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Martin Rundkvist
Colour photograph of Martin Rundkvist
On a dig in Aska [sv], 2020
Born (1972-04-04) 4 April 1972 (age 52)
Stockholm, Sweden
NationalitySwedish
OccupationArchaeologist

Martin Rundkvist (born 4 April 1972) is a Swedish archaeologist and associate professor at the University of Łódź in Poland. He is particularly known for research into the Bronze, Iron, and Middle Ages of Scandinavia, and for significant excavations in the province of Östergötland.

Rundkvist has studied and excavated various sites in Sweden, particularly in the country's south. In 2003 and 2004, he published a three-volume work which doubled as his Ph.D. dissertation, cataloguing the finds from Barshalder (sv; de), the largest prehistoric cemetery on the Swedish island of Gotland. A subsequent book identified nine possible regional power centres in Östergötland, and attempted to determine where the "Beowulfian mead halls" of the day once stood.[R 1] Excavating years later at one of these sites, Aska [sv], Rundkvist uncovered the foundations of a large mead hall, and 22 ornate gold figures that may have represented gods or royals. In other works, Rundkvist has excavated a Viking boat grave, and analyzed both the placement of deposited artefacts in the landscape and the lifestyles of the Scandinavian élite during the Middle Ages.

Rundkvist spent two decades as managing editor of Fornvännen, a journal on archaeology and medieval art, and authors the blog Aardvarchaeology, which the James Randi Educational Foundation terms "the most-read archaeology blog on the Internet".[1] He served as chair for the Swedish Skeptics' Association for four years, and edited its quarterly journal Folkvett [sv].

Early life and education

Martin Rundkvist was born on 4 April 1972 in Stockholm, Sweden.[R 2][R 3] Other than two early years spent in Connecticut, Rundkvist has lived entirely in Stockholm.[R 4] As a teenager in the 1980s, he played role-playing games and spent time on online bulletin board systems.[R 4] Rundkvist graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from Stockholm University in 1992,[R 3][R 5] and received his Ph.D. from the same institution in 2003.[R 2] In 2001, Rundkvist won several games on the Swedish version of the television show Jeopardy!.[2] That same year, he gave a public talk on J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth and its connection to archaeology.[3]

Career

Colour photograph of a bronze buckle
Bronze buckle from Barshalder[4][5][R 6]

Rundkvist has held archaeological positions since 1992; these were primarily research-related, but included contract work.[R 7] Among these were positions as an honorary researcher at the University of Exeter from 2005 to 2008, as a project leader, field archaeologist, and artefact specialist for Värmdö Municipality from 2007 to 2008, and as a visiting researcher at the University of Chester from 2008 to 2015.[R 3] Howard Williams, an archaeologist at Chester, said that Rundkvist's appointment "augments our international research expertise in early medieval archaeology, and we foresee a range of advantages for collaborative research and fieldwork opportunities for students in Viking Age archaeology".[6] Rundkvist was a senior lecturer at Linnaeus University starting in 2012,[R 7] and at Umeå University, starting in autumn 2013.[R 8] In 2015 he began working as a collaborator at Tallinn University's Institute of History.[R 2] In January 2020, he joined the faculty at the University of Łódź's Institute of Archaeology, where as of 2021 he is an associate professor.[R 3]

Rundkvist has held a variety of positions with academic journals. From April 1999 to November 2018, he was the managing editor of the quarterly Fornvännen—the Journal of Swedish Antiquarian Research—published by the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities.[R 9] Rundkvist wrote that he joined partly to gain "a better platform in academic archaeology than the shaky one I had as a PhD student", and stayed in part because "[t]he Royal Academy of Letters is a very good employer and takes care of its people".[R 9]

Colour photograph of Martin Rundkvist excavating a 16th-century sword
Rundkvist excavating a 16th-century sword in Djurhamn [sv]

From 2006 to 2012, Rundkvist served as the Scandinavian correspondent for Antiquity.[R 3][7] He likewise served as a referee for the journal, and for the International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, In Situ Archaeologica, Norwegian Archaeological Review, and the Estonian Journal of Archaeology.[R 2] He has kept an influential[8] blog since at least 2006, first titled "Salto Sobrius",[R 10] and now known as Aardvarchaeology;[9] the James Randi Educational Foundation has termed it "the most-read archaeology blog on the Internet".[1] He has announced several finds on the blog, such as a 16th-century sword found in Djurhamn [sv],[10][11] and a Viking crucifix estimated to be Denmark's oldest.[12] Rundkvist is also a member of the Internationales Sachsensymposion,[R 3] an international society formed to study Germanic Saxons and the relationships between these populations and those in countries bordering the North and Baltic Seas.[13]

Rundkvist has frequently featured in the news media. In 2011, Sweden's national newspaper Dagens Nyheter and other outlets repeatedly covered a controversy between Rundkvist and the amateur archaeologist Bob Lind about excavations at the Ale's Stones stone ship, with Rundkvist noting that Lind's theories of the Stones' date and use were at odds with the scientific consensus.[14][15][16][17] Speaking to Live Science, Rundkvist said that the stones were likely a grave marker from "the world of Beowulf".[18] Rundkvist participated in Curators of Sweden in 2016, handling the country's official Twitter account, @Sweden, for what he termed a "geeky, pun-ridden and bookish" week.[R 4] The following year, he appeared in a debate in Svenska Dagbladet about the low level of thematically relevant training among Sweden's museum directors.[19] Rundkvist had attracted attention as far back as 2002 for criticising Swedish History Museum director Kristian Berg [sv],[20] whom he called "a non-archaeologist whose attitude to the museum placed in his care may be summarised as politically expedient, instrumental and post-modernist".[R 11]

Research

Rundkvist's research deals with the Bronze through Middle Ages in Scandinavia. His Ph.D. dissertation—Barshalder 1. A Cemetery In Grötlingbo and Fide Parishes, Gotland, Sweden, c. AD 1–1100—was published in book form in 2003, and catalogued the finds from Barshalder (sv; de), a Late Iron Age cemetery on the island of Gotland.[R 12] A companion volume, Barshalder 2, included essays placing the site in its wider context,[R 13][21] and the following year Barshalder 3 detailed the Stone Age finds from the site.[R 14] The topic was suggested by Jan Peder Lamm, who discovered important unpublished finds from the cemetery while organizing the Swedish History Museum's stores, and declared that it would take "a foolish and stubborn person" to gather and publish the artefacts and notes from nearly two centuries of excavation.[R 15][22] The works were reviewed in Antiquity as "a good thorough contextual study", and noted for offering "an elegant explanation" for clustered Viking Age graves, which Rundkvist argued represented grandparents and their grandchildren rather than a nuclear family.[23]

Colour photograph of 23 amber gaming pieces found in a boat grave in Skamby, Sweden
Amber gaming pieces from a boat grave in Skamby i Kuddby [sv], near Norrköping

In 2005, Rundkvist and Williams directed the excavation of a Viking boat grave at Skamby, in the province of Östergötland.[R 16] The site's surface features suggested a cemetery comprising ten boat graves, making it exceptional for the area.[24] The excavation was the first of a boat burial in Östergötland.[25] Reported as far away as India,[25] the dig uncovered 23 rare amber gaming pieces, the first time such pieces had been found in the country since the excavation of a grave at Birka more than a century before.[26] The finds, which Williams termed "once-in-a-lifetime discoveries for Martin and myself", were placed on permanent display in the Östergötlands museum [sv] in Linköping.[26] Rundkvist and Williams published a paper on the finds in 2008.[27][R 17] Two years later, Rundkvist published a widely cited paper on Scandinavian domed oblong brooches from the Vendel Period.[R 18] The article catalogued nearly 600 such brooches, as well as transitional types through to the Early Viking Age, and was termed "comprehensive" by the Danish archaeologist Søren M. Sindbæk [da].[28] The work was also praised by the Swedish archaeologist Birgitta Hårdh for demonstrating, among other things, how Uppåkra functioned as an innovation centre for new types of fibulae.[29]

Colour photograph of a chess bishop
13th-century walrus ivory chess bishop found at Stegeborg Castle[R 19][R 20]

In 2011, Rundkvist published a fourth book, Mead-halls of the Eastern Geats.[R 21] It analyzed the regional political geography of Östergötland, and attempted to identify the region's "Beowulfian mead halls", "the ostentatious manorial buildings where the Late Iron Age elite lived their lives and played their roles".[R 1] Interviewed by Ancient History Encyclopedia, Rundkvist said he chose to focus on Östergötland "mainly because little had been done about 1st millennium CE elite culture there".[30] Rundkvist ultimately identified nine areas as regional power centers, where mead halls may have stood, during parts of the Late Roman Period through Viking Age.[R 22]

Rundkvist's fifth book, In the Landscape and Between Worlds: Bronze Age Deposition Sites Around Lakes Mälaren and Hjälmaren in Sweden, was published in 2015.[R 23] It analyzed sites around lakes Mälaren and Hjälmaren where Bronze Age metalwork and stone implements had been found outside of burial and settlement contexts, and sought to identify traits that could be used to find new deposition sites.[R 24] Given the region's comparatively humble finds, and the diffuse nature of Rundkvist's landscape descriptions—such as to look for where water "does something interesting"—several reviewers wrote that it would be difficult to translate his heuristic principles to the field, as intended;[31][32] one termed it a "curate's egg".[33] Nonetheless, reviewers (including Svend Hansen [de] for Archäologische Informationen [de], and another for the European Journal of Archaeology), noted that the book was part of an emerging school of thought attempting to place deposited objects in the context of their landscape, and nearby sites.[34][35][36] Writing in Landscapes, Mike Parker Pearson called it "a joy to read and a valuable regional synthesis for understanding the landscape context of votive deposition in the European Bronze Age".[37]

Rundkvist's 2019 book At Home at the Castle,[R 25] and its 2020 Swedish translation Hemma på borgen,[R 26] were published by the Östergötland County Administrative Board. It built on Rundkvist's two decades of fieldwork in the area, including excavations of four of its 25 castles,[38] and marked his entry into "the historically documented part of our province's past".[R 27] Accordingly, one reviewer wrote that it "fluently combines archaeological evidence and historical textual sources".[39] The work analyzed the lifestyles of those who lived in castles in Östergötland around 1200–1530 AD; modifying a common saying about World War I, Rundkvist termed such existence "decades of boredom punctuated by weeks of terror".[R 28] Several reviewers suggested the book worked better for a non-technical than an academic audience,[40][41] though one termed it a "work of synthesis" that "puts into international reach some recent archaeological work on castles" in Östergötland.[39] Another wrote that the book was full of "small but enlightening chapters" and that it "conducts researchers and other readers to an archaeological trip through the Swedish castles alongside the margins of the Baltic Sea".[42]

Aska mead hall

Colour photograph of a gold foil figure found at Aska
One of 20 gold foil figures found during excavations at Aska in 2020

Rundkvist began investigating the area around Aska [sv], a large hamlet near the town of Vadstena, in 2006.[R 29] Known primarily for a rich tenth-century burial excavated in 1920 by Ture J:son Arne [sv],[43] Aska also has a large and oddly shaped mound, which Rundkvist described as "oval and flat-topped, like a raised tennis court".[R 30] In his 2011 work on mead halls, he had termed Aska one of "the best candidates for elite settlements".[R 31] In April 2013, Rundkvist and his colleague Andreas Viberg surveyed the mound with ground-penetrating radar, discovering evidence of a mead hall measuring 47.5 metres (156 feet) long and up to 14 m (46 ft) wide.[R 32] The mound, they determined, was a platform for the hall.[R 33] Quoted in Archaeology, Rundkvist compared the hall to other contemporaneous élite sites in Fornsigtuna and Lejre, and particularly Gamla Uppsala.[44]

In the summer of 2020, Rundkvist returned to Aska to excavate the platform,[45] which, other than trial trenches dug in 1985 and 1986,[46] remained unexcavated.[R 34] The four-week dig uncovered part of the foundations of the mead hall from around 700 AD,[47] including post holes,[48] and artefacts such as two whale-bone gaming pieces, an iron pendant, flint flakes used to make fires, and a decorative Vendel Period shield mount.[R 35][R 36] The excavations also uncovered around 22 stamped gold foil figures, or guldgubbar.[49][50] Speaking to Sveriges Television, Rundkvist described it as only the third find of such figures in Östergötland, and said they may have represented the gods or royals;[51][52] they may originally have been attached to support posts or high seats.[47]

In September 2020, several weeks after the excavation of the mead hall, Rundkvist led a metal-detector survey of the West Cemeteries at Aska, where the rich burial had been found 100 years earlier,[R 37] and the East Cemetery, discovered near the platform mound in 2006.[R 38] The survey uncovered significant finds to the west, suggesting the presence of both a settlement site and burials, including five brooches from the Early Vendel Period and fragmented copper-alloy jewellery from the Middle Viking Age.[R 39] To the east, the survey uncovered further finds from the Vendel and Viking Periods, along with an undisturbed inhumation, which was left for future excavation.[R 40]

Swedish Skeptics' Association

Rundkvist has been active in the skeptical movement, having chaired the Swedish Skeptics' Association and edited its quarterly Folkvett [sv].[53][R 41][R 10] He joined the organization in 1997, and immediately began writing for its journal.[R 41] In 2002, he became an editor of the journal, and two years later he joined the Society's executive board.[R 42][R 41] From 2011 to 2014, he served as its chair,[53][R 41][54] appearing in the press as a skeptic of perceived pseudoscience.[55]

Awards and distinctions

In 2020, the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities awarded Rundkvist the Academy's Antiquary Award in Silver "for many years of service and valuable editorship for the Academy journal Fornvännen".[56]

Selected publications

Books

Rundkvist, Martin (2003a). Barshalder 1. A Cemetery In Grötlingbo and Fide Parishes, Gotland, Sweden, c. AD 1–1100: Excavations and Finds 1826–1971 (Ph.D.). Stockholm Archaeological Reports. Vol. 40. Stockholm: Stockholm University. ISBN 91-631-3530-2. Free access icon
——— (2003b). Barshalder 2. Studies of Late Iron Age Gotland. Stockholm: University of Stockholm. ISBN 91-631-3732-1. Free access icon
——— Lindqvist, Christian & Thorsberg, Karl (2004). Barshalder 3. Rojrhage In Grötlingbo: A Multi-Component Neolithic Shore Site on Gotland. Stockholm Archaeological Reports. Vol. 41. Stockholm: University of Stockholm. ISBN 91-631-4947-8. Free access icon
——— (2011). Mead-halls of the Eastern Geats: Elite Settlements and Political Geography AD 375-1000 in Östergötland, Sweden. Handlingar, Antikvariska serien. Vol. 49. Stockholm: Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities. ISBN 978-91-7402-405-0. Free access icon
——— (2015). In the Landscape and Between Worlds: Bronze Age Deposition Sites Around Lakes Mälaren and Hjälmaren in Sweden. Archaeology and Environment. Vol. 29. Umeå: Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies, Umeå University. ISBN 978-91-7601-213-0. ISSN 0281-5877. Free access icon
——— (2019). At Home at the Castle: Lifestyles at the Medieval Strongholds of Östergötland, AD 1200–1530. Linköping: Östergötland County Administration. ISBN 978-91-7488-477-7. Free access icon
——— (2020). Hemma på borgen. Livsstilar på Östergötlands medeltidsborgar år 1200-1530. Linköping: Östergötland County Administration. ISBN 978-91-985270-4-9. Free access icon

Other

Rundkvist, Martin (1992). Svenska knoppringar, vulstringar och vulstförsedda ringsöljor [Swedish knobbed and ribbed rings, and ribbed annular brooches] (BA) (in Swedish). Stockholm: University of Stockholm.
Republished in part as ——— (1996). "Järnålderns ringamuletter med knoppar eller vulster" [Iron Age ring amulets with knobs or ribs] (PDF). Fornvännen (in Swedish). 91 (1): 13–25. ISSN 0015-7813. Free access icon
——— (1994). "Skärvstenshögar med gravgömmor i östligaste Mälarområdet" [Burnt mounds with burial deposits in the easternmost Mälaren area] (PDF). Fornvännen (in Swedish). 89 (2): 83–89. ISSN 0015-7813. Free access icon
——— (1998). Swedish Seminar Papers in Archaeology: 1991–1996 (PDF). Stockholm Archaeological Reports. Vol. 34. Stockholm: University of Stockholm. ISSN 1101-3087. Free access icon
——— (1999). Grave Matters: Eight Studies of First Millennium AD Burials in Crimea, England and Southern Scandinavia. Papers from a Session Held at the European Association of Archaeologists Fourth Annual Meeting in Goeteborg 1998. International Series. Vol. 781. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. ISBN 1-84171-001-6.
——— (2006). "Notes on Axboe's and Malmer's gold bracteate chronologies" (PDF). Fornvännen. 101 (5): 348–355. ISSN 0015-7813. Free access icon
——— (2007). Scholarly Journals between the Past and the Future: The Fornvännen Centenary Round-Table Seminar, Stockholm 21 April 2006. Konferenser. Vol. 65. Stockholm: Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities. ISBN 978-91-7402-368-8.
——— & Williams, Howard (2008). "A Viking Boat Grave with Amber Gaming Pieces Excavated at Skamby, Östergötland, Sweden". Medieval Archaeology. 52 (1). Society for Medieval Archaeology: 69–102. doi:10.1179/174581708x335440. Open access icon
——— (2008). "För en liberalisering av de svenska metallsökarreglerna" [For a liberalization of the Swedish metal detector rules] (PDF). Fornvännen (in Swedish). 103 (2): 118–122. ISSN 0015-7813. Free access icon
——— (2010). "Domed oblong brooches of Vendel Period Scandinavia". In Hårdh, Birgitta (ed.). Från romartida skalpeller till senvikingatida urnesspännen: nya materialstudier från Uppåkra [From Roman era scalpels to Late Viking Period Urnes brooches: new studies of finds from Uppåkra]. Uppåkrastudier. Vol. 11. Lund: University of Lund. pp. 127–199. ISBN 978-9189578333. Free access icon
Williams, Howard; Rundkvist, Martin; Danielsson, Arne (Spring 2010). "The landscape of a Swedish boat-grave cemetery". Landscapes. 11 (1): 1–24. Free access icon
Rundkvist, Martin & Viberg, Andreas (April 2015). "Geophysical Investigations on the Viking Period Platform Mound at Aska in Hagebyhöga Parish, Sweden". Archaeological Prospection. 22 (2): 131–138. doi:10.1002/arp.1500.
——— (2015). Arkeologi är choklad, inte potatis [Archaeology is chocolate, not potatoes] (PDF) (in Swedish). Stockholm: Self-published. ISBN 978-91-639-2057-8. Free access icon
——— & Koskinen, Julia Schulte (16 January 2021a). Metal detector survey of the West Cemeteries, Aska in Hagebyhöga, Östergötland (Report).
——— & Koskinen, Julia Schulte (26 January 2021b). Metal detector survey of the East Cemetery, Aska in Hagebyhöga, Östergötland (Report).

References

Primary

This list identifies each item's place in Rundkvist's publications.
  1. ^ a b Rundkvist 2011, p. 9 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRundkvist2011 (help) (hyphen omitted)
  2. ^ a b c d "Martin Rundkvist". Estonian Research Information System. 8 May 2018. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Free access icon
  3. ^ a b c d e f "dr Martin Rundkvist, assoc. res. prof". Instytut Archeologii (in Polish). University of Łódź. 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Free access icon
  4. ^ a b c Rundkvist, Martin (April 2016). "Martin Rundkvist". Curators of Sweden. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Free access icon
  5. ^ Rundkvist 1992
  6. ^ Rundkvist 2003a, p. 188
  7. ^ a b "Martin Rundkvist, PhD". Linnaeus University. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Free access icon
  8. ^ "Martin Rundkvist". Umeå University. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Free access icon
  9. ^ a b Rundkvist, Martin (1 December 2018). "Farewell to Fornvännen". Aardvarchaeology. WordPress. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Free access icon
  10. ^ a b Rundkvist, Martin (2006–2007). "Salto Sobrius: Martin Rundkvist's Blog for 2006". Blogger. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Free access icon
  11. ^ Rundkvist, Martin (12 December 2007). "New Archaeological Exhibit Offers Questions, No Answers". Aardvarchaeology. WordPress. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021. Free access icon
  12. ^ Rundkvist 2003a
  13. ^ Rundkvist 2003b
  14. ^ Rundkvist, Lindqvist & Thorsberg 2004
  15. ^ Rundkvist 2003a, p. 6
  16. ^ Rundkvist & Williams 2008
  17. ^ Rundkvist & Williams 2008, p. 9
  18. ^ Rundkvist 2010
  19. ^ Rundkvist 2019, pp. 41–42
  20. ^ Rundkvist 2020, pp. 41–42 harvnb error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRundkvist2020 (help)
  21. ^ Rundkvist 2011 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRundkvist2011 (help)
  22. ^ Rundkvist 2011, pp. 79–80 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRundkvist2011 (help)
  23. ^ Rundkvist 2015 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRundkvist2015 (help)
  24. ^ Rundkvist 2015, p. 9 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRundkvist2015 (help)
  25. ^ Rundkvist 2019
  26. ^ Rundkvist 2020 harvnb error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRundkvist2020 (help)
  27. ^ Rundkvist 2019, p. 3
  28. ^ Rundkvist 2019, p. 7
  29. ^ Rundkvist 2011, pp. 91–92 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRundkvist2011 (help)
  30. ^ Rundkvist & Viberg 2015, pp. 131–132
  31. ^ Rundkvist 2011, p. 78 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRundkvist2011 (help)
  32. ^ Rundkvist & Viberg 2015, pp. 133–134
  33. ^ Rundkvist & Viberg 2015, p. 136
  34. ^ Rundkvist & Viberg 2015, pp. 131–133
  35. ^ Rundkvist, Martin (2 August 2020). "Third Week of 2020 Excavations at Aska in Hagebyhöga". Aardvarchaeology. WordPress. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021. Free access icon
  36. ^ Rundkvist, Martin (11 August 2020). "Gold Foil Figures and Backfilling: Week Four at Aska". Aardvarchaeology. WordPress. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021. Free access icon
  37. ^ Rundkvist & Koskinen 2021a, p. 1
  38. ^ Rundkvist & Koskinen 2021b, p. 1
  39. ^ Rundkvist & Koskinen 2021a, pp. 1, 4
  40. ^ Rundkvist & Koskinen 2021b, pp. 1, 3–4
  41. ^ a b c d Rundkvist, Martin (3 April 2011). "Chairman of the Swedish Skeptics". Aardvarchaeology. WordPress. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020. Free access icon
  42. ^ Rundkvist, Martin (1 December 2007). "Swedish Skeptics 25 years". Aardvarchaeology. WordPress. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2020. Free access icon

Secondary

  1. ^ a b Wagg, Jeff (4 July 2007). "TAM 5.5 Skepticism and Activism". James Randi Educational Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 June 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2021. Free access icon
  2. ^ Tell, Lisbeth (17 May 2001). "DN gratulerar: Trettio år som dagmamma" [DN congratulates: Thirty years working in daycare]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Stockholm. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  3. ^ "Tolkiens värld invaderar Stockholm" [Tolkien's World Invades Stockholm]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Stockholm. 9 December 2001. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  4. ^ Thunmark-Nylén 1995, Abb. 53:2.
  5. ^ Thunmark-Nylén 2000, p. 266.
  6. ^ "The Vikings come to University of Chester". Cheshire Live. 7 February 2009. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021. Free access icon
  7. ^ "Contact Us". Antiquity. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Free access icon
  8. ^ D'Costa, Krystal (1 October 2011). "Four Stone Hearth 119: Refiring the Hearth". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021. Free access icon
  9. ^ Hughes, Virginia (23 January 2008). "An Interview with Martin Rundkvist of Aardvarchaeology". ScienceBlogs. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Free access icon
  10. ^ Hughes, Virginia (17 January 2008). "500-Year-Old Sword Gets a Facelift". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021. Free access icon
  11. ^ "Svärd från 1500-talet grävdes upp" [16th-Century Sword Dug Up]. Sveriges Television (in Swedish). 1 October 2007. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Free access icon
  12. ^ Lorenzi, Rossella (18 March 2016). "Rare Viking Crucifix Found with Metal Detector". Seeker. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021. Free access icon
  13. ^ "General Information". Internationales Sachsensymposion. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2021. Free access icon
  14. ^ "Ales stenar-utgrävning sågas" [Ale's Stones Excavation Halted]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Stockholm. 29 July 2011. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  15. ^ Celander, Marie (29 July 2011). "Striden om Ales stenar går vidare" [Dispute on Ale's Stones Continues]. Göteborgs-Posten (in Swedish). Gothenburg. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021. Free access icon
  16. ^ "Fortsatt strid om Ales stenar" [Continued Dispute on Ale's Stones]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Stockholm. 30 July 2011. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  17. ^ Holst, Karen (30 July 2011). "New battle erupts over 'Sweden's Stonehenge'". The Local. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2021. Free access icon
  18. ^ Gammon, Crystal (18 April 2012). "Swedish Stonehenge? Ancient Stone Structure Spurs Debate". Live Science. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021. Free access icon
  19. ^ Wong, Ola (26 September 2017). "Museichefer utan kunskap – förödande för kulturarvet" [Museum Directors without Knowledge – Destructive for Cultural Heritage]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  20. ^ "Debatt: Historiska Museet: Kristian Berg befinner sig på svag is" [Debate: Historical Museum: Kristian Berg Finds Himself on Thin Ice]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm. 31 December 2002. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  21. ^ Lucy 2004, p. 473.
  22. ^ Lamm & Axboe 1989, p. 458.
  23. ^ Lucy 2004, p. 474.
  24. ^ Williams 2014, p. 400–401.
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  27. ^ Crown, Daniel (26 June 2018). "The Board Game at the Heart of Viking Culture". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2021. Free access icon
  28. ^ Sindbæk 2011, p. 417.
  29. ^ Hårdh 2013, p. 34.
  30. ^ Wiener, James Blake (20 March 2013). "Unearthing Ancient Sweden Through Archaeology". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020. Free access icon
  31. ^ Frost 2016, pp. 349–351.
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Bibliography

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