Premonitory urge
A premonitory urge is a sensory phenomenon associated with Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Premonitory urges are "uncomfortable feelings or sensations preceding tics that usually are relieved by [a particular] movement".[1]
"Individuals with tics may have either a generalized or a localized sensation of tension that is relieved by movement, [that is] the tic."[2] Sensory phenomena in tic disorders include bodily sensations, mental urges, and a sense of inner tension, feelings of incompleteness, and a need for things to be "just right". Bodily sensations include focal or generalized body sensations (usually tactile, muscular-skeletal/visceral, or both); mental sensations include urge only, energy release (mental energy that builds up and needs to be discharged), incompleteness, and just-right perceptions.[3] Published descriptions of the tics of Tourette's identify sensory phenomena as the core symptom of Tourette syndrome, even though they are not included in the diagnostic criteria.[4][3]
In contrast to the stereotyped movements of other movement disorders such as choreas, dystonias, myoclonus, and dyskinesias, the tics of Tourette's are temporarily suppressible and preceded by this premonitory urge.[5] Immediately preceding tic onset, most individuals with Tourette syndrome are aware of an urge,[6] which is similar to the need to sneeze or scratch an itch. Individuals describe the need to tic as the buildup of tension in a particular anatomical location,[7] which they consciously choose to release, as if the subject "had to do it".[8] Examples of the premonitory urge are the feeling of having something in one's throat, or a localized discomfort in the shoulders, leading to the need to clear one's throat or shrug the shoulders. The actual tic may be felt as relieving this tension or sensation, similar to scratching an itch. Another example is blinking to relieve an uncomfortable sensation in the eye.[4]
The presence of sensory phenomena differentiates subjects with Tourette syndrome plus obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from subjects with OCD alone,[9] and may be an important measure for grouping patients along the OCD-Tourette's disorder spectrum.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ "Definitions and classification of tic disorders. The Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group". Arch. Neurol. 50 (10): 1013–6. October 1993. doi:10.1001/archneur.1993.00540100012008. PMID 8215958. Archived from the original on 2005-03-22.
- ^ Kurlan R, Lichter D, Hewitt D (May 1989). "Sensory tics in Tourette's syndrome". Neurology. 39 (5): 731–4. doi:10.1212/wnl.39.5.731. PMID 2710364. S2CID 42132652.
- ^ a b c Miguel EC, do Rosário-Campos MC, Prado HS, et al. (February 2000). "Sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's disorder". J Clin Psychiatry. 61 (2): 150–6, quiz 157. doi:10.4088/jcp.v61n0213. PMID 10732667.
- ^ a b Scahill LD, Leckman JF, Marek KL (1995). "Sensory phenomena in Tourette's syndrome". Adv Neurol. 65: 273–80. PMID 7872145.
- ^ Jankovic J (2001). "Differential diagnosis and etiology of tics". Adv Neurol. 85: 15–29. PMID 11530424.
- ^ Cohen AJ, Leckman JF (September 1992). "Sensory phenomena associated with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome". J Clin Psychiatry. 53 (9): 319–23. PMID 1517194.
- ^ Bliss J (December 1980). "Sensory experiences of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 37 (12): 1343–7. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780250029002. PMID 6934713.
- ^ Kwak C, Dat Vuong K, Jankovic J (December 2003). "Premonitory sensory phenomenon in Tourette's syndrome". Mov. Disord. 18 (12): 1530–3. doi:10.1002/mds.10618. PMID 14673893. S2CID 8152205.
- ^ Miguel EC, do Rosário-Campos MC, Shavitt RG, Hounie AG, Mercadante MT (2001). "The tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotype and treatment implications". Adv Neurol. 85: 43–55. PMID 11530446.