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Majlis

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Bowl with a Majlis scene by a pond, signed by Abu Zayd al-Kashani in 1187, Seljuk Empire, Iran.[1]

Majlis (Arabic: المجلس, pl. مجالس Majālis) is an Arabic term meaning "sitting room", used to describe various types of special gatherings among common interest groups of administrative, social or religious nature in countries with linguistic or cultural connections to Islamic countries. The Majlis can refer to a legislature as well and is used in the name of legislative councils or assemblies in some of the states where Islamic culture dominates.[2][3][4]

Etymology

Majlis is the Arabic word for a sitting room.[5] Its Semitic root is the Arabic verb جَلَس jalas meaning 'to sit', (cf. British English 'sitting room' and 'seat').[6]

It is also romanized as Mejlis or Majles. [citation needed]

History

In pre-Islamic Arabia, Majlis was a tribal council in which the male members participated in making decisions of common interest.[7] The council was presided over by the chief (Sheikh)[8] During the period of the Rashidun Caliphate majlis ash-shura was formed. The majlis during the Rashidun was to elect a new caliph. Al-Mawardi has written that members of the majlis should satisfy three conditions: they must be just, they must have enough knowledge to distinguish a good caliph from a bad one, and must have sufficient wisdom and judgment to select the best caliph.

Residential

The Grand Majlis of the Sheikh Zayed Palace Museum in the United Arab Emirates

The term majlis is also used to refer to a private place where guests, are received and entertained.[4] Frequently, the room has cushions placed around the walls where the visitors sit, either with the cushions placed directly on the floor or upon a raised shelf.

In many Arab homes, the majlis is the meeting room or front parlor used to entertain visitors. In Saudi Arabia, the decoration of the majlis in the home is often the responsibility of the women of the house, who either decorate the area themselves or barter with other women to do it for them. In the Asir Province and in neighboring parts of Yemen, geometric designs and bright colors are used in "majlis painting", or nagash painting. The term majlis is used to refer to a private place where house guests and friends are received and entertained. Because hospitality is taken seriously, many families take pride in making their guests comfortable when visiting.[4]

Sometimes public waiting rooms are also called a majlis, since this is an area where people meet and visit. Here the traditional "majlis painting or nagash painting has been added to the interior design of the room. The provincial airport in Abha has recently been designed to reflect the cultural heritage of the region, an airport official said: “Abha is the first city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to have its airport decorated in a local-heritage style,” said Provincial Airport Director Abdul Aziz Abu Harba. “The seating arrangement at the airport lounge has been in the form of a traditional majlis and the walls are painted in various colors reflecting the natural beauty of Asir.”[9]

In the Najd province of Saudi Arabia, wall coverings include stars shapes and other geometric designs carved into the wall covering itself. Courtyards and upper pillared porticoes are principal features of the best Nadjdi architecture, in addition to the fine incised plaster wood (jiss) and painted window shutters, which decorate the reception rooms. Good examples of plasterwork can often be seen in the gaping ruins of torn-down buildings- the effect is light, delicate and airy. It is usually around the majlis, around the coffee hearth and along the walls above where guests sat on rugs, against cushions. Doughty wondered if this "parquetting of jis", this "gypsum fretwork... all adorning and unenclosed" originated from India. However, the Najd fretwork seems very different from that seen in the Eastern Province and Oman, which are linked to Indian traditions, and rather resembles the motifs and patterns found in ancient Mesopotamia. The rosette, the star, the triangle and the stepped pinnacle pattern of dadoes are all ancient patterns, and can be found all over the Middle East of antiquity. Qassim seems to be the home of this art, and there it is normally worked in hard white plaster (though what you see is usually begrimed by the smoke of the coffee hearth). In Riyadh, examples can be seen in unadorned clay."[10]

Legislatures

  • Majlis Idara was the name of the administrative council of a sanjak, responsible for its general administration as part of the Ottoman Empire.

Inscription on UNESCO

On December 4, 2015, the majlis was inscribed on UNESCO’s List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in a joint file involving the participation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Sultanate of Oman, and Qatar.[11] The inscription is a testament to the value of the majlis as a social and cultural function, as well as a living tradition, and secures its preservation and continuity as the seat of family, social and political gatherings throughout history.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Metropolitan Museum of Art". www.metmuseum.org.
  2. ^ "عن المجلس". Federal National Council. 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  3. ^ Parliament of the Islamic Republic of Iran Archived 2017-09-25 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ^ a b c The Majlis Of The Future Today Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine — Leading UAE Interior Designers Set To Reveal Their Visions At Index, Dubai City Guide, 9 November 2009.
  5. ^ "المجلس". Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo. 1998.
  6. ^ Prince Philip (consort of Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain) (1979-06-07). Philosophy, Politics and Administration: The Rede Lecture, 1979. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-521-22990-6.
  7. ^ Meri, Josef (October 31, 2005). Medieval Islamic civilization: an encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 9780415966917.
  8. ^ Adamec, Ludwig (2001). Historical Dictionary of Islam. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 271. ISBN 9781442277243.
  9. ^ MISHAAL AL-TAMIMI. 2011 “Abha airport reflects heritage.” ARAB NEWS Thursday 19 May 2011.
  10. ^ Mostyn, Trevor. 1983. Saudi Arabia. London: Middle East Economic Digest. Pages 257-258.
  11. ^ "UNESCO - Majlis, a cultural and social space".
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