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Health in North Korea

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Staff at Pyongyang Maternity Hospital (2008)

North Korea has a life expectancy of 74 years as of 2022.[1] While North Korea is classified as a low-income country, the structure of North Korea's causes of death (2013) is unlike that of other low-income countries.[2] Rather, causes of death are closer to the worldwide averages, with non-communicable diseases – such as cardiovascular disease – accounting for two-thirds of the total deaths.[2]

North Korea claims to provide universal health care with a national medical service and health insurance system.[3] It also claims that health services are offered for free.[4] However, this claim has been contested by North Korean defectors, who assert that patients must in fact pay for health services, that the upper classes have access to a higher standard of healthcare, and that "how much money a patient has determined whether they live or die".[5]

Overview

In 1946, free, but not universal, healthcare was mandated by North Korea's Social Insurance Law.[6] Beginning in the 1950s, North Korea put great emphasis on healthcare. In 1952 basic universal healthcare was started,[6] and between 1955 and 1986, the number of hospitals grew from 285 to 2,401, and the number of clinics from 1,020 to 5,644.[7]

Most hospitals that exist today in the DPRK were built in the 1960s and 1970s.[8] During the rule of Kim Il Sung, effective mandatory health checkups and immunization programs were initiated.[9] The country could support a large corps of doctors due to their low salaries. The number of doctors remains high, though there is a shortage of nurses, meaning that doctors often have to perform routine procedures. The medical infrastructure is fairly effective in preventive medicine, but less so in terms of treating the more demanding conditions.[10] Since 1979, more emphasis has been put on traditional Korean medicine, based on treatment with herbs and acupuncture. A national telemedicine network was launched in 2010 that connects the Kim Man-yu Hospital [ja] in Pyongyang with 10 provincial medical facilities.[11]

North Korea's healthcare system suffered a steep decline since the 1990s because of natural disasters, economic problems, and food and energy shortages. In 2001, North Korea spent 3% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health care, but during that same year, many hospitals and clinics in North Korea lacked essential medications, equipment, and running water due to the international sanctions against North Korea.[6][12] Electricity shortages remain the biggest problem. Even if sophisticated equipment were available, they are rendered useless if electricity is not available. Some facilities have generators available to meet demand during power outages.[13]

In 2020 the construction of a new central Pyongyang hospital started, the Pyongyang General Hospital, in front of the Monument to Party Founding. This is part of a programme of healthcare system improvement.[14]

Health status

Development of life expectancy in North Korea and South Korea
Development of child mortality in North Korea since 1960

Amnesty International, citing interviews with North Korean defectors, painted a grim picture of the North Korean healthcare system as one with "barely functioning hospitals." It described hospitals that operate without heat or electricity and doctors forced to work by flashlight or candlelight, doctors performing operations without anesthetics, patients forced to pay for firewood or use makeshift heaters by burning wood inside steel plates or a drum to keep their rooms warm, and shortages of medical equipment and medicines. Allegedly, a certain level of free medical treatment and preventive medicine was available to common citizens under Kim Il Sung, but the system's quality lapsed afterward. In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) criticized the Amnesty International report as outdated and factually inaccurate, describing the healthcare system as "the envy of the developing world" while acknowledging that "challenges remained, including poor infrastructure, a lack of equipment, malnutrition and a shortage of medicines."[15][5][16] Special health care is available mainly in cities,[13] where pharmacies are also common.[17] Essential medicines are also well available.[18] There are hospitals attached to factories and mines.

A study based on interviews with respondent-driven sampled defectors living in South Korea found that 65.4% of respondents paid out-of-pocket for medicines 82% for medical supplies and 75.9% for other items such as "meals or heating when in health facilities."[19]

A 2013 study stated that the largest obstacle to understanding the accurate health status of North Korea is the lack of validity and reliability of its health data.[2]

Life expectancy

North Korea has a life expectancy of 72 years (as of 2020).[1] The 2009 gender breakdown was 72.8 years of life expectancy for females and 64.9 for males.[20]

Period Life expectancy in
Years 		Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 37.6 1985–1990 68.6
1955–1960 49.9 1990–1995 70.0
1960–1965 51.6 1995–2000 63.5
1965–1970 57.2 2000–2005 68.1
1970–1975 61.7 2005–2010 68.4
1975–1980 65.0 2010–2015 70.8
1980–1985 67.1

Source: UN World Population Prospects[21]

Malnutrition

See also: North Korean famine

During the 1990s, North Korea was ravaged by famine, causing the death of between 500,000 and 3,000,000 people.[3] Food shortages are ongoing today, with factors such as bad weather, lack of fertiliser, and a drop in international donation meaning that North Koreans do not have enough to eat.[22] A study of North Koreans in 2008 found that three-quarters of respondents had reduced their food intake.[22] Extreme poverty is also a factor in the hunger faced by North Korean people, with 27% of the population living at or below the absolute poverty line of less than US$1 a day.[3]

These food shortages cause a number of malnutrition diseases. A 2009 UNICEF report found that North Korea was "one of 18 countries with the highest prevalence of stunting (moderate and severe) among children under 5 years old".[22] A survey in 2017 found that less than 20% of North Korean children were stunted, a decrease from 32% in 2009.[23]

Sanitation

A survey conducted in 2017 found that most people had access to a toilet, but that 93% of sanitation facilities were not connected to a sewage system. Rather, the human waste was used as fertilizer on fields, creating the potential health risk of spreading intestinal worms. The survey also found that a quarter of people had drunk contaminated drinking water.[23]

Ophthalmology

In 2006, Professor Gerd Auffarth of Heidelberg University Eye Hospital in Germany was permitted to visit the country. He is one of the few Western surgeons to have carried out eye surgery in North Korea. Before he arrived in Pyongyang, he was authorized to do just five surgeries but once he reached the University Hospital, he found that he could do seventeen: one perforating keratoplasty using donor tissue he had brought from Germany, three scleral-fixated secondary IOL implantations, and thirteen phacoemulsification procedures with IOL implants. All the procedures were conducted with topical anesthesia which had been brought with him from Germany. He reported on his experiences in 2011 in a video entitled, Ophthalmology Behind the Iron Curtain: Cataract Surgery in North Korea, saying that the economic conditions have led to improvisations – especially because of the absence of consumable medical devices but he commented that once a visiting surgeon adapts to these unique surroundings, he found that teaching and clinical work could be very effective and satisfying for both surgeon and patient.[24] As a consequence of this visit, in 2007 two young North Korean ophthalmic surgeons were permitted to visit Heidelberg and remain for six months, gaining extensive training in cataract surgery.

Another foreign ophthalmologist to visit North Korea to do surgery is Sanduk Ruit from Nepal.[25] The Nepalese Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology trains North Korean practitioners of ophthalmology.[26]

Non-communicable diseases

Further information: Smoking in North Korea

Non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factors in North Korea include high rates of urbanization, an aging society, and high rates of smoking and alcohol consumption amongst men.[2]

Cardiovascular disease as a single disease group is the largest cause of death in North Korea (2013).[2] The three major causes of death in DPR Korea are ischaemic heart disease (13%), lower respiratory infections (11%) and cerebrovascular disease (7%).[20]

Approximately 54.8% of all North Korean adult males smoke an average of fifteen cigarettes per day.[20] Smoking prevalence is slightly higher amongst the urban worker population than the farming population.[20] Amongst men, a high rate of excessive alcohol consumption has been reported, defined by the World Health Organization as consumption of more than one bottle, per sitting, per person (26.3% of males).[20]

The North Korean government has prioritized the prevention of NCDs in their National Strategic Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2014-2020 and in 2005 ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. As of 2022, it prioritized the prevention of diabetes.[27]

Oral health

A dental clinic at Pyongyang Maternity Hospital

In the past, North Koreans had few problems with dental health because their diet included little sugar.[28] Since the 2000s, sugar has been introduced to diets in the form of confectionery and sweet snacks, especially in urban areas. Toothpaste is not regularly used.[29]

Infectious diseases

In 2003, infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, malaria, and hepatitis B, were described as endemic to North Korea.[30] An estimated 4.5% of North Koreans had hepatitis B in 2003.[20]

In 2009, the flu pandemic in Asia affected the country.

Further information: 2009 flu pandemic in Asia

In 2010, Amnesty International reported that North Korea was experiencing a tuberculosis epidemic, with 5% of the population infected with the disease. It attributed this to the "overall deterioration in health and nutrition status of the population as well as the rundown of the public health services".[22]

In 2010, infections that cause pneumonia and diarrhea were reported to be the leading causes of child death.[31] In 2009, one-third of the school-age children in North Korea were assessed as having diseases caused by intestinal parasites.[32]

Coronavirus outbreak

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

In 2020, North Korea was one of the first countries to close borders and take other measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[33] On 12 May 2022, North Korea announced its first case.[34]

HIV/AIDS

The DPRK government has always maintained that North Korea is completely free of AIDS.[35][36][37] According to UNAIDS, less than 0.2% of North Korea's adult population were HIV-positive in 2006.[38] In 2018, WHO's North Korean office said there were no reported HIV positive cases in the country.[39]

A study in 2002 found both men and women were reasonably educated about HIV/AIDS. More than two-thirds knew about ways to avoid HIV/AIDS, and there were only few misconceptions about the disease.[40] However, according to the UN Population Fund in 2001, even hospital staff occasionally had limited awareness.[36] Travel across the border to China has been seen as a risk factor.[36][41]

In 2011, North Korea spent $1,000,000 on HIV prevention, with similar figures for previous years.[42] The same year, North Korea received $75,000 of international aid for combatting HIV/AIDS.[43] There are testing points and clinics,[36] but no antiretroviral therapy was reportedly available in 2006.[38]

North Korea has punitive laws concerning certain populations at risk of HIV/AIDS. According to UNAIDS, such laws can stigmatize those affected by HIV/AIDS and hinder their treatment. North Korea criminalizes the sex trade. Some drug-related crimes are capital offenses. On the other hand, drug users are not subjected to compulsory detention. Same-sex relations between consenting adult males are not illegal.[44] North Korea deports visitors upon discovery of HIV-positive status.[45]

In 2019, American journal Science has reported the country has higher numbers of HIV than expected, with a total number of 8362 people with HIV in the country.[46]

Traditional Korean medicine

According to the Korean Medical Association, more than 80 percent of primary care in North Korea relies on traditional Korean medicine.[47] The association suggests the promotion of traditional medicine is the result of poor pharmaceutical production.[47] North Korean law both requires and emphasizes that Western medicine must be combined with traditional Korean medicine.[47] Article 31 of the North Korean Medical Law stipulates that medical institutions must use acupuncture and traditional Korean medicine to treat patients.[47] Other aspects of the law also emphasize developing both traditional and modern medicine, which is reflected in most North Korean medical journals.[47]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Korea, Dem. People's Rep". The World Bank. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e Lee, YH; Yoon, SJ; Kim, YA; Yeom, JW; Oh, IH (2013). "Overview of the burden of diseases in North Korea". J Prev Med Public Health. 46 (3): 111–7. doi:10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.3.111. PMC 3677063. PMID 23766868.
  3. ^ a b c Library of Congress – Federal Research Division (2007). "Country Profile: North Korea" (PDF). Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  4. ^ Country Profile 2007, pp. 7–8.
  5. ^ a b Shim, Tae-il (21 February 2020). "Ask a North Korean: what is the healthcare system in the DPRK really like?". NK News.
  6. ^ a b c Cho, Sung-Eun Cho. "North Korea's Healthcare: Current State and Outlook" (PDF). Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs.
  7. ^ "North Korea Public Health". Country Studies.
  8. ^ Toimela & Aalto 2017, p. 33.
  9. ^ Lankov 2015, p. 67.
  10. ^ Lankov 2015, p. 68.
  11. ^ "NKorea launches telemedicine network with WHO help". The Seattle Times. 27 April 2010. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  12. ^ "N Korea healthcare 'near collapse'". BBC News. 20 November 2001.
  13. ^ a b Toimela & Aalto 2017, p. 37.
  14. ^ Williams, Martyn (26 March 2020). "Construction Begins on New Pyongyang General Hospital". 38 North. The Henry L. Stimson Center. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  15. ^ "Aid agencies row over North Korea health care system". BBC News. 10 July 2010.
  16. ^ "North Korea's 'horrifying' health care system". The Week. 9 January 2015.
  17. ^ Toimela & Aalto 2017, pp. 37–38.
  18. ^ Toimela & Aalto 2017, p. 38.
  19. ^ Lee, Hayoung; Robinson, Courtland; Kim, Jaeshin; McKee, Martin; Cha, Jiho (December 2020). "Health and healthcare in North Korea: a retrospective study among defectors". Conflict and Health. 14 (1). doi:10.1186/s13031-020-00284-y. ISSN 1752-1505. PMC 7322883. PMID 32612674.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  20. ^ a b c d e f "WHO country cooperation strategy: Democratic People's Republic of Korea 2009–2013. 2009" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2007.
  21. ^ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  22. ^ a b c d The Crumbling State of Health Care in North Korea. Amnesty International. July 2010. ASA 24/001/2010. Retrieved 29 September 2017.>
  23. ^ a b Miles, Tom (21 June 2018). "Tackling North Korea's chronically poor sewage 'not rocket science': U.N." Reuters.
  24. ^ "Ophthalmology Behind the Iron Curtain: Cataract Surgery in North Korea". ASCRS/ASOA 2012 – Virtual Films. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  25. ^ Brown, Sophie (15 December 2014). "Nepalese eye doctor restored vision of 100,000 people". CNN. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  26. ^ Willoughby, Robert (2014). North Korea: The Bradt Travel Guide (3rd ed.). Chalfront: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-84162-476-1.
  27. ^ Ryder, C. Yoonhee; Lee, Hayoung; Park, Kee B. (12 January 2022). "Why North Korea Is Buying More Insulin Than Ever". 38 North. The Henry L. Stimson Center. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  28. ^ Toimela & Aalto 2017, pp. 34–35.
  29. ^ Toimela & Aalto 2017, p. 35.
  30. ^ "Life Inside North Korea". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
  31. ^ "Countdown to 2015 decade report (2000–2010): taking stock of maternal, newborn and child survival.", World Health Organization, 2010.
  32. ^ Soil-transmitted helminthiases: estimates of the number of children needing preventive chemotherapy and number treated, 2009. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2011;86(25):257–267.
  33. ^ Kee B. Park; Jessup Jong; Youngwoo Jung (23 April 2020). "Do They or Do They Not Have COVID-19 Inside North Korea?". 38 North. The Henry L. Stimson Center. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  34. ^ "North Korea orders strict lockdown with first official Covid cases". BBC News. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  35. ^ "Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections : 2004 Update : Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (PDF). UNAIDS / WHO. 2004. p. 6. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  36. ^ a b c d O'Byrne, Tom (2 December 2001). "North Korea fights AIDS". ABC Radio National. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  37. ^ Shim, Elizabeth (1 December 2015). "North Korea says it is 'AIDS-free,' thanks to healthcare system". UPI. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  38. ^ a b "2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic : A UNAIDS 10th anniversary special edition" (PDF). UNAIDS. 2006. p. 343. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  39. ^ "World Health Organization: DPR Korea: HIV/AIDS". 2018. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  40. ^ "Adolescent Health : Fact Sheet : DPR Korea" (PDF). Adolescent of Health Development (AHD) Unit, Department of Family and Community Health, World Health Organization. January 2007. p. 3. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  41. ^ "Young People and HIV/AIDS : Fact Sheet : DPR Korea" (PDF). Regional Office for South East Asia, World Health Organization. 20 November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  42. ^ Global Report 2012, p. A82.
  43. ^ Global Report 2012, p. A88.
  44. ^ HIV in Asia and the Pacific : UNAIDS Report 2013 (PDF). UNAIDS. 2013. p. 27. ISBN 978-92-9253-049-5.
  45. ^ Global Report 2012, p. 89.
  46. ^ "Exclusive: North Korea claimed to be free of HIV. But infections appear to be surging".
  47. ^ a b c d e "북한의 조선약 최근 연구 동향은?". 한의신문 (in Korean). Retrieved 7 July 2023.

Works cited

Further reading

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