Pukkwan Victory Monument
The Bukgwan Victory Monument (Korean: Bukgwandaecheopbi) is a stone stela commemorating a series of Korean military victories between 1592 and 1594 against the invading army of Japan during the Seven-Year War. It was subsequently taken to Japan during the Japanese occupation of Korea during the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. It eventually discovered on the grounds of Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo, prompting a Korean outcry that it be returned. In a ceremony on 12 October 2005, it was turned over to officials from South Korea, who plan to return it to its original location, which is now in North Korea. The Korean name is commonly translated as great victory at Bukgwan.
Creation
The Seven-Year War resulted from two Japanese invasions, in 1592 and 1597. The Koreans and their Chinese allies drove back the invasion but the bitter war was a disaster for the country. During the initial invasion, Korean general Jeong Mun-bu formed a volunteer army that won eight victories between 1592 and 1594 against an army of 20,000 Japanese led by General Kato Kiyomasa in the Hamgwallyeong Pass area of Hamgyeong Province.
In 1607, King Sukjong ordered the creation of a monument commemorating the victories. The 187 cm tall and 66 cm wide stela has 1500 Hangul letters detailing the actions of the volunteer army. It was erected in Kilju County, North Hamgyeong Province, where it stood for the next three hundred years.
Movement to Japan
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, much of the Korean peninsula was under the occupation of the Imperial Japanese Army. The monument, located at Immyeong Station, came to the attention of Major General Ikeda who was stationed in the area. Apparently displeased by it, he allowed Lieutenant General Miyoshi to take the monument home to Japan. It was placed in a Japanese imperial museum before being moved into the forest upon the grounds of Yasukuni Shrine, a Shinto shrine honoring Japan's war dead. There it stood in obscurity for three-quarters of a century, forgotten by both the Japanese and Koreans.
In 1969, Choe Myo-myeon, the director of the International Institute of Korean Studies in Tokyo came across the monument. In the meantime, Yasukuni Shrine had become a focus of controversy after several Class A war criminals of the Second World War had been honored there. Many Koreans were outraged to learn that a Korean victory monument over a Japanese invasion now stood on the grounds of a Japanese shrine seen as commemorating the militarism that had caused immense suffering in Korea.
Negotiations
Despite requests by the South Korean government and civic groups that the monument be returned, Japan refused, stating that doing so violated their principle of "separation of religion and politics" and that as the monument originally stood in what was now North Korea, South Korea was not in the position to negotiate its return.
The deadlock was finally broken in December 2004, when Buddhist monks from North and South Korea agreed to work together to retrieve the monument. South Korean Prime Minister Lee Hae Chan and North Korean president of the Supreme People's Assembly Presidium Kim Yong Nam to discuss the issue at a meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia in April 2005. This led to further talks at the 15th inter-Korean Cabinet-level meeting in Seoul. These talks marked the return of the monument as a major issue of inter-Korean cooperation and removed the Japanese objection about their confusion due to a divided Korea, leading to their agreement to return the monument.
On 12 October 2005, a brief ceremony attended by priests of the shrine, representatives of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and officials from the embassy of South Korea was held at the monument to turn over control. South Korea plans to briefly display the monument in Seoul before being returned to North Hamgyeong Province in North Korea.