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Varsity Athletics Match is an annual athletics (track and field) match between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge held annually since 1864.

Exeter College, Oxford, were the first to hold college sports, in 1850. Other colleges followed suit in quick succession and sometime in 1856 a committee was formed under Robert Barclay of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the first inter-college athletic sports were held at Fenner's, the Cambridge University cricket ground, from 16 to 18 March 1857. These would come to be known as the Cambridge University Sports. Oxford University emulated that in 1860 and the first athletics match between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge took place on the Christ Church College cricket ground in Oxford, on Saturday 5 March 1864. There were eight events on the programme and the match ended in a draw, with each team winning four events. There not being any women at either university at the time the meet was open to men only, and women did not participate until 1975.

Athletics was not the first sport to establish a match between Oxford and Cambridge. They had played cricket in 1827, rowing started in 1829, rackets in 1855, and tennis in 1860. That's real tennis, lawn tennis was not developed until the 1870s. They also played billiards in 1860, had their first rifle shooting match in 1862, and had a steeplechase match in 1863.

The only field events on the programme that first year were the long jump and high jump, both of which were won by Francis Gooch, Merton College, Oxford. Benjamin Darbyshire, Wadham College, Oxford, won both the 100 yards and 440 yards, while four different Cambridge athletes, all from Trinity College, won their four events. Charles Lawes won the 1 mile, Arthur Daniel the 120 yard hurdles, Edward Wynne-Finch won the 200 yard hurdles, the only time the event has ever been held in the match, and Richard Garnett won the steeplechase. Unlike a modern steeplechase held on the track, this was held over 2 miles of rough country, with the athletes twice negotiating a 12-foot brook and several hedges before returning to finish on the track.

In 1867 the authorities at Oxford University refused permission for the match to be held there and the venue switched to Beaufort House in West London. The Civil Service Sports had been held there since 1864, the Amateur Athletic Club Championship had been held there in 1866, it was the premier athletics venue in London and the change of venue established the varsity match as an important part of the social calendar of the day. By 1876 fifteen thousand spectators came annually to watch the match.

The 1868 edition saw five world best performances. John Tennent of Wadham College, Oxford, equalled the world best of 10 seconds for 100 yards; John Ridley of Jesus College, Cambridge set new figures of 51 seconds for 440 yards; William Gibbs, also of Jesus College, Cambridge, established new best figures of 4:28 4/5 for 1 mile; John Morgan of Trinity College, Oxford ran 15:20 1/5 for 3 miles, the first time the event had been held in the match, and Thomas Batson of Lincoln College, Oxford, threw the hammer 99ft 6in (30.34m).[1]

In 1864 and 1865 Francis Gooch (Merton, Oxford) won both the high jump and long jump events, for a total of four event wins, a record that was not broken until 1913 when Henry Ashington (King's, Cambridge) won five events in two years and seven events in three years. After finishing last in 1 mile in 1911 he won the 120 yard hurdles and long jump in 1912, the same two events plus the 880 yards in 1913, the first to win three events in one year, and won the high jump and long jump in 1914. He died in action on 31 January 1917.

Annual and cumulative scores

Annual and cumulative scores
  Annual score Cumulative score  
Date Venue Oxford Cambridge Tie Oxford Cambridge Tie source
5 March 1864 Christ Church College cricket ground, Oxford 4 4 1 [2][3]
25 March 1865 Fenner's cricket ground, Cambridge 3 6 1 1 [4][5]
10 March 1866 Christ Church College cricket ground, Oxford 3 5 1 2 1 [6][7]
12 April 1867 Beaufort House, Walham Green, London 3 6 3 1 [8][9]
3 April 1868 Beaufort House, Walham Green, London 5 4 1 3 1 [10][11]
18 March 1869 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 3 5 1 1 4 1 [12]
7 April 1870 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 7 1 1 2 4 1 [13]
31 March 1871 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 5 3 1 3 4 1 [14]
25 March 1872 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 3 5 1 3 5 1 [15]
31 March 1873 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 4 5 1 [16]
27 March 1874 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 5 4 5 5 1 [17]
19 March 1875 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 6 5 1 [18]
7 April 1876 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 7 5 1 [19]
23 March 1877 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 4 5 7 6 1 [20]
12 April 1878 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 4 5 7 7 1 [21]
4 April 1879 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 4 5 7 8 1 [22]
19 March 1880 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 3 6 7 9 1 [23]
7 April 1881 Lilliie Bridge, West Brompton 5 4 8 9 1 [24]
31 March 1882 Lilliie Bridge, West Brompton 4 5 8 10 1 [25]
16 March 1883 Lilliie Bridge, West Brompton 3 6 8 11 1 [26]
8 April 1884 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 9 11 1 [27]
27 March 1885 Lilliie Bridge, West Brompton 5 3 1 10 11 1 [28]
2 April 1886 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 11 11 1 [29]
25 March 1887 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 3 6 11 12 1 [30]
23 March 1888 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 11 13 1 [31]
29 March 1889 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 11 14 1 [32]
22 March 1890 Queen's Club, West Kensington 3 6 11 15 1 [33]
20 March 1891 Queen's Club, West Kensington 3 5 1 11 16 1 [34]
8 April 1892 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 11 17 1 [35]
23 March 1893 Queen's Club, West Kensington 7 2 12 17 1 [36]
17 March 1894 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 3 13 17 1 [37]
3 July 1895 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 13 18 1 [38]
27 March 1896 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 13 19 1 [39]
2 April 1897 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 4 14 19 1 [40]
29 June 1898 Queen's Club, West Kensington 7 2 15 19 1 [41]
24 March 1899 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 5 15 19 2 [42]
30 March 1900 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 4 16 19 2 [43]
29 March 1901 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 4 17 19 2 [44]
21 March 1902 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 4 18 19 2 [45]
28 March 1903 Queen's Club, West Kensington 2 8 18 20 2 [46]
26 March 1904 Queen's Club, West Kensington 2 8 18 21 2 [47]
31 March 1905 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 3 1 19 21 2 [48]
24 March 1906 Queen's Club, West Kensington 7 3 20 21 2 [49]
22 March 1907 Queen's Club, West Kensington 8 1 1 21 21 2 [50]
28 March 1908 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 6 21 22 2 [51]
19 March 1909 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 4 22 22 2 [52]
19 March 1910 Queen's Club, West Kensington 3 7 22 23 2 [53]
25 March 1911 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 6 22 24 2 [54]
23 March 1912 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 5 22 24 3 [55]
14 March 1913 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 5 22 24 4 [56]
27 March 1914 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 6 22 25 4 [57]
1915-1919 no contest due to World War I
1920

Sports

Originally, poles were made of ash and from hickory wood. Bamboo poles were introduced in 1904, and both aluminum and steel poles appeared after 1945. Glass fiber vaulting poles were invented in 1967 by James Monroe Lindler of the Columbia Products Company, Columbia, South Carolina. An application filed on 10 March 1967 was granted patent status on 27 January 1970 for the manufacture of, "a vaulting pole of hollow construction with an integral helical winding," and a method of manufacturing the same (see: US Patent US3491999A). The process starts with a metal tube, referred to in the industry as a mandrel, around which is wound a tape made of glass fibers impregnated with a resin. This is baked in an oven and after cooling the mandrel is removed to leave a hollow glass fiber tube. This process was based on a similar method used for manufacturing glass fiber golf clubs patented by the Woolley Manufacturing Company of Escondido, California in 1954 (see: US Patent US2822175A).

In September 2005, Jeffrey P. Watry, Ralph W. Paquin, and Kenneth A. Hursey of Gill Athletic, Champaign, Illinois, filed application to patent a new method of winding the glass fibers around the pole in layers, each wound in a different direction or orientation to provide specific properties to various parts of the pole. This was called Carbon Weave, and their patent was granted on 21 October 2008 (see: US Patent US3491999A). David J. Dodge and William C. Doble of the Alliance Design and Development Group of New York City, New York, were granted a patent in 2006 for the manufacture of, "sports equipment having a tubular structural member" which led to the introduction of carbon fiber vaulting poles in 2007 (see: US Patent US7140398B2).

The first world record to be set with a bamboo pole occurred at Berkeley, California, on 23 April 1904 when Norman Dole (Stanford) cleared 3.69 m (12 ft 1+1⁄4 in) at the third attempt. He had broken the record on 22 March at 3.37 m (11 ft 1⁄2 in), but since this was not in a regular inter-collegiate meet it was not submitted for ratification.[58]

The first world record to be set with an aluminium pole occurred at Stanford University on 27 April 1957 during a dual meet between Occidental College and Stanford University, when Bob Gutowski (Occidental) cleared 4.78 m (15 ft 8 in) at his first attempt and then had three failures at 4.87 m (15 ft 11+1⁄2 in).

There was only ever one world record with a steel pole, when Don Bragg (Villanova) cleared 4.80 m (15 ft 8+3⁄4 in) to win the United States Olympic Trials at Stanford Stadium on 2 July 1960.

The first world record with a synthetic (fiber glass) pole occurred at the Big 8 Championship meet at Boulder, Colorado, on 20 May 1961 when George Davies (Oklahoma State) cleared 4.83 m (15 ft 10 in) at his third attempt.

3.69 m (12 ft 1+1⁄4 in)

External links

National Union of Track Statisticians [1]

James Greenacre

In 1836 James Greenacre was living at 2 Carpenter's Place, Camberwell, in London. He presented himself as having property in the United States and a cabinet maker called Evan Davis testified at the trial that Greenacre had claimed to have a farm of around one thousand acres at Hudson Bay. Greenacre also told acquaintances that he was planning on returning to America shortly. Hannah Brown was a middle-aged Englishwoman who lived with her niece at 45 Union Street near the Middlesex Hospital. Her next door neighbour and landlord was John Corney, a shoemaker, and his wife Elizabeth Corney was on friendly terms with Hannah Brown.[59]

Hannah Brown earned her living doing laundry for private customers, and she was known to be a sober, hard working woman. She was estranged from her younger brother and had a sister who, it is believed, worked as a hat maker in Norwich. Greenacre and Brown were engaged to be married at St Giles in the Fields on Christmas Day, 1836, and the banns were read there on 27 November, and on the 4 and 11 December 1836. In preparation for her forthcoming marriage Brown had by 24 December sold her personal property. She told her neighbour Elizabeth Corney that she would not need those things anymore as she was due to leave for America with her husband.[59]

On the afternoon of Saturday 24 December 1836 Hannah Brown said goodbye to Elizabeth Corney. She said that there were still some things in the room that were not hers and she would send back the key in a couple of days when she had retrieved them. Then she got into a Hansom cab with a man that Elizabeth Corney later identified as James Greenacre. The man had helped load some boxes into the cab and although Corney had only seen him once before she testified that the defendent was definitely the man who left with Hannah Brown in the cab.[59]

At two o'clock in the afternoon of Wednesday 28 December James White was in Pineapple Place near the Edgware Road when he noticed a stone slab leaning up against the wall with a bag lying behind it. Drawing closer he noticed that it was not a bag but a sack tied up with string. He sent his assistant, Robert Bond, to find a policeman and in due course police constable S104 Samuel Pegler arrived. When the sack was unwrapped it was found to contain the headless and legless torso of a human female. The constable also found a number of rags lying on the ground close to the sack and thinking these might be relevant he placed them in a wheelbarrow with the torso and took them away for further examination.[59]

At trial, a man called Ezekiel Dickens testified that he was a road mender employed on repairing the section of road where the sack had been found. The stone slab had been lifted from the road for repairs and laid against the wall before Christmas. On 24 December he had placed a piece of wood required for the road repair behind the slab, and the sack had not been there at that time.[59]

The sack was identified as the property of Evan Davis, a cabinet-maker and upholsterer, who lived at 45 Bartholomew Close. He was able to identify some holes in the sack made by his children when they were playing with it. Davis had known Hannah Brown for around five years and on learning that she was to be married had offered to host the wedding supper. His work generated significant quantities of wood shavings that he sold to various people, and the sack was identified as the one in which he had sold wood shavings to Hannah Brown. She was in the habit of returning the sack but had not done so on this occasion.[59]

At about half past eight in the morning of Friday 6 January 1837, Matthias Ralph, the lock keeper at Johnson's Lock on the Regent's Canal, found that the lock gates would not close. A bargeman told him there was something in the gate so he fetched a hitcher, a long pole with a hook on the end, to see if he could retrieve the obstruction. As he pulled the object out of the water he at first thought it was a dead dog, but on examination it proved to be a human head with long dark hair. Ralph wrapped the head in a cloth and took it to the bone-house. He later testified that one eye was badly damaged, and one ear on the head had been damaged when the person was much younger and this had healed leaving the ear slightly distorted and scarred. He also noticed significant damage to the right side of the lower jaw, which protruded through the skin. At autopsy it was subsequently found that the person had suffered a serious blow to the back of the head. The question of which of these wounds were suffered before or after death was hotly disputed and debated at trial. All three surgeons who testified were in agreement that the severing of the head had commenced while the victim was still alive, though probably not conscious.[59]

On Thursday 2 February, James Page, a labourer, was working on an Osier bed in Coldharbour Lane, between Camberwell and Brixton, when he came across a sack among some bushes. There was a hole in the sack and he could see what he took to be part of a human knee. A constable was sent for and another labourer opened the sack and it was found to contain a pair of human legs. Presently police constable P157 William Woodward arrived, and James Page helped carry the evidence to the station-house. Police had already determined that the head and torso belonged to the same person and it did not take them long to match the legs to the other remains.[59]

When Hannah Brown had left her accommodation she said she would return in a couple of days to collect the rest of her things. On 28 December a boy returned with the key but the property had not been collected. John Corney the shoemaker and Hannah Brown's landlord knew that Evan Davis was friends with Hannah Brown and asked him whether he knew where she was. When Evan Davis heard of the head being found in the lock, he put this together with his friend having not been seen for some time and he went along to the poorhouse and identified the head as that of Hannah Brown.[59]

From her childhood Hannah Brown had been friends with a Mrs Blanshard who ran a broker's business in Goodge Street. Hannah's brother William Gay worked for Mrs Blanshard and both of them had been invited to the wedding, though James Greenacre had not realised that William Gay was Hannah Brown's brother. On the evening of 24 December James Greenacre called on Mrs Blanshard to let her know that the wedding was not going ahead as planned. He said that he had learned that Hannah did not have the property she had claimed, and had run up some debts in his name and they had cancelled the wedding. When Mrs Blanshard mentioned that William Gay was Hannah's brother Greenacre turned white and made a hasty retreat.[59]

At this point in the narrative sources disagree on one important point. One version of events is that friends of Hannah Brown "procured a warrant" for the arrest of Greenacre, while other sources claim that a reward was offered for information as to his whereabouts. It is of course possible that both of these are true.[59]

In any event, on Saturday 25 March 1837 Inspector George Feltham of T Division went to Greenacre's new residence in St Alban's Place, Lambeth, to arrest James Greenacre on suspicion of murder and found him there with a woman called Sarah Gale, who had in her possession several items that were later proved to be the property of Hannah Brown. These included a gold watch, some rings, and a pair of cornelian ear rings. She was also holding a pair of receipts from a pawn shop for further items identified as the property of Hannah Brown. A child's dress found at the house was found to have been patched with fabric matching the rags found near the sack containing the torso.[59]

Several of Greenacre's former neighbours in Carpenter's Place were interviewed and stated that Gale had presented herself as Mrs Greenacre since the previous October. Although these neighbours knew the couple were not in fact married they treated them as man and wife and were not aware that Greenacre had any other female friends. A saw and a knife found at Greenacre's residence were found to match the wounds on the head and torso.[59]

The trial at the Central Criminal Court before Chief Judge Sir Nicolas Conyngham Tindal, PC (1776-1846) commencing on Monday 3 April 1837, was prosecuted by John Adolphus (1768-1845), and Sir William Henry Bodkin (1791-1874). The prosecution case was that the marriage offer had always been a sham, that Greenacre had no property or money of his own, that he never had any intention of marrying Hannah Brown, and that the whole affair was a murder scheme premeditated for the specific purpose of obtaining Hannah Brown's money and property, and that after murdering Brown Greenacre intended to escape to America with his accomplice Sarah Gale.[59]

The wound to the back of the head was not visible from the outside and was only discovered at autopsy where there was a noticable hemorrhage, evidence, the medical men said, that it had been inflicted while the victim was still alive. Whatever blow or fall had caused this could not be responsible for the damage to the eye and the prosecution alleged that this demonstrated that Hannah Brown had been struck in the face from the front, and then fallen backwards against some hard surface. They then speculated that assuming her to be dead, Greenacre had started to dismember the body to hide the evidence.[59]

The prosecution also alleged that Greenacre's inept attempts to dispose of the body were based on his assumption that he would soon be leaving the country. Two of the three parts of the body were left near where men were working and would surely be discovered quite quickly. This, they claimed, showed premeditation, because his escape had been planned in advance.[59]

In his defence, Greenacre admitted that he had killed Hannah Brown but that it had been an accident that occurred during an argument about their relative finances. His claim was that only on the eve of their marriage did he discover that she was not as wealthy as she had led him to suppose. This caused the argument when he accidentally hit her with a piece of wood he just happened to have in his hand at the time. He then panicked, becasue he felt that although he was innocent, he would have some difficulty proving that, so he thought it better to secrete the evidence. The idea of taking Sarah Gale to America only emerged, he claimed, after it became clear that Hannah would not be going with him.[59]

He also said that Sarah Gale had known nothing of Hannah Brown, had played no part in the crime and was not aware that any of the objects found in her possession were the proceeds of crime. The jury took fifteen minutes to decide that Greenacre was gulity of wilful murder and that Sarah Gale had knowingly harboured him and attempted to profit from the proceeds of crime. Greenacre was sentenced to be hanged and Gale was transported for life.[59]

References

  1. ^ Richard Hymans "World Record Progressions" International Amateur Athletics Federation (2015)
  2. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 12 Mar 1864 p. 7
  3. ^ Sporting Life, Sat 5 Mar 1864 p. 4
  4. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 1 Apr 1865 p. 7
  5. ^ Field, Sat 1 Apr 1865 p. 21
  6. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 17 Mar 1866 p. 9
  7. ^ Sporting Life, Wed 14 Mar 1866 p. 3
  8. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 13 Apr 1867 p. 8
  9. ^ Field, Sat 13 Apr 1867 p. 24
  10. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 4 Apr 1868 p.\ 7
  11. ^ Field, Sat 4 Apr 1868 p. 16
  12. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 20 Mar 1869 p. 6
  13. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 9 Apr 1870 p. 3
  14. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 1 Apr 1871 p. 3
  15. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 30 Mar 1872 p. 5
  16. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 5 Apr 1873 p. 9
  17. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 28 Mar 1874 p. 3
  18. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 20 Mar 1875 p. 12
  19. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 8 Apr 1876 p. 11
  20. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 24 Mar 1877 p. 3
  21. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 13 Apr 1878 p. 3
  22. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 5 Apr 1879 p. 10
  23. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 20 Mar 1880 p. 9
  24. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 09 Apr 1881 p. 10
  25. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 1 Apr 1882 p. 8
  26. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 17 Mar 1883 p. 11
  27. ^ Bell's Life, Wed 9 Apr 1884 p. 1
  28. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 28 Mar 1885 p. 8
  29. ^ Field, Sat 3 Apr 1886 p. 34
  30. ^ Field, Sat 26 Mar 1887 p. 37
  31. ^ Field, Sat 24 Mar 1888 p. 25
  32. ^ Field, Sat 30 Mar 1889 p. 39
  33. ^ Field, Sat 29 Mar 1890 p. 42
  34. ^ Field, Sat 21 Mar 1891 p. 38
  35. ^ Field, Sat 9 Apr 1892 p. 46
  36. ^ Field, Sat 25 Mar 1893 p. 32
  37. ^ Field, Sat 24 Mar 1894 p. 60
  38. ^ Field, Sat 6 Jul 1895 p. 68
  39. ^ Field, Sat 28 Mar 1896 p. 40
  40. ^ Field, Sat 3 Apr 1897 p. 38
  41. ^ Field, Sat 2 Jul 1898 p. 30
  42. ^ Field, Sat 25 Mar 1899
  43. ^ Field, Sat 31 Mar 1900 p. 45
  44. ^ Field, Sat 30 Mar 1901 p. 44
  45. ^ Sporting Life, Sat 22 Mar 1902 p. 7
  46. ^ Field, Sat 4 Apr 1903 p. 41
  47. ^ Field, Sat 2 Apr 1904 p. 47
  48. ^ Field, Sat 1 Apr 1905 p. 44
  49. ^ Field, Sat 31 Mar 1906 p. 48
  50. ^ Field, Sat 23 Mar 1907 p. 38
  51. ^ Field, Sat 4 Apr 1908 p. 39
  52. ^ Field, Sat 20 Mar 1909 p. 40
  53. ^ Field, Sat 26 Mar 1910 p. 51
  54. ^ Field, Sat 1 Apr 1911 p. 57
  55. ^ Sporting Life, Mon 25 Mar 1912 p. 7
  56. ^ Sporting Life, Sat 15 Mar 1913 p. 7
  57. ^ Sporting Life, Sat 28 Mar 1914 p. 2
  58. ^ "Los Angeles Herald", 23 Mar 1904 p. 8
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "The Trial of James Greenacre and Sarah Gale, for the wilful murder of Hannah Brown" J. Duncombe & Co (1837) Harvard University


Category:1864 establishments in England Category:Annual events in London Category:Athletics competitions in England Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1864 Category:Sport at the University of Oxford Category:Sport at the University of Cambridge Category:Sports competitions in London

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