Expatriate

This article is about foreign human residency. For the Australian Indie Rock band, see Expatriate (band). For the debut album by The Coast, see Expatriate (album).

Expatriate French voters queue in Lausanne for the first round of the presidential election of 2007

An expatriate (in abbreviated form, expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing or legal residence. The word comes from the Latin ex (out of) and patria (country, motherland).

Background

The term is often used in the context of Westerners living in non-Western countries, although it is also used to describe Westerners living in other Western countries, such as Americans living in the United Kingdom, or Britons living in Spain. It may also reasonably refer to Japanese living, for example, in New York City. The key determinant would seem to be cultural/socioeconomic and causation.

In the 19th century, Americans, numbering perhaps in the thousands, were drawn to Europe—especially to Munich and Paris—to study the art of painting. Henry James was a famous expatriate American writer from the 1870s, who adopted England as his home.

In business, the term expatriate is often used for professionals sent abroad by their companies, as opposed to locally hired staff (who can also be foreigners).

Famous expatriates

Iranian expatriates

Bahá'u'lláh, (1817 -- 1892), the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, was exiled from Iran in February 1853 by the Persian government. He and his family went to Bagdad in the Ottoman Empire, where many Bahá'í refugees had already established. In 1863 Bahá'u'lláh was given an order to relocate to the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (now Istanbul). After three and a half months he was ordered to depart Istanbul for Adrianople, current-day Edirne (in Europe); the reason for this further move is not clear; it may have been due to pressure from the Iranian embassy. The Bahá'ís, including Bahá'u'lláh and his family left Adrianople on 12 August. While he lived in Adrianople, he proclaimed the Bahá'í Faith further by addressing tablets and letters to the kings, presidents, prime ministers and other rulers of the world, asking them to accept his revelation, renounce their material possessions, work together to settle disputes, and endeavor toward the betterment of the world and its peoples. In 1868, after a journey by land and sea through Gallipoli and Egypt, Bahá'u'lláh and his family arrived in `Akká on 31 August, and were confined to the barracks in the city's citadel. On 9 May 1892 Bahá'u'lláh passed away after being an expatriate for 39 years.

Bahá'u'lláh's son and successor – 'Abdu'l-Bahá Effendi (1844 -- 1921) – had also been exiled together with his father since 1853, when he was only nine. The 1908 Young Turks revolution freed all political prisoners in the Ottoman Empire, and in 1910, with the freedom to leave the country, he left his secretariat in Haifa for a three year journey to Egypt, Europe, and North America, spreading the Bahá'í message. He arrived in New York City on 11 April 1912, after declining an offer of passage on the RMS Titanic. In 1920, he was knighted by the British Mandate of Palestine for his humanitarian efforts during the war.

American expatriates

Some prime examples are American literary notables who lived in Paris from the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression included Henry Miller, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Edith Wharton and Gertrude Stein. African-American expatriation to Paris also boomed after World War I, beginning with black American veterans who preferred the subtler racism of Paris to the oppressive racism and segregation in parts of the United States.

In the 1920s African-American writers, artists, and musicians arrived in Paris and popularized jazz in Parisian nightclubs, a time when Montmartre was known as "the Harlem of Paris." Some notable African-American expatriates from the 1920s onward included Josephine Baker, Langston Hughes, and, after World War II, Richard Wright, James Baldwin, Miles Davis, and Charlie Parker. [1] [2] [3]

Another famous group of expatriates was the so-called Beat Generation of American artists living in other countries during the 1950s and 1960s. This group included Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, Harold Norse, Gregory Corso and Gary Snyder. Later generation expatriates included 1950s jazz musicians such as Steve Lacy, 1960s rock musician Jim Morrison, musician-songwriter John Lennon, and 1970s singer-songwriter Elliott Murphy. Preceding the Beats by several years, and serving to some extent as a point of pilgrimage for many of them was the American expatriate composer and writer Paul Bowles, who spent time in Europe in the 30s before relocating to Tangier, Morocco in 1947, where he lived until his death in 1999.

Many American fashion designers have notably become expatriates in France and Italy to design for existing European design houses or to enhance their own collections. These fashion designers include Marisol Deluna, Tom Ford, Patrick Kelly, and Marc Jacobs.

Colorado-born actor, singer and songwriter Dean Reed never achieved great success in his native United States, but later achieved great popularity in South America, especially Argentina, Chile and Peru. He appeared in several Italian "spaghetti westerns" and finally spent much of his adult life in the German Democratic Republic, but never renounced his USA citizenship. He was an immensely popular celebrity in Eastern Europe until his death in 1986.

American cartoonist Robert Crumb has lived in France since the mid-1990s.

Trends in expatriation

During the later half of the 20th century expatriation was dominated by professionals sent by their employers to foreign subsidiaries or headquarters. Starting at the end of the 20th century globalization created a global market for skilled professionals and leveled the income of skilled professionals relative to cost of living while the income differences of the unskilled remained large. Cost of intercontinental travel had become sufficiently low, such that employers not finding the skill in a local market could effectively turn to recruitment on a global scale.

This has created a different type of expatriate where commuter and short-term assignments are becoming the norm, and are gradually replacing the traditional long term. Private motivation is becoming more relevant than company assignment. Families might often stay behind when work opportunities amount to months instead of years. The cultural impact of this trend is more significant. Traditional corporate expatriates did not integrate and commonly only associated with the elite of the country they were living in. Modern expatriates form a global middle class with shared work experiences in multi-national corporation and working and living the global financial and economical centers. Integration is incomplete but strong cultural influences are transmitted. Middle class expatriates contain many re-migrants from emigration movements one or two generations earlier.

In Dubai the population is predominantly expatriates, from countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and the Philippines, with only 3% of the population made up of Western expatriates.

Business handling of expatriate employees

In dealing with expatriates, an international company reckons the value of them and has experienced staff to deal with them, and often has a company-wide policy and coaching system that includes spouses at an earlier stage in the decision-making process, giving spouses an official voice. Not many companies provide any compensation for loss of income of expatriate spouses. They often do provide benefits and assistance. The level of support differs, with relocation services and related support ranging from offering a job-hunting course for spouses at the new location to full service partner support structures, run by volunteering spouses supported by the organization. An example of an expatriate led project can be found in the Gracia Arts Project of Barcelona.

Expatriates and communication technology

Modern communication technologies such as internet radio, phone and television globalize communication by allowing expatriates around the world to easily connect with their home country and culture instantaneously. This has the effect of reducing the separation anxiety associated with the expatriation process. Companies have emerged to facilitate this virtual connection to the home country. Web sites devoted to meeting expatriate needs, connecting expatriates, and helping them to share their experiences have made the expatriate life more rewarding. For example, Dave's ESL Cafe connects English teachers around the world, and ExPatLit.com publishes creative writing by expatriates.

See also

• Worldwide ERC (Employee Relocation Council) for employment trends in international assignment management.
• Alien (law)
• Ethnic enclave
• Expats Radio
• Canadians of convenience
• Third Culture Kids
• Residency
• Cosmopolitanism
• EWC

External links

Articles about Expatriate Community