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Nigerien crisis (2023–2024)

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2023 Nigerien crisis
Part of Islamist insurgency in the Sahel

The political situation in ECOWAS following the coup in Niger: Red - Niger; Light Red - Supports Nigerien coup; Green - Opposes Nigerien coup
Date29 July 2023 – present (2023-07-29 – present)
(1 year, 1 month and 2 weeks)
Location
Niger
Result Ongoing
Belligerents
Supported by:
ECOWAS
Supported by:
Commanders and leaders
Strength
Unknown Unknown

On 26 July 2023, a coup d'état occurred in Niger, in which the country's presidential guard detained president Mohamed Bazoum, and presidential guard commander general Abdourahamane Tchiani proclaimed himself the leader of a new military junta.[1][2][3][4] In response, on 30 July 2023, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) gave Niger's coup leaders a one-week deadline to hand power back to Bazoum or face international sanctions and use of force.[5][6] The deadline is set to expire on 6 August 2023.

Background

Main article: 2023 Nigerien coup d'état

On 26 July, the Nigerien presidency announced that presidential guards, led by General Abdourahamane Tchiani, were engaged in an "anti-Republican demonstration" and attempted to obtain support from other security forces. President Mohamed Bazoum and his family were detained at the Presidential Palace in Niamey, and Interior Minister Hamadou Souley was also arrested. The coup was reportedly led by Tchiani, whom Bazoum had planned to relieve from his position. Sources close to Bazoum said he had decided on Tchiani's dismissal at a cabinet meeting on 24 July 2023 as their relations had strained.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

The palace and adjacent ministries were blocked off by military vehicles, and up to 400 civilian supporters of Bazoum tried to approach the palace, but were dispersed by the Presidential Guard with gunfire, leaving one injured. The situation in Niamey was described as calm, and protests in support of Bazoum had occurred around the country's overseas diplomatic missions. Niger's armed forces surrounded the presidential palace in support of Bazoum, and the army and National Guard were ready to attack the presidential guard.[8][12]

In the evening, Air Force Colonel-Major Amadou Abdramane announced that President Bazoum had been removed from power and announced the formation of a National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland. He stated that the defense and security forces had decided to topple the regime due to the deteriorating security situation and bad governance. He also announced the dissolution of the country's constitution, the suspension of state institutions, the closure of borders, and a nationwide curfew from 22:00 until 05:00 local time, while warning against any foreign intervention.[8][13][14] Subsequently, all activities by political parties in the country were ordered suspended until further notice.[15] He also announced that the junta had issued a reprimand to France for violating the airspace closure after a military plane landed at an air base.[16]

On 27 July, Bazoum tweeted that Nigeriens who love democracy would see to it that "hard-won gains will be safeguarded", indicating his refusal to step down from office.[17] His Foreign Minister Hassoumi Massaoudou told France 24 that the country's "legal and legitimate power" remained with the president and reiterated that Bazoum was in good condition and that not the entire army was involved.[18] Massaoudou also declared himself acting head of state and called on all democrats to "make this adventure fail".[17]

The leadership of the Nigerien armed forces declared its support for the coup, citing the need to "preserve the physical integrity" of the president and his family and avoid "a deadly confrontation that could create a bloodbath and affect the security of the population."[19]

On 28 July, General Abdourahamane Tchiani proclaimed himself as the president of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland in a televised address. He said the coup was undertaken to avoid "the gradual and inevitable demise" of the country, and said that Bazoum had tried to hide "the harsh reality" of the country, which he called "a pile of dead, displaced, humiliation and frustration". He also criticized the government's security strategy for its purported ineffectiveness and lack of collaboration with Mali and Burkina Faso but did not give a timeline for a return to civilian rule. His position as de facto concurrent head of state was later confirmed by Colonel Abdramane, who accused officials of Bazoum's government of plotting against the new regime while sheltering in foreign embassies and warned of bloodshed if they pushed through.[20][21][4]

ECOWAS

Further information: ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional, political and economic union of fifteen countries in West Africa, covering an area of 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi) and with an estimated population of over 387 million in 2019. Established in 1975, ECOWAS aims to achieve collective self-sufficiency for its member states by creating a single large trade bloc.[22][23]

ECOWAS also serves as a peacekeeping force in the region, with member states occasionally sending joint military forces to intervene in the bloc's member countries at times of political instability and unrest. In recent years these included interventions in Ivory Coast in 2003, Liberia in 2003, Guinea-Bissau in 2012, Mali in 2013, and The Gambia in 2017.[24]

Timeline

29 July

The military junta accused ECOWAS in a statement read by Colonel Major Amadou Abdramane on Tele Sahel of planning to approve "a plan of aggression against Niger through an imminent military intervention in Niamey supported by certain Western countries" and warned of the junta's "strong determination" to defend the country. They claimed that this was the objective of the ECOWAS summit convened for the following day.[25][26]

The African Union Peace and Security Council issued an ultimatum that if the soldiers did not "immediately and unconditionally return to their barracks and restore constitutional democracy, within a maximum of fifteen days" that the bloc would be compelled to take "necessary action, including punitive measures against perpetrators".[27]

30 July

ECOWAS ultimatum and sanctions

On 30 July, ECOWAS issued the Nigerien military junta with an ultimatum that Bazoum be reinstated as president within one week. In a communiqué read by ECOWAS Commission chairperson, Omar Touray, at the Extraordinary Summit convened in Abuja in response to the coup, they said that if their demands were not met they would "take all measures necessary to restore constitutional order in the Republic of Niger" and that "such measures may include the use of force".[28][29] The response from the bloc towards the junta drastically differed from the measures taken with recent coups in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Guinea which did not involve the threat of force for reinstating the overthrown government.[30]

ECOWAS also announced "immediate sanctions" on Niger, including the closure of land and air borders, imposition of a no-fly zone on all commercial flights to and from Niger and the suspension of all commercial and financial transactions between ECOWAS and Niger.[31] The assets of Niger state enterprises were frozen by the ECOWAS Central Bank, leading to the cancellation of a 30 billion CFA francs ($51 million) bond issuance.[32]

Pro-coup demonstrations in Niamey

In a march at the request of Tchiani and organized by the M62 Movement, which had previously opposed Bazoum's government and Operation Barkhane and supported the Russian invasion of Ukraine, thousands of pro-coup Nigeriens gathered in Niamey's Place de la Concertation, in front of the National Assembly, and went to the French Embassy carrying Nigerien and Russian flags, with slogans such as "Down with France, out with Barkhane, we don't care about ECOWAS, the European Union and the African Union!", "Arrest the former dignitaries to return the stolen millions.", and "Down with France, long live Putin!".[33][34][35] The demonstrators also called for an immediate intervention by the Wagner Group.[34] During the march, the entrances to the French and American embassies were closed.[33] The French embassy's walls and gates were set ablaze and damaged whilst Nigerien soldiers and General Salifou Modi were seen on the ground urging the crowds to disperse peacefully.[35][36] The crowd left after police fired volleys of tear gas in response.[37] Images showed people being loaded into ambulances with bloodied legs.[38]

31 July

On the behest of ECOWAS, Chad's President Mahamat Déby met with General Tchiani and President Bazoum at the presidential palace in Niamey. The Chadian Presidency released pictures of the meeting, marking Bazoum's first appearance since the coup.[39] Meanwhile, Colonel Abdremane accused Hassoumi Massaoudou, still claiming to be acting leader substituting for Bazoum, of authorizing a French attack on the presidential palace to liberate Bazoum.[40] The French Foreign Ministry denied there were any such plans.[41]

President Bazoum's Oil Minister Mahamane Sani Mahamadou (son of former President Mahamadou Issoufou), Mining Minister Ousseini Hadizatou and head of the PNDS national executive committee, Foumakoye Gado were arrested by the military junta. This followed the arrests of Transport Minister Oumarou Malam Alma and former defense minister Kalla Moutari the previous week.[42][43]

1 August

The military junta announced that it had reopened Niger's borders with Algeria, Burkina Faso, Mali, Libya, and Chad.[44]

2 August

Rolling blackouts were reported across cities in Niger, which the state electricity company Nigelec blamed on Nigeria cutting off supplies. While the Transmission Company of Nigeria declined to comment, an anonymous source told the BBC that the move followed a directive from President Bola Tinubu.[45]

Military chiefs of ECOWAS member states met in Abuja, Nigeria to discuss the situation in Niger.[46] At the same time, a confidential military signal was picked up by Inside Nigeria, giving orders to the Nigerian military to name units for a military operation against Niger, mobilize the armed forces and establish a no-fly zone.[47] Hours later, Ivory Coast issued a statement in which it supported the ECOWAS sanctions and announced the country's participation in a preparation for a military intervention in Niger.[48]

A delegation of the Nigerien military junta headed by General Salifou Mody traveled to Bamako, Mali[49] and then to Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.[50] Speculation arose as to whether they went to ask for the support of the Wagner Group, which has a presence in Mali.[51]

In a televised address, General Tchiani called the sanctions imposed on the country "cynical and iniquitous" and said they were intended to "humiliate" Niger's security forces and make the country "ungovernable". He insisted that his regime would not give in to such threats[52] and called on citizens to defend the country.[53]

3 August

ECOWAS sent another delegation to Niger to negotiate with the junta, this time led by former Nigerian military leader Abdulsalami Abubakar and also including the Sultan of Sokoto, Muhammadu Sa'ad Abubakar, and Omar Touray, president of the ECOWAS Commission.[54] Abdel-Fatau Musah, ECOWAS Commissioner for Political Affairs, Peace and Security said that "The military option is the very last option on the table, the last resort, but we have to prepare for the eventuality."[55] However, the delegates failed to meet with General Tchiani and other junta members and left the same day.[56]

Another pro-coup demonstration was held in Niamey's Independence Square on the occasion of Niger's 63rd Independence Day.[57] This time, security forces blocked roads leading to the French and US embassies to prevent attacks and vandalism.[58] Senegal's foreign minister, Aïssata Tall Sall, and her counterpart in Benin, Shegun Adjadi Bakari, confirmed that their countries would participate in a military intervention in Niger if approved by ECOWAS.[59][60]

The military junta censored the broadcast of France 24 and Radio France Internationale (RFI) programs, as had happened months before in Mali and Burkina Faso. France24 was followed by a quarter of the Nigerien population every week and RFI was the most followed international station in the country. Both media protested the decision.[61] It also announced Niger's withdrawl from its military agreement with France, notably those allowing French troops to be stationed in the country and regulating the status of military personnel fighting islamist jihad on Nigerien soil.[62] In a separate announcement, after peace talks failed, it ordered the withdrawal of Niger's ambassadors to France, Nigeria, Togo and the US.[63][64] In response, France said that it took note of the junta’s actions, but proceeded to remind them that the deals were signed between “legitimate” authorities.[65]

In an opinion piece published in The Washington Post, Bazoum, calling himself a hostage, called on the US and the international community to restore constitutional order in Niger, warning that the coup would have devastating domestic and international consequences.[66]

4 August

The junta lifted the curfew it imposed since 26 July.[67]

President Bola Tinubu requested the Senate of Nigeria to authorize an intervention in Niger. Images revealed that in recent days Nigerian troops had accumulated on the border with Niger.[68][69]

A former adviser to President Bazoum told CNN that some 130 officials from the elected government had been arrested since the coup, while many others were in hiding.[70]

The United States announced that it was suspending “certain foreign assistance programmes benefitting the government of Niger” but clarified that it would not include humanitarian and food assistance, as well as diplomatic and security operations to protect US personnel.[71]

Evacuation of foreign nationals

On 1 August, the French foreign ministry announced that it was preparing to evacuate its citizens and that of other European nationals starting that day, citing the unrest in Niamey, the attack on its embassy, and the closure of Niger's airspace.[72] The German Foreign Ministry advised its nationals, whose number in Niger it estimated at fewer than 100 (excluding military personnel), to join the flights.[73]

The Spanish Defence Ministry said it would evacuate more than 70 Spaniards in Niger by air.[74]

On 2 August, the first evacuation flights were carried out. An Italian military plane carried 87 evacuees from Niger and landed in Rome,[75] while 262 evacuees arrived on a French evacuation flight in Paris.[76] In total, 1,079 people were evacuated by France.[77]

The US State Department ordered the evacuation of non-emergency government personnel and eligible family members from its Embassy, which would remain open for "limited, emergency services to U.S. citizens."[78] The United Kingdom also ordered a reduction of staff at its embassy.[79]

In response to the evacuations, the M62 movement called for a peaceful blockade of Niamey Airport until foreign military forces left the country.[80]

Cape Verde also evacuated eight of its citizens on a French flight to Paris and they were due to arrive in Cape Verde on August 3.[81]

Reactions

Domestic

Niger's governing political coalition denounced the coup as "a suicidal and anti-republican madness",[82] while the opposition coalition expressed support for the military's grievances but disapproved of any political changes through force.[83] Two deputy officials of Bazoum's cabinet, Daouda Takoubakoye and Oumar Moussa, said Tchiani's statements on the coup were "lies" and accused him and the presidential guard of staging the coup for "personal gain".[84] Bazoum's Prime Minister, Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou, also expressed his support for the president and welcomed the imposition of sanctions by ECOWAS on the military junta as “very satisfactory and logical”, while insisting that anti-French demonstrations in Niamey did not represent the Nigerien people as a whole.[85]

Bazoum's predecessor as president, Mahamadou Issoufou, as well as other former leaders were said to have been involved in initial negotiations to release Bazoum and have the presidential guards stand down.[86]

International

In contrast to the coup in Guinea, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has not officially sent a mediator or representative to Niger for negotiations.[87] On 30 July, ECOWAS gave Niger's coup leaders a one-week deadline to hand power back to Bazoum or to face international sanctions and/or use of force. On the same day, ECOWAS leaders said they would immediately enforce a no-fly zone over the country for all commercial flights, and a closure of borders with Niger. A series of sanctions was also announced, including the suspension of all commercial and financial transactions between its member states and Niger and the freezing of assets and travel restrictions for military personnel involved in the coup.[88][89][90][91] One result of these sanctions was the cancellation by the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) of a planned 30 billion CFA franc ($51 million) bond issuance by Niger scheduled for 31 July in the West African regional debt market.[92] On 2 August, the World Bank suspended disbursements to Niger until further notice.[93]

The coup was condemned by the World Bank,[94] the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States,[95] the United Nations, Algeria,[96][97] the European Union, France, and the United States;[98] several of them, as well as the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk have called for Bazoum's immediate release.[99] Benin's President Patrice Talon, who planned to go to Niger on behalf of ECOWAS to mediate, called the coup a "military misbehavior."[100] Kenyan President William Ruto called the coup a "serious setback" for Africa.[84] Chadian President Mahamat Déby, who was invited to the ECOWAS summit that issued the ultimatum, volunteered to travel to Niger to negotiate with the military junta.[101] After his arrival, he met with General Tchiani, deputy junta leader General Salifou Modi and President Bazoum.[102][103]

The United States formally referred to the coup as "an effort to seize power by force and to disrupt the constitution," stopping short of describing it as a coup, as doing so would entail a withdrawal of economic aid and military assistance, including existing drone and military bases, to the nation.[104] The EU and France withheld financial and development aid to Niger and suspended all security cooperation agreements with the country.[105][106] France stated that it continued to recognized Bazoum as the "sole president" of Niger, with ECOWAS also stating that it recognized Bazoum as the "legitimate and legal President of Niger."[107]

Mali and Burkina Faso issued a joint statement warning against foreign military intervention in Niger and said that to do so would be a “declaration of war” against their nations. The statement declared that "the transitional governments of Burkina Faso and Mali express their fraternal solidarity … to the people of Niger, who have decided with full responsibility to take their destiny in hand and assume the fullness of their sovereignty before history".[108] These countries also said they would not enforce ECOWAS sanctions, referring to them as "illegal, illegitimate and inhumane". The President of Guinea, Mamady Doumbouya, also condemned the sanctions on similar grounds.[109] Algeria warned against any foreign military intervention in Niger through a statement issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[110][111] Italian Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani also expressed opposition to western military intervention in Niger, saying that it would be “perceived as a new colonisation”.[112]

Human Rights Watch called on the Nigerien military to provide a clear timeline for a return to civilian rule and uphold citizens' rights to democratic elections.[84] The AU also demanded that the military to return to barracks in 15 days and restore civilian rule following a meeting of its Peace and Security Council.[105]

Yevgeny Prigozhin, the head of the Russian private mercenary Wagner Group that has operated in neighboring Mali and supplanted France in combating the country's own jihadist insurgency, praised the coup and called it part of Niger's fight against its "colonizers."[99] Prigozhin's statements contrasted with the official line given by the Russian government, with President Vladimir Putin's spokesperson Dmitry Peskov calling the coup a "serious concern" and calling for all sides "to show restraint" and for "the fastest possible return to legal order,"[113] while subsequently criticizing intervention by non-regional forces as "ineffective."[114] Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, alleged that Russia was behind the coup in Niger.[115]

The UN announced that it had suspended its humanitarian operations in the country,[95] but later clarified that it was still delivering aid to Niger, but was not in contact with the military.[116]

After the attack on the French embassy on 30 July, the French Government warned that attacks on its nationals, military personnel, diplomats and interests would lead to an immediate and intractable response.[117]

See also

References

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