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The Thameslink Programme, formerly known as Thameslink 2000, is a £5.5 billion major project to upgrade and expand the Thameslink rail network in southern England,[1] spreading northwards to Peterborough, Cambridge and King's Lynn and southwards to Guildford, Eastbourne, Horsham, Hove to Littlehampton, East Grinstead, Ashford, and Dartford.[2] The project includes the lengthening of platforms, station remodelling, new railway infrastructure (e.g. viaduct) and additional rolling stock.

Project history (pre-construction)

Background

The Thameslink network was fully inaugurated in May 1990, two years after services began.[3] A unique feature of Thameslink is that the network crosses the centre of London between north and south (via the Snow Hill tunnel), which reduces the requirement to use the Underground for cross-London journeys.[4] As a direct result of its inception, journeys between destinations in north and south London that were served by Thameslink services quadrupled after the first year of operation.[5]

Initial planning

The increasing patronage was seen as a potential problem for the network, given that £4 million was spent on infrastructure that was built for the network.[6] As a result, British Rail started developing plans to expand and upgrade the original network during the early 1990s. The Railways Act of 1993 meant that responsibility for the project was transferred to Railtrack in the mid 1990s, but privatization combined with a recession in the UK economy caused the first of many delays to the project which was initially envisaged to be complete by 2000 (hence the name).

Beginning of planning process

Railtrack applied for Transport and Works Act powers on 21 November 1997.[7] Just two months later, the prospects of Thameslink 2000 becoming reality were thrown into doubt because London and Continental Railways (LCR), a new company that was appointed by the Government to construct High Speed 1 announced that they required further direct government grants worth £1.2 billion (in 1995 real prices) to finance the construction of the CTRL.[8] As part of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link Act of 1996, LCR were under obligation to build a concrete 'box', which was to house a new sub-surface station that was proposed as part of Thameslink 2000, since the new station would be built under St Pancras station itself.

The Government and LCR reached agreement on a set of revised proposals in June 1998,[8] which allowed the construction of CTRL (and the concrete box) to proceed. Meanwhile Railtrack took the opportunity to carry out an extensive public consultation exercise, which resulted in the revision of their original proposals and subsequently they submitted a Supplementary Order on 29 September 1999.[7]

First public inquiry

Given the size of the project, the Deputy Prime Minister decided to call for a public inquiry, which commenced in June 2000 and was brought to a close in May 2001.[9] The Inspector spent several months compiling a report on the proposals submitted by Railtrack and the feedback provided by various parties for and against the project before submitting the report to the Government. On 30 July 2002, the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM, now known as the Department for Communities and Local Government) published the Inspector's report, which stated that although there was a strong case for the project, the Inspector did not recommend that the project should be given approval,[10] since there were three 'deficiencies' that he was not satisfied with:

Further delays

As a result the Deputy Prime Minister stated that the project would not receive approval and that Network Rail (which replaced Railtrack) was required to submit an improved set of proposals (i.e. with no deficiencies) and a new Environmental Statement on January 29 2003.[11] As a result of lack of progress on the project, the 'Thameslink 2000 Agreement', a contract that obliged Network Rail (and previously its predecessor Railtrack) to maintain responsibility for funding the project, was terminated in April 2003. Responsibility for project funding was subsequently transferred to the Strategic Rail Authority.[citation needed]

Nevertheless, Network Rail made adjustments to the Thameslink 2000 proposals and in June 2004 they submitted the aforementioned proposals, along with an updated Environmental Statement (dated 14 June 2004[12]). On 22 March 2005 the Deputy Prime Minister and the Secretary of State for Transport called for a new public inquiry in light of the amendments and also confirmed that it would commence in September 2005.[13]

As a result of the Railways Act of 2005, the Department for Transport took over funding responsibility for the project from the Strategic Rail Authority on 25 July 2005.[14]

Second public inquiry

The second public inquiry commenced on 6 September 2005 and was brought to a close in December 2005.[15] The Inspector's report (dated 17 February 2006[16]) was subsequently submitted to the Department for Transport for consideration. On 18 October 2006, the Department for Transport published the second report, which declared that the Inspector was satisfied that the deficiencies from the previous Thameslink 2000 proposals were dealt with, and that he recommended that the project be given approval.[17]

Project approval

In conjunction with the second report, the Secretaries of State for Transport and 'Communities & Local Government' consequently granted Network Rail the planning permission and legal powers required to execute the project, and the Order (officially described as The Network Rail (Thameslink 2000) Order 2006) came into force on 13 December 2006;[18] furthermore, on 19 December 2006,[19] the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Transport announced that the Department for Transport would grant Network Rail £30 million to 'enable a more informed decision to be made regarding the case for funding the implementation of the project in summer 2007'.[20]

On 24 July 2007, the Secretary of State for Transport, Ruth Kelly, formally announced that the Government was fully committed to funding the Thameslink Programme.[1] Since the planning permission and legal powers associated with the project have already been granted, the project is now clear to proceed.[21]


Summary of project phases

To minimise the risk, the Thameslink Programme will be divided into 3 phases.

Key Output 0

Preliminary works will commence shortly and involve the execution of signalling alterations south of Farringdon to permit the current 15tph peak hour service between King's Cross Thameslink and Farringdon to be extended at least as far south as Blackfriars, since services to/from Moorgate and Blackfriars will be merged from December 2008.[22] In addition to this, alterations to the tracks and overhead line equipment between Farringdon and City Thameslink are required to allow the merged services to operate. The exact nature of these new services, which will utilise dual-voltage trains, will be determined by the DfT.[22]

Key Output 1

A major aim of the project is to allow the introduction of 12-car trains on the Thameslink network. Platform extension works will be required at around 50 stations,[19] particularly north of the Thames on the existing Thameslink route where all stations (with the exception of St Pancras International and City Thameslink) are currently restricted to a maximum length of 8 cars; these works will be carried out between 2007 and 2010,[19] starting with Luton Airport Parkway on 24 October 2007.[23] Platform extensions at Farringdon and Blackfriars will also be provided as part of major remodelling works, which are due to commence in early 2009.[19]

The second aim is to increase the capacity of the central London section in terms of trains per hour. A new viaduct will be built over Borough Market to provide trains to Blackfriars and trains to Charing Cross with their own dedicated routes; and a grade separated junction will be created at Bermondsey.[24] All of the above is planned to take place prior to the 2012 Olympics and would result in 10,000 extra peak hour seats from December 2011.[24][25]

Key Output 2

After the Olympics London Bridge will be subject to major track, signalling and station remodelling works as part of the Masterplan project (some works within the station building may commence during Key Output 1);[25] in addition, new permanent way (including plain rail and junctions) and overhead line equipment will be laid out in the new Canal Tunnels between the Thameslink route and the East Coast Main Line,[26] consequently opening up the network to new destinations north of Central London; and the fly-down in Tanners Hill will be widened.[27] Once the project is completed,[24] the Thameslink network will be able to handle a nominal peak period frequency of 24 trains per hour (tph) (equivalent to one train every 150 seconds) between St Pancras International and Blackfriars from December 2015.[19][24]

As part of the project a purpose built fleet of 350 4-car trains would operate across the network.[24] Due to the additional power requirements of this new fleet, electricity supply enhancement works across the network will be carried out during most of the entire project - this will be achieved by creating 11 new feeder stations/sub-stations, upgrading a further 21 and converting 9 from track sectioning/paralleling equipment; in addition, new track sectioning/paralleling equipment will be installed in 9 locations and upgraded in a further 4.[28]


Major project works

King's Cross Thameslink prior to the end of its life as a Thameslink station from 9 December 2007. The building is now part of King's Cross St Pancras.

The previous station King's Cross Thameslink has closed and trains now stop at St Pancras. The need for a replacement station arose due to factors regarding King's Cross Thameslink such as substandard platform widths and lengths, lack of step-free access, lack of easily accessible fire escape routes and a poor quality passenger environment.[29] If the previous station had been upgraded to modern standards, it would have required in excess of £60 million (which is similar to the cost of fitting out the new station anyway[30]) and serious disruption on the nearby Circle/Hammersmith & City/Metropolitan LUL lines and roads would have occurred as a direct consequence.[31]

The new station accepts 12 car trains[30] (the previous station was limited to 8 cars) and allows better interchange with other forms of transport, particularly Eurostar. It also has a CCTV system, seven escalators and two lifts, which allows people with impaired mobility to use the station.[30] 'Fit-out' works began in the summer of 2006 (following the decision by the Department for Transport to provide a further £60-65 million for the High Speed 1 project[30]), and operations commenced on 9 December 2007.[32]

Due to the planned closure of King's Cross Thameslink, passengers who were using the station to access the Underground lines would have had to proceed to the other entrances to King's Cross St Pancras in order to access the lines once Thameslink service calls at King's Cross Thameslink were discontinued (although the station would have been retained as an emergency exit, which remains the case today). For this reason, London TravelWatch recommended that the Thameslink station should be retained as an entrance/exit facility for London Underground passengers.[33]

London Underground agreed with the recommendation but stated that funding for the required modifications would need the agreement of the Department for Transport (DfT); in response the DfT decided against pushing this forward, stating that it was a matter for Transport for London (TfL) [34]. Since 10 December 2007 (the day after Thameslink service calls at King's Cross Thameslink were discontinued), the old station entrance has been retained as part of King's Cross St Pancras.[35]

Farringdon & the Moorgate branch

Farringdon station

Farringdon station is limited to 8 cars, and therefore requires platform extensions to handle 12 car trains. Extensions towards the north are not planned mainly due to the steep gradient (1 in 27) of the Thameslink line immediately north of Farringdon.[36] Northward platform extensions therefore would not comply with safety standards, which leaves the alternative of realigning both the Thameslink and Circle/Hammersmith & City/Metropolitan LUL lines, given that the latter crosses over the former on a bridge. This has been deemed impractical due to lack of space.[36] The platforms will therefore be extended southwards, severing the two-station branch to Moorgate.[37]

The buildings at 54-60 Cowcross Street will be demolished and a new ticket hall and concourse for National Rail passengers will be built in their place; furthermore, the existing listed ticket hall and concourse will be remodelled, but it will be used exclusively by LUL passengers.[38] Despite the separate functions of the two station buildings, interchange within the station will by improved by means of removing the existing interchange bridge and installing new stairs and lifts with access to all four platforms, thereby allowing passengers with impaired mobility to use the station.[39]

The increasing patronage at Farringdon also necessitates the widening of the platforms, which itself requires the Cowcross Street bridge abutments to be shifted; for this reason the bridge will be demolished and then rebuilt once the abutments have been shifted.[40] Other planned major works within Farringdon include the erection of a new roof over the northern half of the station premises and the pedestrianisation of Cowcross Street.[41] This is to help passenger movements around and within the station, particularly during the peak; and to protect passengers from the weather.

The intermediate station at Barbican (which is located on the Moorgate branch) is already used by Thameslink trains only when travelling east (from Farringdon); westbound trains (from Moorgate) do not stop. Once the branch is closed in December 2008,[24] passengers wanting to travel to or from Barbican or Moorgate stations will have to change at Farringdon onto London Underground trains on the Circle/Hammersmith & City/Metropolitan LUL lines. Although this will be inconvenient for some passengers (the disbenefits are estimated at £65 million over a 60 year appraisal period[42]), the benefits to other Thameslink passengers are deemed to be significantly greater (£5.7 billion over the same period[43]).

No major works will take place within City Thameslink railway station, although the OLE (overhead power) system will be extended from Farringdon to City Thameslink for northbound trains only. Combined with new trackwork between the two stations, this will allow northbound trains to be recovered should they fail to change from the southern portion's third rail DC to the northern portion's overhead AC traction current (and vice versa).[44]

Blackfriars station

Blackfriars

The existing building at 167-179 Queen Victoria Street (which is currently utilised as an LUL office) will be demolished and in its place, a new station building (which will employ a facade primarily composed of glass) will be built in its place, and to the same height as the building it replaces. Within this building a new shared National Rail/LUL ticket hall and LUL ventilation shaft will be provided; in addition, new escalators and lifts will take passengers to a mezzanine level (for National Rail services) or to a sub-surface level (for the Circle/District LUL lines).[45] The LUL station will also be subject to major enhancements, and therefore will be closed for 24 months.[46] The existing subway entrace to Blackfriars station will be permanently closed as a result of the Thameslink Programme.[45]

The through platforms will be extended along Blackfriars Railway Bridge over the River Thames in order to accommodate 12 car trains (in place of 8 today). The platform layout will also be altered such that the through platforms will be located on the east side of the station (currently the west side), and the terminus platforms will be located on the west side of the station (currently the east side).[47] This means trains to and from London Bridge will no longer have to cross the lines that lead to the bay platforms, which is currently a source of delays.

In order to accommodate the new/extended platforms the existing bridge deck will be strengthened and widened towards the west - consequently the easternmost line of disused piers (which supported the former West Blackfriars and St Paul’s Railway Bridge) will themselves be strengthened, tied into the existing bridge and become stone clad.[48] The number of bay platforms will be reduced from 3 to 2 in the process, but some terminating services will become through services, and the increased length will allow longer trains to terminate at Blackfriars.[47] The existing station roof will be demolished and replaced by a new roof of glazed north lights and partial height glazed side panels, which will be installed along the entire length of the bridge. In addition there will be a new station entrance on the South Bank, where a second ticket hall will be provided.[49]

Borough Market Viaduct

The two track Borough Market Viaduct west of London Bridge is currently used by trains on the Thameslink route to Blackfriars and all trains to Charing Cross, causing a major bottleneck in the area. To relieve this, a new double-track viaduct will be built to the south of the existing one for trains to Charing Cross[47], giving Thameslink trains a dedicated route to Blackfriars, which is key to the nominal peak hour frequency of 24tph on the core route. However, this proposal is controversial because construction of the new viaduct will require the demolition (and subsequent replacement) of a group of listed buildings within Borough Market, which is a conservation area.[47]

London Bridge

London Bridge station

London Bridge station will undergo a major transformation as part of a wider project known as Masterplan. One aspect of the proposals involves the closure of 3 terminus platforms and the creation of 3 through platforms to allow additional services to continue to either Cannon Street, Charing Cross or Thameslink stations north of the River Thames. The increase in through platforms will also allow London Bridge to function as an emergency terminus for services approaching the station from the west.[50] For the platform alterations, the listed northern wall of the terminus trainshed will be demolished and replaced with a new retaining wall, and the listed bays of the roof over the terminating platform will be dismantled and stored.[51]

To alleviate congestion and improve circulation within the station, a new station concourse will be built. This requires the demolition of brick vaults between Stainer and Weston Streets, which will themselves become part of the new concourse (and therefore cease to be thoroughfares).[52] The space relinquished by the existing concourse will allow Network Rail to expand the adjacent bus station,[53] and new retail facilities will be built into the existing western arcade, which will be re-opened and extended to link the Underground station and Joiner Street.[54]

As a result of changes that have been made to signalling standards, the current throughput of train services at London Bridge during the peak may have to be reduced if the signalling system is renewed in the absence of the Thameslink Programme.[55]

Bermondsey dive-under

The overgrown spur line to the Bricklayers' Arms branch

With the completion of Borough Market Viaduct to the west of London Bridge, Thameslink trains will need to run on a pair of tracks to the north of the pair used by trains to Charing Cross. However, Thameslink trains currently arrive on the southern pair of tracks. The lines will therefore be rebuilt to the east of London Bridge so that Thameslink trains from the Brighton Main Line can cross over trains from Kent headed for Charing Cross.

Charing Cross services would be diverted slightly south in the vicinity of Trundleys Road onto the route of the former branch line to Bricklayers' Arms. They would then slope up alongside the Brighton Main Line just north of South Bermondsey station. Thameslink trains could then cross over the line on a new bridge, meeting the existing alignment just north of Jarrow Road. The Charing Cross line and Thameslink would each cross the Rotherhithe New Road on the other's present alignment.

Tanners Hill fly-down

In order to improve capacity on the line between London Bridge and Lewisham, a new stretch of single track will be built alongside the existing bi-directional single track between Tanners Hill Junction (near St John's Station) and Lewisham Vale Junction.[27] Before the new track is laid, St John’s Vale Road Bridge will be subject to partial demolition and will be reconstructed with a concrete pier, as well as a new south span over the new track; the existing embankment along the fly-down will also be widened. Given that the existing footbridge will be rebuilt, a temporary footbridge will be provided for the duration of the works. [56]

References

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