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For other uses, see Hyphanet (disambiguation).
Freenet
Developer(s)Ian Clarke
Stable release0.7.5 (Build 1498) (June 23, 2024; 4 months ago (2024-06-23)[1]) [±]
Repository
Operating systemCross-platform (Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux)
PlatformJ2SE
TypeAnonymity, Peer to peer, Friend to friend
LicenseGNU General Public License
Websitehttp://freenetproject.org/

In computer science, Freenet is a decentralized, censorship-resistant distributed data store originally designed by Ian Clarke. Freenet aims to provide freedom of speech through a peer-to-peer network with strong protection of anonymity. Freenet works by pooling the contributed bandwidth and storage space of member computers to allow users to anonymously publish or retrieve various kinds of information.

Freenet can be thought of as a large storage device which uses key based routing similar to a distributed hash table to locate peers' data. When a file is stored in Freenet, a key which can be used to retrieve the file is generated. The storage space is distributed among all connected nodes on Freenet.

Freenet is currently under development, and a version 1.0 has not yet been released. Released under the GNU General Public License, Freenet is free software.

Purpose

Freenet attempts to remove the possibility of any group imposing their beliefs or values on any other. Although many states censor communications to different extents, they all share one commonality in that a body must decide what information to censor and what information to allow. What may be acceptable to one group of people may be considered offensive or even dangerous to another. In essence, the purpose of Freenet is that nobody is allowed to decide what is acceptable. Tolerance for each others' values is encouraged and failing that, the user is asked to turn a blind eye to content which opposes his or her views.

Technical design

The Freenet file sharing network stores documents and allows them to be retrieved later by an associated key, as is now possible with protocols such as HTTP. The network is designed to be highly survivable, with all internal processes completely anonymized and decentralized across the network. The system has no central servers and is not subject to the control of any one individual or organization. Even the designers of Freenet do not have any control over the overall system. The stored information is encrypted and replicated across participating computers around the world, which are anonymized and intended to be many and continuously-changing. It is theoretically difficult for anyone to find out which participants are hosting a given file, since the contents of each file are encrypted, and may be broken into pieces that are distributed over many different computers. Even for a participant, effort is required to learn what he/she is storing.

Network

The network consists of a number of nodes that pass messages among themselves. Typically, a host computer on the network runs the software that acts as a node, and it connects to other hosts running that same software to form a large distributed network of peer nodes. Some nodes are end user nodes, from which documents are requested and presented to human users. Other nodes serve only to route data. All nodes communicate with each other identically — there are no dedicated "clients" or "servers". It is not possible for a node to rate another node except by its capacity to insert and fetch data associated with a key. This is unlike most other P2P networks where node administrators can employ a ratio system, where users have to share a certain amount of content before they can download.

Freenet can also be viewed as a small world network.

The Freenet protocol is intended to be used on a network of complex topology, such as the Internet (Internet Protocol). Each node knows only about some number of other nodes that it can reach directly (its conceptual "neighbors"), but any node can be a neighbor to any other; no hierarchy or other structure is intended. Each message is routed through the network by passing from neighbor to neighbor until it reaches its destination. As each node passes a message to a neighbor, it does not know or care whether the neighbor will forward the message to another node, or is the final destination or original source of the message. This is intended to protect the anonymity of users and publishers.

Each node maintains a data store containing documents associated with keys, and a routing table associating nodes with records of their performance in retrieving different keys.

Protocol

A typical request sequence. The request moves through the network from node to node, backing out of a dead-end (step 3) and a loop (step 7) before locating the desired file.

The Freenet protocol uses a key based routing protocol. The algorithm is similar to that of distributed hash tables (DHTs), although the idea emerged independently. The main differences are that Freenet nodes do not have fixed specialisations, and the routing algorithm is heuristic. Therefore, it does not guarantee that it will find a given piece of data.

To find a document in the network given a key, a user sends a message to a node (probably one running on the same machine as the client program) requesting the document, providing it with the key. If the document is not found in the local data store, the node finds the node in its routing table that it thinks will be able to locate the key most quickly, and forwards the request to that node, remembering that it has done so. This is a change from the behavior of earlier versions of Freenet nodes: it represents the "Next Generation Routing" (NGR) protocol. The old behavior was to remember which keys were retrieved from what nodes, and to route based on which node gave the key closest to the one being looked for. The effect is largely the same, but NGR has better overall performance.

The node to which the request was forwarded repeats the process until either the key is found or the request passes through a set maximum of nodes, known as the "Hops To Live" value. If a node is visited more than once, it realizes it has already forwarded the request, and sends a message to the node that sent the second request telling it to send to its next-best neighbour. This avoids sending messages in loops.

Eventually, either the document is found or the hop limit is exceeded. The terminal node sends a reply that makes its way back to the originator along the route specified by the intermediate nodes' records of pending requests. The intermediate nodes may choose to cache the document along the way. Besides saving bandwidth, this also makes documents harder to censor as there is no one "source node."

Freenet does not employ broadcast searches as used by Gnutella and other similar file sharing protocols.

Essentially, the same path-finding process is used to insert a document into the network. A request for the document is made, and if it fails, the document is sent along the same path as the request. This ensures that documents are inserted into the network in the same place as requests will look for it. If the initial request succeeds, then the data already existed, and the insert "collides."

Effect

Initially, each node has no information about the performance of the other nodes it knows about. This means that routing of requests is essentially random. But since different nodes have different randomness, they will disagree about where to send a request, given a key. So the data in a newly-started Freenet will be distributed somewhat randomly.

As more documents are inserted by the same node, they will begin to cluster with data items whose keys are similar, because the same routing rules are used for all of them. More importantly, as data items and requests from different nodes "cross paths", they will begin to share clustering information as well.

The result is that the network will self-organize into a distributed, clustered structure where nodes tend to hold data items that are close together in key space. There will probably be multiple such clusters throughout the network, any given document being replicated numerous times, depending on how much it is used. This is a kind of "spontaneous symmetry breaking", in which an initially symmetric state (all nodes being the same, with random initial keys for each other) leads to a highly asymmetric situation, with nodes coming to specialize in data that has closely related keys.

There are forces which tend to cause clustering (shared closeness data spreads throughout the network), and forces that tend to break up clusters (local caching of commonly used data). These forces will be different depending on how often data is used, so that seldom-used data will tend to be on just a few nodes which specialize in providing that data, and frequently used items will be spread widely throughout the network. This automatic mirroring counteracts the times when web traffic becomes overloaded, and due to a mature network's intelligent routing, a network of size n should only require log(n) time to retrieve a document on average.

Keys

Keys are hashes: there is no notion of semantic closeness when speaking of key closeness. Therefore there will be no correlation between key closeness and similar popularity of data as there might be if keys did exhibit some semantic meaning, thus avoiding bottlenecks caused by popular subjects.

There are two main varieties of keys in use on Freenet, the Content Hash Key (CHK) and the Signed Subspace Key (SSK).

A CHK is a SHA-1 hash of a document and thus a node can check that the document returned is correct by hashing it and checking the digest against the key. This key contains the meat of the data on freenet. It carries all the binary data building blocks for the content to be delivered to the client for reassembly and decryption. The CHK is unique by nature and provides tamperproof content. A hostile node altering the data under a CHK will immediately be detected by the next node or the client. CHKs also reduce the redundancy of data since the same data will have the same CHK.

SSKs are based on public-key cryptography. Currently Freenet uses the DSA system as its public key infrastructure. Documents inserted under SSKs are signed by the inserter, and this signature can be verified by every node to ensure that the data is not tampered with. SSKs can be used to establish a verifiable pseudonymous identity on Freenet, and allow for documents to be updated securely by the person who inserted them. A subtype of the SSK is the Keyword Signed Key, or KSK, in which the key pair is generated in a standard way from a simple human-readable string. Inserting a document using a KSK allows the document to be retrieved and decrypted if and only if the requester knows the human-readable string; this allows for more convenient (but less secure) URIs for users to refer to.

Scalability

A network is said to be scalable if its performance does not deteriorate even if the network is very large. The scalability of Freenet is being evaluated, but similar architectures have been shown to scale logarithmically.[2]

History

Freenet is an enhanced free software / open source software implementation of the system described by Ian Clarke's July 1999 paper "A distributed decentralized information storage and retrieval system", written while Clarke was a student at the University of Edinburgh. Shortly after the publication of this paper, Clarke and a small number of volunteers began work on what became Freenet. By March 2000 version 0.1 of Freenet was ready for release. Since March 2000 Freenet has been extensively reported on in the press, albeit primarily due to its implications for copyright rather than for its wider aim of freedom of communication.

Freenet has been developed via a collaborative, open source, methodology. Clarke, originally from Ireland, worked with individuals from many other countries, in a distributed manner utilizing the Internet. Not only is Freenet itself distributed, decentralized Internet software, but the method used to develop it is also distributed and decentralized.

Reports of Freenet's use in authoritarian nations is difficult to track due to the very nature of Freenet's goals. One group, Freenet-China, has translated the Freenet software to Chinese and is distributing it within China on CD and floppy disk.

According to Citeseer, Ian Clarke's "Freenet: A Distributed Anonymous Information Storage and Retrieval System" was the most cited computer science paper of 2000.

One analysis[3] of Freenet files conducted in the year 2000 claimed that the top 3 types of files contained in Freenet were text (37%), audio (21%), and images (14%). 59% of all the text files were drug-related, 71% of all audio files were rock music, and 89% of all images were pornographic. It is important to note the fundamental design of Freenet makes accurate analysis of its content difficult. This analysis was done several years ago from within the United States.

Current development

The Freenet 0.7 darknet peers list.

Freenet is currently undergoing a major re-write incorporating a number of fundamental changes. Version 0.7 [4], the latest as of 31st May 2006, aims to create a scalable darknet, where users only connect directly to other users they know and trust. The purpose of this change is to protect users who may be placed at risk simply by using the software, irrespective of what they are using it for. In the new model, users will choose to whom they connect, and only those users will know that they are running the software. Previous darknets, such as WASTE, have been limited to relatively small disconnected networks. The core innovation in Freenet 0.7 will be to allow a globally scalable darknet, capable of supporting millions of users. This is made possible by the fact that human relationships tend to form small-world networks, a property that can be exploited to find short paths between any two people. The work is based on a speech given at DEF CON 13 by Ian Clarke and Swedish mathematician Oskar Sandberg.

Other modifications include switching from TCP to UDP, which allows UDP hole punching along with faster transmission of messages between peers in the network.

It is planned that future versions[5] will support "passive requests"[6] (a kind of server push), broadcast streams,[7] and anonymous "channels"[8] to a particular node allowing for dynamic content. Applications of this range from Internet Relay Chat to RSS-feeds. Future versions will also feature increased security[9] via amongst other things onion routing. Freenet 0.7 continues to only support publishing and fetching data.

A large number of Freenet users continue to use Freenet 0.5[10] for various reasons, a common one being distrust of the darknet concept.

Freenet is considered by many to be fundamentally different from other peer-to-peer networks; it is still somewhat more difficult to use and significantly slower. However, after continued use and activity on the network, nodes become faster and more efficient at fetching data.

Currently, Freenet cannot be used to create or distribute dynamic content, such as content that utilizes databases and scripting. According to the Freenet Project group, such tradeoffs are expected since Freenet's primary goals are neither ease-of-use nor performance. Although there are plans to support this in the future, it is considered a low priority. Unlike other peer-to-peer networks, Freenet is primarily intended to combat censorship and allow people to communicate freely and with near-total anonymity.

There is a primitive (not fully distributed) keyword search function in development, but due to the small size of the network several freesites serve as directories listing published freesites. Upon the creation of a new freesite, the author can add a listing to the directory allowing others to discover the freesite. The directory owners also periodically spider or automatically attempt to retrieve the freesites they list. One of the most famous directories is the Freedom Engine.

Criticisms

The same technology which allows the anonymous to communicate with a large group without the publisher's identity being revealed can also allow controversial information such as child pornography and terrorist communications to be shared with anyone. Freenet's founders argue that only with true anonymity comes true freedom of speech, and that what they view as the beneficial uses of Freenet outweigh its negative uses.

Due to the nature of Freenet, a typical user may unknowingly host this sort of information, which may hypothetically make them subject to severe civil and criminal penalties. Freenet attempts to prevent this through "plausible deniability", preventing the user himself/herself from knowing what's on his or her own node and making it difficult to determine if a piece of information is in any given node without causing the distribution of that piece of information throughout the network to change in the process. No court cases have tested any of this to date.

Some anonymous friend-to-friend (F2F) networks do allow you to control what kind of files your friends exchange with your node in order to stop them from exchanging files you disapprove of, but Freenet's "deniability" defense would not apply to users of these systems.

F2F prevents random people from proving that your IP address can effectively be used to get some controversial files. F2F versions of Freenet (0.7 is exclusively[11] F2F[12] at present) do offer this protection, but "opennet"[13] versions such as Freenet 0.5 do not, because for efficiency reasons (path shortening) some random nodes are allowed to connect directly to your node, thus exchanging files faster, but thus knowing your IP and thus being able to prove that specific files can be obtained from your computer. However in the case of splitfiles, it's easily possible the user may only have one or a few parts of the file and not enough to reconstruct the entire file. In any case, due to Freenet's "plausible deniability" and the way in which Freenet redistributes files among nodes, one cannot prove that those files were placed there by the node owner or that the node owner knows what they are.

Like other file-sharing systems, Freenet can be used to access and distribute copyrighted materials. However, because of the anonymity Freenet strives to provide, this and other uses may be difficult or impossible to control. The Freenet website gives a philosophical stance, claiming that "You cannot guarantee freedom of speech and [also] enforce copyright law", and further suggests that artists, for example, may find remuneration through voluntary donations and patronage.[14]

Some users[15][16][17][18] have criticized the development process used by the Freenet project, which they claim has led to poor human resource management, many delays, and poor development decisions. They claim this has resulted in a program that is hard to get working for regular users and behaves unreliably. There are also many features they think should be in place after so many years of development, but are not. They claim the Freenet project is not open enough to outside influences from other projects or non-developer participation.

Freesite Insertion Wizard (FIW)

FIW[19] is one of the most popular of all the Freenet tools. It is currently the best maintained insertion tool for freesites. It is written in Java and provides both a terminal interface and a GUI. It supports the latest Freenet technologies such as containers as well.

Fishtools

Another tool for inserting freesites. However, due to an argument, its main developer has broken off with the Freenet community, and it is no longer maintained. It is written in Python and it is still widely used and fairly up to date.

Freenet Utility for Queued Inserts and Downloads (FUQID)

FUQID for Freenet 0.7

This is a Windows-only tool (although reports say it works under WINE too), typically used to retrieve large splitfiles and to insert non-Freesite content such as binaries, audio, and archives. It is written in Borland Delphi, and it is maintained sporadically. It is generally regarded as an excellent complement to either FIW or Fishtools.

FCPTools

The FCPTools[20] are command-line driven programs for inserting and retrieving files with Freenet. Included separately is FCPLib, the Freenet Client Protocol Library. The FCPTools are linked against FCPLib and serve as nice examples for using the library in Freenet client programs.

FCPLib[21] (Freenet Client Protocol Library) aims to be a platform independent but natively compiled set of C-based functions for storing and retrieving information to and from Freenet. There are routines for storing documents to Freenet from the local disk, and other routines for moving data in memory to and from Freenet.

Everything is released under the GNU General Public License.

FCPLib is now routinely compiled on the following platforms: Microsoft Windows (NT/2K/XP), Debian GNU/Linux, BSD, Solaris, and Mac OS X.

Freenet Tools

The Freenet Tools perform roughly the same tasks as FCPTools, however it does not include a client library for use in other projects. It is written in ANSI C, and runs under Unix-like operating systems.

Frost

Screenshot of Frost running on Windows.

Frost[22] is a well-maintained and popular message board system for Freenet. It uses a web of trust concept as well as public and private keys to prevent excess spam. It is very popular in the area of file sharing and is the most widely used Freenet messaging application. For a long time many people preferred Freenet Message Board (FMB) but it has fallen into disuse. Frost is written in Java and therefore works on any platform where a JVM is available, such as Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and other operating systems.

Freenet Message Board (FMB)

The Freenet Message Board is the most branched message board software for Freenet ever coded. It is written in Java, and the original author does not maintain it. However, the community continues to provide several branches which are generally up to date. It works on both Unix-like operating systems and Microsoft Windows.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Releases · freenet/fred". github.com. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  2. ^ http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/kleinberg00smallworld.html
  3. ^ What's On Freenet? - An analysis of the types of files contained in Freenet (written in 2000)
  4. ^ Freenet download page, accessed 2006-05-31
  5. ^ http://wiki.freenetproject.org/FreenetZeroPointEight
  6. ^ http://wiki.freenetproject.org/PassiveRequests
  7. ^ http://wiki.freenetproject.org/PublishSubscribeStreams
  8. ^ http://wiki.freenetproject.org/OneToOneStreams
  9. ^ http://wiki.freenetproject.org/FreenetZeroPointSevenSecurity
  10. ^ http://freenetproject.org/download-old.html
  11. ^ http://wiki.freenetproject.org/FreenetConnections
  12. ^ http://wiki.freenetproject.org/DarkNet
  13. ^ http://wiki.freenetproject.org/OpenNet
  14. ^ " The Philosophy behind Freenet", The Free Network Project
  15. ^ "Welcome, Freenet folks!".
  16. ^ "Problems with Freenet 0.6".
  17. ^ "Indirect connections". Revamping Freenet. Slashdot.org.
  18. ^ Rimmer, Matthew (18 December 2003). "The Genie's Revenge: a response to Siva Vaidhyanathan" (PDF). OpenDemocracy. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  19. ^ http://sourceforge.net/projects/fiwiz/
  20. ^ http://freenetproject.org/index.php?page=fcptools
  21. ^ http://freenetproject.org/index.php?page=FCPlib
  22. ^ http://jtcfrost.sourceforge.net
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