Plantago gunnii
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| Plantago gunnii | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Plantaginaceae |
| Genus: | Plantago |
| Species: | P. gunnii
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| Binomial name | |
| Plantago gunnii | |
Plantago gunnii is endemic to Tasmania and is commonly referred to as bolster plantain. The etymology behind the genus Plantago comes from the Latin words planta (the sole of a foot) and the suffix – ago (indicating resemblance), which is represented by the leaves pressed flat against the ground.[2] The species name 'gunnii' is in honour of Ronald Campbell Gunn of Launceston, who first discovered the species.[3]
Description
Species
Plantago gunnii is a tiny perennial rosette herb that is one of the six endemic Plantago of Tasmania, Australia.[4][5] This tiny herb reaches a maximum of 2-3cm in height and up to 1.5cm wide.[6] Similar to other Plantago species within the Plantaginaceae family, P. gunnii produces a basal rosette that produces spatulate leaves ranging between 6-12mm long.[6][4] One of P. gunnii's key morphological features is its long erect hairs scattered across its thick leaves.[6] Flowering happens in summer, when the plant erects a small hairy solitary stalk, sometimes forming two small stalks that extend in length as the seed matures.[5][6] Pollination is likely through wind, as P. gunnii sits elevated above cushion plants within its alpine ecosystem, and the species have long filaments on versatile anthers.[4]
Family
The Plantagenaceae family contains three genera, Bougueria, Littorella, and Plantago, comprised of annual and perennial herbs that form a basal rosette arrangement.[4] Within Tasmania are thirteen species of Plantago, six of which are endemic.[6] Species within the Plantagenaceae family can occur globally in temperate and cold climates.[4] Within the genus Plantago, there are numerous local and regionally endemic species that, through this geographical isolation, have developed high degrees of speciation.[4] Tasmanian species have distinct naturally occurring altitudinal zonation, presumed to reflect rainfall differences.[4] Morphologically, the family usually displays flowers in small, inconspicuous heads or spikes.[4][6]
Habitat and distribution
P. gunnii was given its common name, Bolster Plantago, because of its distribution as the species is restricted only found in bolster (cushion) moor communities in alpine environments on dolerite mountains of Tasmania.[7] Bolster moor communities consist predominately of cushion plant species in Tasmania that occupy tundra, alpine and treeless alpine vegetation.[8] Within this community are several alpine and subalpine species, with cushion plants making up >50% of plant cover.[9] P. gunnii is one of the typical understorey Scrambler/Climber/Epiphytes species expected to occur in these ecosystems that occur in alpine and subalpine areas of Tasmania but are most common in the Eastern Central Plateau between 900m and 1200m, similarly coinciding with Abrotanella for steroids and other cushion plant species.[5][9][10] The local environment in which this alpine cushion plant ecosystem and P. gunnii thrive are broad valley plains of high rainfall with poor drainage, which are often wet and peaty.[9][10]
Conservation status
The species itself is not listed. However, it is considered rare and of conservational significance.[11] Cushion moorlands, where the species is found, are listed as threatened under Schedule 3A of the Nature Conservation Act.[12] Cushion moorlands are considered a rare community, with their main management issue surrounding fire as most species within this ecosystem are fire sensitive with slow recovery to regenerate in the event of a fire.[12] Climate change is also predicted to alter physical processes in this ecosystem, which could cause further threats to the ecological processes of this ecosystem.[13]
References
- ^ "Plantago gunnii Hook.f. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
- ^ "Plantago L." Flora of Australia. Atlas of Living Australia. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ Wapstra, H; Wapstra, M; Wapstra, A (2010). Tasmanian plant names unravelled. Hobart: Fullers bookshop. p. 471.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Brown, M.J (1991). "A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS PLANTAGO L. IN TASMANIA" (PDF). Royal Society Tasmania. 31: 65-74. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ a b c Jordan, G. "Plantago gunnii". Key to Tasmanian Vascular Plants. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Howells, C (2021). Tasmania's Natural Flora. Tasmania: Australian Plant Society.
- ^ Simpson, M.J (1977). "Cushion Plants of Tasmania" (PDF). Canterbury Botanical Society. 10 (Canterbury Botanical Society Journal 10 1977): 24–26. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, JB; Balmer, J (1991). "The vegetation and higher plant flora of the Cradle Mountain-Pencil Pine area, northern Tasmania". Royal Society Tasmania. 31: 119–148.
- ^ a b c "Highland Treeless Vegetation - HCM Cushion moorland: Abrotanella forsteroides facies" (PDF). Tasmanian Vegetation Monitoring and Mapping Program. Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ a b Kitchener, A; Harris, S. "From Forest to Fjaeldmark: Descriptions of Tasmania's Vegetation". NRE Tasmania. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Tasmania.
- ^ Hooker, William Jackson (1842–1848). The London journal of botany : containing figures and descriptions of such plants as recommend themselves by their novelty, rarity, history, or uses : together with botanical notices and information and and occasional portraits and memoirs of eminent botanists. London: H. Baillière. p. 445. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ a b "Tasmanian Threatened Native Vegetation Communities - Cushion Moorland" (PDF). NRE Tasmania. Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ "Vulnerability of Tasmania's Natural Environment to Climate change: An Overview" (PDF). NRE Tasmania. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Retrieved 3 April 2024.