INS Vikrant (1961)

For other ships of the name used during construction, see HMS Hercules.

For the ship currently under construction, see Vikrant class aircraft carrier.

INS Vikrant
History
UK
Name	HMS Hercules (R11)
Namesake	HMS Hercules
Builder	Vickers-Armstrong/Harland and Wolff
Laid down	12 November 1943
Launched	22 September 1945
Commissioned	laid up before completion
Renamed	HMS Hercules (R49)
Fate	refitted/modernized and sold to India
History
India
Name	INS Vikrant
Builder	Vickers-Armstrong/Harland and Wolff
Commissioned	4 March 1961
Decommissioned	31 January 1997
Fate	decommissioned, preserved as a floating museum at Mumbai.
General characteristics
Type	Majestic-class light carrier
Displacement	15,700 tons standard, 19,500 tons full load
Length	192 m (630 ft) waterline, 213.3 metres (700 ft) extreme
Beam	24.4 m (80 ft) waterline, 39 metres (128 ft) extreme
Draught	7.3 m (24 ft)
Propulsion	2 Parsons geared steam turbines 40,000 hp (30 MW), 4 Admiralty three-drum boilers
Speed	23 knots (43 km/h)
Range	12,000 nautical miles (22,000 km) at 14 knots (26 km/h)
Complement	1,075 usual, 1,340 wartime
Armament	16 × 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns (later reduced to 8)
Armor	none
Aircraft carried	Sea King Mk 42B and Mk 42C HAL Chetak Sea Harrier FRS.51 Breguet Alizé Br.1050

INS Vikrant (Hindi: विक्रान्‍त) (formerly HMS Hercules (R49)) was a Majestic-class light aircraft carrier of the Indian Navy.

Her keel was laid down on 12 November 1943 by Vickers-Armstrong on the Tyne and she was launched on 22 September 1945.

History

Completion work was carried out in Belfast but construction was suspended after the end of World War II and she was laid up for possible future use. Her pennant was changed from R11 to R49.

In January 1957 she was sold to India, and construction was completed at Harland and Wolff with an extensively modernized design, including an angled deck with steam catapults, a modified island, and many other improvements.

File:INS Vikrant Mar 1962.jpg

The Vikrant, as seen from HMS Centaur - March 1962

Hawker Sea Hawk

The Alize Anti-Submarine Aircraft

The Indian high commissioner to the United Kingdom, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, commissioned her as INS Vikrant on 4 March 1961 while she was still at Belfast, Northern Ireland. The name Vikrant was taken from Sanskrit vikrānta meaning "stepped beyond", i.e. "courageous", "victorious". Captain Pritam Singh was the first commanding officer of the carrier. She formally joined the Indian fleet at Bombay on 3 November 1961, when she was received at Ballard Pier by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and other high-ranking dignitaries.

The Vikrant's initial air wing consisted of British Hawker Sea Hawk fighter-bombers and a French Alize anti-submarine aircraft. On 18 May 1961 the first jet landed on board, piloted by Lieutenant (later Admiral) R H Tahiliani.

India-Pakistan Wars, 1965, 1971

In 1965, Pakistan claimed that it had sunk the Vikrant. At the time, however, the ship was under refit in dry dock.

Despite a crack in a boiler, she saw real combat against East Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Stationed off the Andaman & Nicobar islands along with Indian naval ships, INS Bramhaputra and INS Beas, the Vikrant redeployed towards Chittagong at the outbreak of hostilities. On the morning of December 4, 1971, the eight Sea Hawk aircraft on the Vikrant launched an air raid on Cox's Bazaar from 60 nm (nautical miles) away. That evening, the air group struck Chittagong harbor. Future strikes targeted Khulna and Mongla. A PTI message is supposed to have read, "Chittagong harbor ablaze as ships and aircraft of the (Pakistan) Eastern Naval Fleet bombed and rocketed. Not a single vessel can be put to sea from Chittagong". Air strikes continued until December 10, 1971.

Given naval intelligence that indicated the intent of the Pakistan Navy to break through the Indian Naval blockade using camouflaged merchant ships, the Sea Hawks struck shipping in the Chittagong and Cox's Bazar harbors, sinking or incapacitating most merchant ships there.

The PNS Ghazi submarine was deployed to sink the INS Vikrant. However, Ghazi sank off Visakhapatnam harbor under mysterious circumstances. During the war the crew of Vikrant earned two Mahavir Chakras and 12 Vir Chakras.

Subsequent Service

Vikrant preserved as a museum ship with historic aircraft visible on the flight deck.

Vikrant was given an extensive refit, including new engines and modernization between 1979 and 3 January 1982. Between December 1982 and February 1983 she was refitted again to enable her to operate BAe Sea Harriers which replaced the Sea Hawk. After the retirement of the Breguet Alizé from carrier service in 1989, she received a 'ski jump' for more efficient use of her Sea Harriers.

Vikrant was India's only carrier for over twenty years, but by the early 1990s she was effectively out of service because of her poor condition. Even following major overhauls she was rarely put to sea. She was formally decommissioned on 31 January 1997 and is preserved as a museum at Mumbai. She is the only World War II-era British-built aircraft carrier to be preserved.

Trivia

The Indian Navy band has a tune INS Vikrant commemorating the induction of this aircraft carrier into the fleet. The tune was composed by N M Wise, then then Director of Music, Indian Navy.

See also

• List of aircraft carriers
• List of ship launches in 1945
• List of ship commissionings in 1961
• List of ship decommissionings in 1997
• INS Viraat
• INS Vikramaditya

External links

• Bharat Rakshak's note on the INS Vikrant
• Operations aboard the INS Vikrant in the Bay of Bengal - Article on the 1971 war ops as published in an anniversary online paper The Liberation Times.
• Video of INS Vikrant operations.