Cumbia villera
Cumbia villera ("shantytown cumbia", [ˈkumbja βiˈʒeɾa]) is a typically Argentine form of cumbia music born in the villas miseria (shantytowns) around Buenos Aires and then popularized in other large urban settlements.
Origins
Ever since the 1930s there has been a strong migration from the provinces (as well as from neighboring Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia) to the Greater Buenos Aires area, with migrants bringing along their dance styles. The musical mix and the dynamics sounds of big-city life eventually gave birth to new styles. Notably, chamamé from Corrientes was cross-pollinated with Brazilian and Andean, maybe from Peru, because they usually do kind of music apparently from the poor people rhythms and cuartetazo from Córdoba. During the 1970s and 1980s, tropical was used as a catch-all term for this hybrid.
Partly due to the popularity of Peruvian and Bolivian cumbia bands, the focus of tropical shifted towards cumbia just as middle-class porteños started attending upscale bailantas (tropical dance parties) in the late 1980s.
In the 1990s, commercial interests started promoting local cumbia numbers such as Amar Azul and Ráfaga with an emphasis on attracting wider audiences. Many traditional cumbia lovers started to search for more "authentic" numbers. Some bands obliged by setting on a square cumbia beat, and writing lyrics that delved ever deeper into themes of crime and drug abuse. Foremost among those was Los Pibes Chorros ("The Thieving Kids"). Other bands in this vein are Yerba Brava ("Tough Weed", a play on words referring both to yerba mate and marijuana) and Damas Gratis ("Ladies' Night", literally "Ladies for Free"), widely acknowledged as the genre's leading act, that was started by former Amar Azul's keyboardist Pablo Lescano after a serious accident made him reconsider the message he wanted to convey through music.
The pauperization of vast segments of the population due to the economic slowdown that started in 1998 enlarged the social substrate for the genre. The term cumbia villera took hold in the media, and many bands were propelled into fame when emerging football stars from the shantytowns, such as Carlos Tévez, proclaimed their allegiance. When his schedule allows, Tévez is lead singer for Piola Vago (loose translation: "savvy bum").
Present outlook
Some radio and TV shows had incorporated cumbia villera into their offerings, notably on weekend omnibus variety shows, where music runs the gamut from folklore to tropical; even though the more provocative lyrics were seldom broadcast.
In recent years, due to pressure from broadcasters and (allegedly) influence from Evangelical preachers active in the shantytowns, some bands have shifted back to love songs instead.
Influences and parallels
Whilst the arrangements of Colombian or Bolivian cumbia can be quite complex (even traditionalists like Pastor López use a full brass section), cumbia villera recordings are often made at the lowest possible expense. As this invariably entails the use of synthesizers, Argentine cumbia can be described, like Algerian raï, as a "low fidelity, high tech" genre.
Other than raï, cumbia villera also has obvious parallels with gangsta rap in the United States, the rhythms of the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, the explosion of punk rock and ska in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s, and the emergence of bad-boy reggae in 1960s Jamaica.
Puerto Rican import reggaeton has made inroads into cumbia villera audiences, partly due to thematic similarities.
For years, Argentine rock and roll has had many working-class heroes (notably Pappo and cult bands like Los Redonditos and Bersuit Vergarabat). This strain of rock is intertwined with cumbia villera in many people's preferences.