Sea kayak
A Sea kayak or touring kayak is a kayak developed for the sport of paddling on open waters of lakes, bays, and the ocean. Sea kayaks are seaworthy small boats with a covered deck and the ability to incorporate a spraydeck. They trade off the extreme maneuverability of whitewater kayaks for cargo capacity, ease of straight-line paddling, and comfort for long journeys.
Sea kayaks are now used around the world for marine journeys from a few hours to many weeks, as they can accommodate one or two (occasionally three) paddlers together with room for camping gear, food, water, and other supplies. The sport of sea kayaking (sometimes called ocean kayaking) combines much of the appeal of hill-walking with a maritime aspect, few access issues and a seemingly unlimited area to enjoy.
Origins of the Sea Kayak
Contemporary sea kayaks trace their origin to the native boats of Alaska, northern Canada, and Southwest Greenland. Eskimo hunders developed a fast sea going craft to hunt seals and walrus[1].The ancient Unungan name for a sea kayak is Iqyak[2], and earliest models were constructed from a light wooden frame (tied together with sinew or baleen) and covered with sea mammal (sea lion or seal) hides. Archaeologists have found evidence indicating that kayaks are at least 4000 years old.[3] Wooden kayaks and fabric kayaks on wooden frames (such as the Klepper) were dominating the market up until 1950s, when fiberglass boats were first introduced. Rotomolded plastic kayaks first appeared in 1984.
Design
Modern sea kayaks come in a wide array of materials, designs, and sizes to suit a variety of intended uses. The primary distinction is between rigid kayaks and folding kayaks. While many modern kayaks carry the design features of traditional craft, recent design innovation includes:
- Recreational kayaks, shorter sea kayaks with wide beams and large cockpits;
- Sit-on-top kayaks, rotomolded boats without an enclosed cockpit, but with some other sea kayak features;
- Inflatable kayaks, sometimes employing a rigid frame with inflatable sponsons; and
- Surf skis, long, narrow boats intended for open ocean racing.
Size
Most production sea kayaks are between 12 feet (3.7 m) and 24 feet (7.3 m) in length, the larger kayaks often built for two (or in rare cases, three) paddlers. The width (beam) of typical kayaks varies from 18 inches (460 mm) to 32 inches (810 mm), though specialized boats such as surf skis may be narrower. The length of a kayak affects not only its cargo capacity (for both gear and paddlers) but may also affect its "tracking" ability -- the ease with which the boat travels in a straight line. While other design features also impact tracking, very long kayaks are easier to paddle straight (and harder to turn). The width of a kayak affects the cargo capacity, the maximum size of the cockpit (and thus the size of the paddler in that cockpit), and (to a degree that depends on the design of the hull) the stability.
Material
Most rigid production kayaks are now made out of fiberglass, rotomolded polyethylene, or carbon-kevlar. More exotic materials include carbon fiber and foam core. Some kayaks are hand-built from plywood or wood strips covered with fiberglass. Skin-on-frame kayaks are built on wood or aluminum frames covered in canvas, dacron, or other fabrics, and may include inflatable tubes called sponsons.
Bow, stern, and deck
There are many design approaches for the bow, stern, and deck of kayaks. Some kayaks have upturned bows, which are meant to provide better performance when paddling into waves, as well as better wave-shedding ability. Other kayaks achieve this through increased buoyancy in the bow. Kayaks with unobstructed stern decks may ease certain types of self-rescue. Waterproof bulkheads in modern kayaks provide flotation in the event of capsize.
Sea kayak decks typically include one or more hatches for easy access to the interior storage space inside. Kayak decks often include attachment points for deck lines of various kinds, which are aids in self-rescue and attachment points for above-deck equipment.
Equipment
Sea Kayaks are designed to go fast in a straight line, so many have steering gear or tracking aids in the form of rudders or skegs. In most cases rudders are attached at the stern and operated by wires from foot pedals in the cockpit. Rudders are typically retractable for beach landings. Skegs are straight blades that drop from a well in the stern of the boat. Both devices assist in paddling when a strong wind is coming from a direction other than directly in front[4].
Paddles
Sea-kayak paddles, and the associated paddling styles, fall into three basic classifications:
- European: two roughly spoon-shaped blades at either end of a cylindrical shaft. This paddle style was developed for fast acceleration and sudden maneuvering in Whitewater kayaking, and then back-ported to sea-kayaking. Euro paddles can be made of aluminum, plastic or even wood, but the best are usually formed of more expensive materials like carbon-fiber for lightness. Often the two blades are feathered, or set at an angle relative to each other (both for ergonomic efficiency, and so that as one blade moves backwards through the water, the opposite blade moving forward through the air presents its edge, rather than its face).
- Greenland: Relatively narrow blades which are rounded and full near the loom and blade roots, and becoming oval near the blade tips. Some paddles feature a "shoulder", or abrupt transition between the loom and blade roots. Greenland paddle blades are most often not feathered. Short Greenland paddles (generally one arm-span in length), called storm paddles, are used with a sliding stroke, where the hands are shifted along the blades for each stroke. Storm paddles are often used as spares and in very windy locations, as there is very little outboard blade to catch the wind.
- Wing: The blade of the paddle is shaped with a profile like a wing. When used with a special stroke, the blade actually produces lift as it moves through the water, enabling the kayaker to produce more forward motion than with any other kind of paddle. The paddling technique is different from both European style paddles and Greenland style. It is most often used in racing, but also sees some limited use in recreational paddling such as touring.
Dimensions
Sea kayaks come in many different designs. The length of a typical solo sea kayak can range anywhere from 12 to 18 feet (3.7m-5.5m) long, and tandem kayaks can range from 15 feet (4.6 m) to 20 feet(4.6m-6.1m) long. Sea kayaks can range in width from 22.5 inches (570 mm) to 30 inches (57cm-76cm). Wider touring kayaks of 26 inches (660 mm) to 30 inches (66-76cm) are better for bigger paddlers, or small/average sized paddlers looking for more initial stability and manouevrability. Narrower beams of 22 inches (560 mm) to 25 inches (56cm-63.5cm) are good for small-medium sized paddlers who want more speed and less manoeuvrability. And lastly, kayak depth (or the height from the hull to the highest area of the deck) can range from 13 inches (330 mm) to 15.8 inches (33cm-40cm) high.
Forms of Sea Kayaking
Expedition Trips
Weekend trips with overnight camping are popular amongst recreational kayakers, and many people combine kayaking with watching wildlife. Modern sea kayaks are designed to carry large amounts of equipment, and unsupported expeditions of two weeks or more are conducted in environments from the tropics to the Arctic. Expedition kayaks are designed to handle best when loaded, so it may be necessary to ballast them on shorter trips.
Surf Kayaking
Closely related to surf boards and requiring a mix of surfing and kayaking skills, a wide range of sea kayaks are specifically designed for the sport of wave surfing.
Sea Fishing
The sea kayak has long been a means of transportation and a means of accessing fishing grounds and kayak fishing has gained popularity due to the availability of purpose built stable designs. This technological development also solves some ergonomic problems that are associated with sitting for long hours without being able to change positions and special kayaks for fishing are accessorized for this sport, including specially-designed hatches, built-in rod holders, catch bags and equipment mounts.
Many of the techniques used in kayak fishing are the same as those used on other fishing boats. The difference is in the set-up, how each piece of equipment is fitted to the kayak, and how each activity is carried out on such a small craft. Contemporary kayaks can be equipped with fishing aids such as rod holders, electronic fish-finders and live-bait containers. Kayak anglers target highly-prized bottom feeders like halibut and cod and also pelagics like amberjacks, tuna, sailfish, wahoo, and even marlin.
Pioneering Sea Kayak expeditions
- Franz Romer crossed the Atlantic Ocean solo in a kayak in 1928. His crossing from the Canary Islands and Puerto Rico took 58 days at sea but he was lost in a hurricane trying to get to New York[5].
- Oskar Speck paddled from Germany to Australia in 1932-1939.
- Hannes Lindemann paddled, with the help of a sail, from the Canary Islands to the Caribbean in 1956. Documented in the book "Alone at sea"[6].
- Derek Hutchinson was the first to cross the North sea in 1976 after several near-death failures he finally managed it in 31 hours[7].
- Nigel Foster and Geoff Hunter were the first to circumnavigate Iceland in 1977.
- Frank Goodman was the first to circumnavigate Cape Horn in 1977.
- Paul Caffyn was the first person to circumnavigate the South Island of New Zealand in 1977. He describes it in his book Obscured by Waves.
- Paul Caffyn and Nigel Dennis were the first sea kayakers to circumnavigate Britain in 1980, a distance of 2,200 miles (3,500 km) in 85 days
- David Taylor and James Moore were the first to circumnavigate The Faroe Islands (mid way between Shetland and Iceland) in 1985.
- Paul Caffyn was the first person to circumnavigate Australia in 1986 covering a distance of 9,420 miles (15 160 km)
- Ed Gillet paddled from California to Hawaii in 1987.
- Adventurer Chris Duff has circumnavigated both Ireland in 1996 and New Zealand's South Island in 2000.
- Jon Turk and his team was the first to cross the Bering strait as they paddled from Japan to Alaska in 2000.[8].
- In his book Cold Oceans (1999), Jon Turk describes his solo circumnavigation of Cape Horn[9].
- Peter Bray crossed from Canada to Ireland in 2001.
- Trys Morris, Gemma Rawlings and Justine Curgenven successfully circumnavigated Tasmania in 2004. This journey is featured in This Is The Sea 2
- Harry Whelan, Barry Shaw and Phil Clegg are considered to have been the fastest around Britain in 2005, completing the circumnavigation in 80 days
- In November 2005 the first kayak circumnavigation of South Georgia in the Southern Atlantic was completed in 18 days, a distance of 600 km [10].
- Eric Stiller and Tony Brown attempted circumnavigation of Australia. Described in the book Keep Australia on your left.
- Justin Jones and James Castrission made the first crossing from Australia to New Zealand, arriving on 13 January 2008, a journey that took 61 days. This is the longest two man kayak expedition ever undertaken.[11]
- The crossing of Europe by various rivers in 1998.[12]
Safety
A sea kayak's primary safety device is its paddler. Some kayakers consider a well-practiced self-righting move such as an Eskimo roll to be essential to safe open-water kayaking, though this can be difficult in a heavily-laden boat. While there are a number of techniques for unassisted righting and re-entry of a kayak after a capsize, most paddlers consider it safest to paddle with one or more others, as assistance is useful if attempting to roll up solo fails. Even if the assistance fails to get you righted, it's a lot easier to climb back into a boat in the open sea if you've got another boat and paddler to help and your boat's been emptied of water first. Nonetheless, experienced paddlers do attempt open water crossings unaccompanied, and several major long-distance kayak expeditions have been carried out solo.
There is a strong culture of self-sufficiency amongst sea kayakers and extensive safety equipment such as compass, towing lines, manual pumps, repair kits including wet application repair tape, flares, spare paddles, and survival gear are routinely carried; along with supplies of food and a flask of hot coffee for non-emergency use. GPS, charts, lights, radios and cell phones, and radar reflectors (so that ships can ‘see’ you) are also sometimes carried.
See also
References
- ^ Hutchinson, Derek. C. (1994). The Complete Book of Sea Kayaking. A&C Black. pp. pp. 177-181. ISBN 0-7136-6675-7.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help) - ^ http://shamankayaks.com/shaman/taks/schedule_mike_livingston.asp
- ^ Made in Anglesey, paddled in the Arctic: the Inuits' plastic kayak rules the waves TimesOnline December 2006
- ^ Hutchinson, Derek. C. (1994). The Complete Book of Sea Kayaking. A&C Black. pp. pp. 3-4. ISBN 0-7136-6675-7.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help) - ^ Mahaffey, Dexter title = The 10 All-time Greatest Sea Kayaking Expeditions (April 2003), Paddler Magazine http://www.paddlermagazine.com/issues/2003_4/article_221.shtml
{{citation}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Missing pipe in:|first=(help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Lindermann, Hannes (1998). Alone at Sea A Doctor's Survival Experiments During Two Atlantic Crossings in a Dugout Canoe and a Folding Kayak. Germany: Pollner Verlag. ISBN 3-925660-27-5.
- ^ http://www.paddlermagazine.com/issues/2003_4/article_221.shtml
- ^ In the wake of the Jomon
- ^ Cold Oceans
- ^ http://outside.away.com/outside/destinations/south-georgia-8.html
- ^ http://www.crossingtheditch.com.au
- ^ http://www.dragoman-turkey.com/trans-avrupa/trans%20europe%20en.htm