (one who stayed in Goryeo and one in Balhae) might have represented "the tribe's memory of their ancestral links to these two peoples."[6] One Western historian of Jurchens has even proposed that Hanpu was not even from the Korean peninsula, instead what really happened was that a power on the peninsula ruled the Jurchen tribe he came from, or that he was from the Eastern Jurchens (Changbai Mountain Jurchens) who did not live in the Korean peninsula.[27]
Japanese researchers such as Tsugio Mikami (University of Tokyo) and Masatoshi Ishii (University of Tokyo) have pointed out that “Goguryeo (Hanja: 高句麗)” was denoted as “高麗” in Chinese historiographies after the Sui and Tang dynasties, and viewing the official history, “高句麗” is used up to Book of Han・Book of Wei・Book of Song・Book of Liang,[28] and Book of Zhou・Book of Sui・Old Book of Tang uses the term “高句麗” instead; the entry about “Goguryeo (Hanja: 高句麗)” in New Book of Tang is contained in VOL 145高麗伝,[29] and 高麗記 was the origin of the New Book of Tang高麗伝, and Go jil ’s son Go ja (Korean: 고자; Hanja: 高慈), who was an aristocrat of Goguryeo who surrendered to Tang wrote 高麗圀 on his grave, and there are infinite occasions where “Goguryeo (Hanja: 高句麗)” was instead written “高麗” in Japan, and 「高麗遣上部大相可婁等進調[30]」 is written in Nihon Shoki天智紀10年正月丁末條, and Dae Muye’s message to Japan when he visited Japan in 728 said 「復高麗之舊居、有扶餘之遺俗[31]」, and the messenger sent by Dae Heum-mu who visited Japan in 732 wrote 「高麗国王大欽茂[32]」, and every “Goguryeo (Hanja: 高句麗)” was written “高麗” instead, and 「黒水靺鞨居粛慎地、東瀕海、南接高麗、亦附干高麗、嘗以兵十五萬衆助高麗拒唐[33]」 is written in the beginning of the History of Jin century, but in this case History of Jin century can be assumed that it is the same as “高句麗”, not theoryeo is written as “高句麗”, so ”高麗” in the Hanpu's foundation story included in the same History of Jin century can be assumed that it is the same as “Goguryeo (Hanja: 高句麗)”, not the “Goryeo (Hanja: 高麗)” established by Wang Geon in the 10th century,[34] and Hanpu's foundation story states that Wanyan is a descendant of Goguryeo, and that it copied its admiration of Goguryeo in its story of foundation, where Uncivilized Jurchen (Hanja: 生女真) lead by Wanyan is the true descendant of Goguryeo, and since Goguryeo was a great country that thrived in Manchuria and Korea from b.c to the 7th century for about 700 years, every people and dynasty in Manchuria after the collapse of Goguryeo all admired Goguryeo, and Balhae professed Goguryeo’s revival, and as King of Jeongan Oh Hyeon-myeong (Korean: 오현; Hanja: 烏玄明)) wrote 「臣本以高麗舊壌、渤海遣黎、保據遇」to Sung through jusen’s messenger in 981, it defined Jeongan as 「高麗舊壌」 and its people as 「渤海遣黎」, and from the fact that History of Jin 胡十門伝 states 「吾遠祖兄弟三人、同出高麗、今大聖皇帝之祖入女直、吾祖留高麗、自高麗歸於遼、吾與皇帝皆三祖之後。」, Hesuguan Jurchens (Hanja: 曷蘇館女真)’s tribe believed in its history of coming to Goguryeo, and in the end of History of Jin胡十門伝, there is the phrase 「有合住者、亦称始祖兄苗裔、但不知興胡十門相去幾従耳。」, so Hesuguan Jurchens (Hanja: 曷蘇館女真)’stribe’s 合住家 also admired Goguryeo, and chief 勗 wrote 「自先君興高麗通、聞我将大、因謂本自同出、稍稍款附」 in his national book in 1131, and tribes with jusen before the establishment of Jin understanding Wanyan’s Goguryeo history claimed that they had the same ancestor, and of course these claims are extracted from Goguryeo’s sovereignty and the orthodoxy of its roots, and it aimed to succeed Goguryeo and gain political supremacy amongst other countries, and succession of Goguryeo cannot be considered as a race succession, but this proves that Balhae, Later Balhae and Jin’s royal family’s ancestor jusen also had a Goguryeo admiring doctrine, and Tsugio Mikami (University of Tokyo) stated that “Manchurian’s creating such a strong nation within such a short time and preserving it for a long time must be a glorious history for Manchurians. This made Goguryeo to be remembered by Manchurians and has become an ancestor for all Manchurian dynasties.[35]” “Even if this was some fiction, it is not fantasy or artificial, and must be considered as a historical concept. This contains a huge meaning. We can seek Manchurian character and its beliefs from this story. This can predict how Goguryeo had attracted and become powerful for Manchurians”,[36] and just like Balhae, Jeongan, and Jin’s ancestor jusen extracted its sovereignty and origin from Goguryeo, Hanpu's foundation story was created as a political strategy to deal with the international situation surrounding the Jin royal family, and by connecting Jin and Goguryeo, the validity of occupying Goguryeo’s territory and historical evidence, and since Goguryeo was a famous Asian family, gaining supremacy and excellence of sovereignty by making the Jin family a god-like, the Jin family and Goguryeo was connected as an ideology to urge Jusen’s tribal union in Manchuria, and Wanyan praised Goryeo 「父母之邦 (parent country)」「祖宗出自大邦 (Ancestor’s land)」 because Goryeo and Goguryeo had the same name, had the same territory, and was established to copy Goguryeo, so Uncivilized Jurchen (Hanja: 生女真), who had an admiration towards Goguryeo said this since it regarded Goryeo as a true Goguryeo, and called themselves 「兄大女真金国皇帝」 in a diplomatic document sent by Emperor Taizu of Jin to Goryeo in March 1117, calling the king of Goguryeo ‘brother’ meant that Jin’s power was already over the glory of Goguryeo and did not require any more mental support.[37]
Legacy
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wanggiyan_Aguda.jpg/200px-Wanggiyan_Aguda.jpg)
The Wanyan clan rose to prominence among the Jurchens after 1000 CE.[38] Hanpu's sixth-generation descendant Wanyan Wugunai (1021–1074) started to consolidate the dispersed Jurchen tribes into a federation.[3] Wugunai's grandson Aguda (1068–1123) defeated the Jurchens' Khitan overlords of the Liao dynasty and founded the Jin dynasty in 1115.[39] By 1127, the Jin had conquered all of north China from the Song dynasty.[40]
In 1136 or 1137, soon after Emperor Xizong of Jin (r. 1135–1150) had been crowned, Hanpu was given the posthumous name "Emperor Jingyuan" (景元皇帝) and the temple name "Shizu" (始祖), meaning "first ancestor."[41] In 1144 or 1145, Hanpu's burial site was named "Guangling" (光陵).[42] In December 1145 or January 1146, his posthumous title was augmented to that of "Emperor Yixian Jingyuan" (懿憲景元皇帝).[43]
Family members
Hanpu's wife posthumously received the title of Empress Mingyi 明懿皇后 in 1136.[44] The History of Jin, an official history that was compiled by Mongol scholar Toqto'a in the 1340s, lists Hanpu's family members as follows:[45]
Children:
- Wulu 烏魯 (eldest son and successor)
- Wolu 斡魯 (second son)
- Zhusiban 注思板 (daughter)
Siblings:
- Agunai 阿古廼 (elder brother, who is said to have liked Buddhism and to have stayed in Goryeo when Hanpu left)
- Baohuoli 保活里 (younger brother)
References
Notes
- ^ 류지열 (Director) (2009). [특별기획] 만주대탐사 2부작-2부 금나라를 세운 아골타, 신라의 후예였다! (http://www.kbs.co.kr/1tv/sisa/historyspecial/view/vod/1605745_30885.html) (Documentary). South Korea: KBS.
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: External link in
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- ^ Chen 1960, pp. 37–38.
- ^ a b Franke 1994, p. 219.
- ^ Franke 1990, pp. 414–15. History of Jin, chapter 1 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974), p. 2. (Original passage: 金之始祖諱函普,初從高麗來,年已六十餘矣).
- ^ a b Zhao 2006, pp. 68–69.
- ^ a b Mote 1999, p. 212.
- ^ Mote 1999, p. 212 ("little more than 100 years before the time of Wugunai"); Franke 1981, p. 219 ("beginning of the 10th century A.D."); Franke 1994, p. 219 ("around the year 900, which is about when the Jurchens appear on the diplomatic scene"); Tillman 1995, p. 25 ("early 10th cent."); Menggutuoli 2000, p. 65 (around 921, that is, 100 years before the birth of Wugunai); Wang 2010, p. 251, note 3 (Silla–Goryeo transition), citing Jin 1969.
- ^ Mote 1999, p. 212 (wild); Franke 1994, p. 219 (raw, uncivilized).
- ^ Chan 2003, p. 3.
- ^ Franke 1994, p. 218.
- ^ Franke 1981, p. 219.
- ^ a b c Franke 1990, pp. 414–15.
- ^ He 2004, p. 37.
- ^ Wang 2010, p. 250; Menggutuoli 2000, p. 65; Zhao 2006, p. 71.
- ^ a b Sun 1987, p. 81.
- ^ 金之先,出靺鞨氏。"
- ^ "黑水靺鞨居古肅慎地 ... 金國之所起焉。"
- ^ 《金史·高丽传》 “唐初,有粟末、黑水两部,皆臣属于高丽。”
- ^ 《赞》 “金人本出之附于高丽者”
- ^ "唐初,有粟末、黑水两部,皆臣属于高丽" "金人本出之附于高丽者"
- ^ 金之先,出靺鞨氏。靺鞨本号勿吉。勿吉,古肃慎地也。元魏时,勿吉有七 部:曰粟末部、曰伯咄部、曰安车骨部、曰拂涅部、曰号室部、曰黑水部、曰白 山部。隋称靺鞨,而七部并同。唐初, 有黑水靺鞨、栗末靺鞨,其五部无闻。 粟末靺鞨始附高丽,姓大氏。李绩破高丽,粟末靺鞨保东牟山。后为渤海,称王, 传十余世。有文字、礼乐、官府、制度。有五京、十五府、六十二州。黑水靺鞨 居肃慎地,东濒海,南接高丽,亦附于高丽。尝以兵十五万众助高丽拒唐太宗, 败于安市。开元中,来朝,置黑水府,以部长为都督、刺史,置长史监之。赐都 督姓李氏,名献诚,领黑水经略使。其后渤海盛强,黑水役属之,朝贡遂绝。五 代时,契丹尽取渤海地,而黑水靺鞨附属于契丹。其在南者籍契丹,号熟女直; 其在北者不在契丹籍,号生女直。生女直地有混同江、长白山,混同江亦号黑龙 江,所谓“白山黑水”是也。 金之始祖讳函普,初从高丽来,年已六十余矣。兄阿古乃好佛,留高丽不肯 从,曰:“后世子孙必有能相聚者,吾不能去也。”独与弟保活里俱。始祖居完 颜部仆干水之涯,保活里居耶懒。其后胡十门以曷苏馆归太祖,自言其祖兄弟三 人相别而去,盖自谓阿古乃之后。石土门、迪古乃,保活里之裔也。及太祖败辽 兵于境上,获耶律谢十,乃使梁福、斡荅刺招谕渤海人曰:“女直、渤海本同一 家。”盖其初皆勿吉之七部也。
- ^ 金之先,出靺鞨氏。靺鞨本號勿吉。勿吉,古肅慎地也。
- ^ Wang 2010, p. 251, note 3; Menggutuoli 2000, p. 65 (both citing the same passage from Jin 1969).
- ^ History of Goryeo, fascicle 13, under the 6th month of Yejong's 4th year of reign (i.e., 1108). Cited in Wang 2010, p. 251, note 3.
- ^ Menggutuoli 2000, pp. 65–67; Zhao 2006, p. 68.
- ^ Wang 2010, p. 251, note 3; Zhao 2006, p. 74.
- ^ Garcia, Chad D. (2012). Horsemen from the Edge of Empire: The Rise of the Jurchen Coalition (PDF) (A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy). University of Washington. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
- ^ 三上次男 (1941). 金室完顔氏の始祖説話について. 史学雑誌第52編第11号. 史学会. p. 1265.
- ^ Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
- ^ 高麗遣上部大相可婁等進調。(Nihon Shoki天智紀10年正月丁末條)Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
- ^ 武藝忝當列國濫惣諸蕃、復高麗之舊居、有扶餘之遺俗。(Shoku Nihongi神亀五年正月甲寅条)Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
- ^ 庚午。帝臨軒。高麗使楊承慶等貢方物。奏曰。高麗國王大欽茂言 (Shoku Nihongi卷第廿二)Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
- ^ 黑水靺鞨居肅慎地、東瀕海、南接高麗、亦附於高麗。嘗以兵十五萬衆助高麗拒唐太宗、敗于安市。(History of Jin卷一 本紀第一世紀)Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
- ^ 三上次男 (1941). 金室完顔氏の始祖説話について. 史学雑誌第52編第11号. 史学会. p. 1284.
- ^ 三上次男 (1941). 金室完顔氏の始祖説話について. 史学雑誌第52編第11号. 史学会. p. 1286.
- ^ 三上次男 (1941). 金室完顔氏の始祖説話について. 史学雑誌第52編第11号. 史学会. p. 1284.
- ^ 三上次男 (1941). 金室完顔氏の始祖説話について. 史学雑誌第52編第11号. 史学会. p. 1270.
- ^ Franke 1990, p. 414.
- ^ Franke 1994, p. 221.
- ^ Franke 1994, p. 229–30.
- ^ Franke 1994, pp. 219 (for the date) and 313 (for translation of the title "Shizu"), History of Jin, chapter 1 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974), p. 3.
- ^ History of Jin, chapter 1 (Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, 1974), p. 3.
- ^ History of Jin, chapter 32 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974), p. 779, specifies the date as the intercalary 11th month of the 5th year of the Huangtong 皇統 era; that month spanned from 16 December 1145 to 13 January 1146.
- ^ History of Jin, chapter 32, p. 774, where the date is given as the 8th month of the 14th year of Tianhui 天會, an era name that Emperor Xizong (r. 1135–1150) continued to use from Emperor Taizong (r. 1123–1135).
- ^ History of Jin, chapter 1 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974), p. 2.
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: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Zhao, Yongchun 赵永春 (2006), "On the Ethnicity of Hanpu, First Ancestor of the Jin Dynasty" 金朝始祖函普族属考辨", Manchu Studies 满族研究, 2006/1: 68–74. (in Chinese)